Population and
Sample
Christopher J. Delino, PhD
OLFU, GRADUATE SCHOOL
Department of Education and Teaching
Review:
Definition of Statistics
It is a branch of
Science the deals with
the identification of
the problem,
collection,
presentation, analysis,
interpretation of data.
Population and Sample
Population (N)
Isthe set of complete collection or totality
of all possible values of the variable.
Sample (n)
A subset or sub-collection of elements drawn
from a population.
n
N
If Sample size is small
Cochran’s Formula like around 1000, use the
Modification of
Cochran’s Formula
2
𝑍 𝑝𝑞 𝑛0
𝑛𝑜 = 2 𝑛=
𝑒 1+
(𝑛0 − 1)
𝑁
𝑛𝑜 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
𝑍 2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑
A confidence level of 95% with
𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4% margin of error, may
(90% = 1.65, 95% = 1.96, 99% = 2.58) indicate that the results have
95% accuracy plus or minus 4%
𝑝 = 𝑞 = 0.50 from the value.
Ex. If 57% of males says that
(q=1-p, if p is given, p is variation, q=1-p) they like coffee, thus, the
researcher is 95% confident in
e = 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 this result that 53% to 61% (as
the range) males like coffee.
Examples:
Determine the number of samples needed in each
if:
Level of Confidence = 90%
Margin of Error = 5%
Population is 800
𝑍 2 𝑝𝑞 (1.65)2 (0.25)
𝑛𝑜 = 2 = 2
= 273
𝑒 0.05
𝑛0 273
𝑛= = = 204
(𝑛0 − 1) (273 − 1)
1+ 1+
𝑁 800
Examples:
Determine the number of samples needed in each
if:
Level of Confidence = 95%
Margin of Error = 5%
Population is 800
𝑍 2 𝑝𝑞 (1.96)2 (0.25)
𝑛𝑜 = 2 = 2
= 385
𝑒 0.05
𝑛0 385
𝑛= (𝑛 −1) = (385−1) = 261
1+ 0 1+
𝑁 800
Examples:
Determine the number of samples needed in
each if:
Level of Confidence = 95%
Margin of Error = 1%
Population is 800
𝑍 2 𝑝𝑞 (1.96)2 (0.25)
𝑛𝑜 = 2 = 2
= 9,604
𝑒 (0.01)
𝑛0 9,604
𝑛= = = 739
(𝑛0 − 1) (9,604 − 1)
1+ 1+
𝑁 800
Sampling Techniques
PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
Simple Random
Sampling
In this technique
elements of the
sample are selected
through lottery.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Systematic Sampling
This
technique of sampling is done by taking
every element in the population assignment of
number as a part of the sample.
Toselect the systematic sample of n elements
from a population of N element, we divide the N
element in the population in the n groups of kth
element.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Cluster Sampling
Population under this
technique is being
divided into sections
(or cluster), randomly
select some of these
cluster as the
member of the
sample size.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Stratified Sampling
In this technique, the population is subdivided
into at least two different subpopulation (or
strata) that share the same characteristics and
then the elements of the sample are drawn from
its stratum proportionately.
Example.
Confidence =95%, e = 5%, N = 322, n = 123
No. of Students Procedure Result
PH.D.ED 5 5 ÷ 322 x 123 2
PH.D.N 15 15 ÷ 322 x 123 6
ED.D. 2 2 ÷ 322 x 123 1
MAED 30 30 ÷ 322 x 123 12
MAN 100 100 ÷ 322 x 123 39
MBA 12 12 ÷ 322 x 123 5
MAT 158 158 ÷ 322 x 123 61
Total 322 126
NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING
Purposive Sampling
In this technique , the elements of the sample
are being selected according to the criteria or
rules set.
NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING
Quota Sampling
In this technique , the sample size is
limited on the required number or
subject in the study.
NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING
Convenience
Sampling
In this technique ,
the sample are
being selected
from a particular
place at specified
time preferred.
