WEEK 9
❖ Asynchronous Sequential Logic
ASYNCHRONOUS SEQUENTIAL CIRCUIT
not synchronized by a common clock
states change immediately after input changes
timing is a major problem
unequal delays through various paths in the circuit
Fundamental Mode
input signals change only when the circuit is in a
stable condition
input signals change one at a time
WHY ASYNCHRONOUS SEQUENTIAL
CIRCUITS?
No clock signal is required
Internal states can change at any instant of time
when there is a change in the input variables
Have better performance but hard to design due
to timing problems
Block Diagram
STABLE STATE
yi = Yi for all I
A transition from one stable state to another occurs
only in response to a change in an input variable
ASYNCHRONOUS SEQUENTIAL CIRCUIT
Construction of Asynchronous
Circuits
Using only gates
with feedback paths
Analysis
1. Lump all of the delay associated
with each feedback path into a
“delay” box
2.Associate a state variable with
each delay output
3.Construct the flow table
EXAMPLE CIRCUIT 1
TRANSITION TABLE
Network Equations
Q1+ = X1X2’ + X1’ X2Q2+ X2Q1Q2’
Q2+ = X1’ X2 Q1’ + X1Q2 + X2Q2
Z = X1 Q1 Q2
TRANSITION TABLE
OUTPUT TABLE
TRANSITION TABLE
Transition table is useful to analyze an
asynchronous circuit from the circuit diagram.
Procedure to obtain transition table:
1. Determine all feedback loops in the circuits
2. Mark the input (yi) and output (Yi) of each
feedback loop
3. Derive the Boolean functions of all Y’s
4. Plot each Y function in a map and combine all
maps into one table (flow table)
5. Circle those values of Y in each square that are
equal to the value of y in the same row (stable
states)
EXAMPLE 2
Y1 = xy1+ x'y2
Y2 = xy1 '+ x'y2
Example of an Asynchronous Sequential Circuit
TRANSITION TABLE
Maps and Transition for Circuit 2
TOTAL STATE
Combine the internal state with input variables
Stable total states:
y1y2x = 000, 011, 110 and 101
FLOW TABLE
Examples of Flow Table
CIRCUIT DERIVATION
a=0
b= 1
Transition Table: Output
Y = x1x2’+x1y z = x1x2y
Derivation of a circuit specified by a flow table of Figure b.
RACE CONDITIONS
Two or more flip-flops must change state in response
to a single change in input
Noncritical Race: The resulting stable state is the
same no matter in what order the flip-flops change
Critical Race: The resulting stable state depends on
the order in which flip-flops change state
RACE AVOIDANCE
Proper binary assignment to the state variables in
such a way that only one variable can change at any
one time when a state transition occurs
END OF DISCUSSION
Lesson 9: Asynchronous Sequential Circuit
TEXTBOOK AND REFERENCES
Textbook:
Mano, Morris M. and Ciletti, Michael D. (2013). Digital Design
with Introduction to the Verilog HDL, 5th Edition, Pearson
Prentice-Hall.
References:
Arntson, Amy E. (2006). Digital Design: Basics, Thomson /
Wadsworth.
Ayers, John E. (2010). Digital Integrated Circuits, 2nd Edition,
CRC Press.
Bignell, James W. and Donovan, Robert (2007). Digital
Electronics, 5th Edition, Delmar Learning (Thomson).
Brown, Stephen and Vranesic, Zvonko (2009). Fundamentals of
Digital Logic with VHDL design, Third Edition. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc.
Chartrand, Leo (2004). Digital Fundamentals: Experiments and
Concepts with CPLD (with accompanying CD), Delmar
Learning (Thomson).
TEXTBOOK AND REFERENCES
Clive "Max" Maxfield, Clive “Max” ( ). FPGAs
Cofer, R. C. (2006). Rapid system prototyping with FPGAS, Amsterdam : Elsevier
Dueck, Robert K. (2005). Digital Design With CPLD Applications And VHDL, 2 nd Edition,
Delmar Learning (Thomson).
Floyd, Thomas L.(2006). Digital fundamentals (with accompanying CD), 9 th Edition,
Pearson Prentice Hall.
Harris, David Money and Harris, Sarah L. (2013). Digital design and computer
architecture.
Hwang, Enoch O. (2006). Digital Logic and Microprocessor Design With VHDL. Thomson.
Lee, Sunggu (2006). Advanced Digital Logic Design Using Verilog, State Machines, and
Synthesis for FPGA's.
Lin, Ming-Bo (2008) .Digital system designs and practices : using Verilog HDL and
FPGAs, John Wiley & Sons
Mano, Morris M. and Ciletti, Michael D. (2007). Digital Design, 4th Edition, Pearson
Prentice-Hall.
Mano, Morris M. and Ciletti, Michael D. (2012). Digital Design with Introduction to the
Verilog HDL, 5th Edition, Pearson Mano, M. Morris, Kime, Charles R. (2008). Logic and
Computer Design Fundamentals, 4th edition, Pearson Education, Inc.
Mano, M. Morris, Kime, Charles R. (2008). Digital System Designs and Practices: using
Verilog HDL and FPGAs, 4th edition, Pearson Prentice-Hall.
TEXTBOOK AND REFERENCES
Marcovitz, Alan(2008). Introduction to logic and computer
design (with accompanying CD), International edition. McGraw-
Hill Education (Asia).
Marcovitz, Alan(2010). Introduction to logic design, 3rd Edition,
McGraw-Hill.
Oklobdzija,Vojin G.(2008). Digital Systems and Applications,2nd
Edition, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group
Rafiquzzaman, M. Ph.D. (2005). Fundamentals of Digital Logic
and Microcomputer Design(with accompanying CD),5th Edition,
John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Roth, Charles H. Jr., Kinney, Larry L.(2010). Fundamentals of
Logic Design, Sixth Edition, Cengage Learning.
Tocci, Ronald J., Widmer, Neal S. and Moss, Gregory L. (2007).
Digital systems : principles and applications (with accompanying
CD),10th Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall.
Tokheim, Roger (2008). Digital Electronics: Principles and
Applications, 7th Edition, McGraw-Hill.
