Social Relationship

• Tend to be less intimate, with lesser self-disclosure involved, but may still be exclusive, and may
demand certain levels of loyalty.

• As adolescents gravitate more toward peer groups ,the attachment to their family as their
primary source of personal development shifts toward these peer groups

Golemans’ Social Intelligence Theory

Daniel Goleman

- Author of Emotional Intelligence and Social Intelligence.

- Explained how our brains are wired to connect with other people.

- Goleman said that the OFC (orbitofrontal cortex) part of the brain is connected directly to the 3
major regions: cortex, amygdala, and the brain stem

- This instantaneous analysis determines how we deal with and how we will handle the person

Social Influence

• Behavior, actions, attitude, concepts, ideas, communications, wealth, and other resources that
bring about changes in the beliefs, attitudes, and/or behavior of persons as a result of the
action/s of another person

(An article on Social Influence written and discussed by Lisa Rashotte)

Varieties of Social Influence

by: Herbert Kelman

1. Compliance – is when a person seems to agree, and follows what is requested or required of
him or her to do or believe in, but does not necessarily have to really believe or agree to it.

2. Identification – is when a person is influenced by someone he or she likes or looks up to, like a
movie star, a social celebrity, or a superhero

3. Internalization – is when a person is able to own a certain belief or act from the giver of
influence, and is willing to make it known publicly and privately

Other Types of Social Influence

1. Conformity – involves a change in behavior, belief, or thinking to be like others

- It has 2 varieties: informational conformity (“internalization in Kelman’s term) & normative

- Conformity is very strong particularly among middle and late adolescents. This is supported by
the fact that an adolescent in this age group is most susceptible to a compelling need to seek
 approval from others and be accepted by them in order to become a friend and to belong to a
social group. It is brought about by peer pressure, often imposed on member of a group to
demonstrate some semblance of loyalty, which is often deemed necessary to maintain one’s
relationship with the group.

2. Minority Influence – happens when a bigger number of people are influenced by a much smaller
number of people.

3. Conversion – occurs when an individual wholeheartedly changes his or her original thinking and
beliefs, actions and attitudes to align with those of the other members of the group.

4. Reactance – is when there is a willing rejection of a social influence being exerted on an

5. Obedience – another form of social influence wherein a person follows what someone tells
him/her to do, although it may not necessarily reflect the person’s set of beliefs or values .

6. Persuasion – used by one person or group to influence another to change their beliefs, actions,
or attitudes by appealing to reason or emotion.

“True leaders always practice the three R’s: Respect for self, Respect for others, Responsibility
for all their actions.”

-Anonymous

LEADER

- is often typecast as someone who is the head of a group of people by virtue of having great
strength and wisdom.

Leadership

- is the ability of a person in position of authority to influence others to behave in such a manner
that goals are achieved – Chester Barnard (1938)

Leadership & Power

• A LEADER may obtain power through various means and sources, such as position, giving
rewards, expertise, respect, or coercion – French & Raven (1960)

Several Existing Theories of Leadership

1. Trait Theory

- Defines leadership based on certain personality traits which are generally suited for all leaders.
2. Behavioral Theory

- Presupposes that leadership is a learned behavior, and that leaders are defined according to
certain types of behavior they exhibit.

3. Participative Theory

- The leader allows or involves other people to make common decisions

4. Situational Theory

- Assumes that there is no one style of leadership and that leadership behavior is based on the
factors present in a situation, & usually takes into consideration how followers behave

5. Transactional Theory

- States that leadership involves a transaction or negotiation of resources or position, & usually
employs reward and punishment

6. Transformational Theory

- Involves a vision, which a leader uses to rally support from followers, and the role of the leader
is in motivating others to support the vision and make it happen

Other Leadership Theories

1. Authentic Leadership

- Rob Goffee & Gareth Jones (2006)

- Why Should Anyone Be Led by You? What It Takes to Be an Authentic Leader

- The authors lined up 3 basic axioms of leadership

a. Leadership is situational

- This means that a leader’s behavior and what is required of him will always be influenced by the
situation.

b. Leadership is non-hierarchal

- The exercise of leadership is not based on one’s position in an organizational chart alone, but
also dependent on other factors such as characteristics, skills, and even connections

c. Leadership is relational

- Leaders and followers establish a relationship where their interests are mutually met

• An authentic leader then, according to Goffee and Jones, has the following critical elements
present:

1. They walk their talk

3. They have a high level of comfort being themselves even if they come from backgrounds that
are different from people or situations they deal with

• According to Goffee & Jones, there are 4 elements followers want from a leader

1. Authenticity

2. Significance

3. Excitement

4. Community

*Note: Unlike some theories that claim everyone can be a leader, Goffee & Jones reason that
leadership is not for everyone; Leadership, they say, are for those who want to become leaders and
are ready to take on the responsibilities of being one

2. Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory

- First developed from the perspective of an original leader-member theory called Vertical Dyad
Linkage (VDL) Theory

- emphasizes followership as a defining factor for leadership

- LMX theory states that a leader’s effectiveness is measured by the quality of his relationship
with his followers, and the different types of relationships evolved between leader and follower
in a certain situation

3. Heroic Leadership Theory

- Expounded in a book Heroic Leadership: Best Practices from a 450-Year Old Company that
Changed the World by Chris Lowney

- He referred to the type of leadership that the members of the Society of Jesus lived by

4 Principles of Heroic Leadership

1. Self-awareness – knowing and understanding fully the strengths and weaknesses, way of looking
things and set of values being lived by

2. Ingenuity – flexibility and openness to new ideas

3. Love – effective leaders show respect for their followers

4. Heroism – it is about motivating and inspiring other people to reach for higher goals, for bigger
and greater things
According to Simon Sinek (2009), a leader inspires people and gives them something to believe in.

• Sinek explains further that the most important question to ask first when leading others is the
reason or purpose why followers are asked to act and behave in a certain way (the “why” of
every leadership)

• Once the “why” is clearly established, the “how” (the action that will make a vision a reality) &
the “what” (the outcomes or results of the action) will follow