NUMBERS

REVISION
PRIME FACTORS
1. List the five multiples of these numbers. 7, 6
2. List the factors of these numbers. 12, 18, 30
3. Express each number as a product of prime factors. 28, 70, 60, 96
4. Hakim is making a mosaic from square tiles. The area he needs to fill measures 150 mm by 180 mm.
The tiles have side lengths of 4, 6 or 8 mm and are too small to cut. Which tiles should Hakim use?
5. Find the largest number apart from 840 that is a multiple of 24 and a factor of 840.
HCF AND LCM
1. Find the HCF of these numbers:
(a) 6 and 8 (b) 20 and 35 (c) 22 and 44 (d)126,162 and 180
2. Find the LCM of these numbers:
(a) 2 and 3 (b) 5 and 6 (c) 6 and 15 (d) 3, 12 an d16
3. Two numbers have and HCF of 84 and an LCM of 4620. Both numbers are larger than the HCF. Find the
two numbers.
4. If the HCF and LCM of two numbers are 12 and 48 respectively and one of these numbers is 24 then find
the value of the second number.
5. Find the largest number that divides 92 and 74 leaving 2 as remainder.
WORKING WITH FRACTIONS
8 15 0.9 56 16
1. Reduce to lowest terms : , , , and
12 45 2.7 84 24
8 13 17 19
2. Change each of these to mixed fraction: , , ,
3 4 5 7
1 3 5
3. Change each of these to an improper fraction: 2 , 3 , 1
3 5 6
4. Write 18 minutes as a fraction of an hour in its simplest form
5. Rendell cycles 42 km at an average speed of 18km/hr. Find the time taken, giving your answer as a
fraction of an hour in it simplest form.
6. Multiply the fractions:
4 3 3 4 3 5 5 3
(i) x (ii) 1 x (iii) x x 1 x 1
5 8 4 7 7 6 9 15
7. Three sevenths of the songs in Riley’s music library are rock songs. Of the rock songs, seven – ninths
feature a guitar solo. What fraction of the songs in Riley’s music library are rock songs featuring a guitar
solo?
8. In a factory, two- thirds of the floor area is taken up by the production line. Out of the remaining floor
area, three-fifths is taken up by office space. The rest is warehouse space. The warehouse space
occupies 2000 m2. Work out the floor area of the production line.
9. Divide:
3 7 12 4
(i) divided by (ii) divided by 4 (iii) 1 divided by 6
4 8 25 5
 1 3
10. Mia cuts up a piece of wood 4 m long into pieces measuring m long. How many pieces are there?
2 4

1 1
11. Dylan’s cow produces 21 liters of milk per day. The milk is put into bottles with a volume of 2 liters.
3 3
How many bottles does Dylan need each week to bottle all the milk?
12. Simplify
(7 x 4 – 23)2
(i) 4 + 6 (22 + 5) ÷ 3 – 10 (ii) 125 ÷
5
3 9 4 2
(iii) ÷ x ÷
4 10 5 3
13. Insert brackets in this expression to make it correct :
(i) 8 – 2 + 1 x 5 – 3 = 2 (ii) 8 6 2 4 = 5
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES AND DECIMAL PLACES
1. Write correct to 1 significant figure : ` (i) 783 (ii) 87602
2. Write correct to 3 significant figure: (i) 3738 (ii) 80290
3. Write correct to 2 significant figure: (i) 0.439 (ii) 0.555
4. Write correct to 2 decimal places: (i) 34.777 (ii) 0.654
5. Write correct to 1 decimal places: (i) 3.009 (ii) 9.09
6. The speed of the light is 299792458 m/s. Write this speed correct to-(a) 3 s.f (b) 6 s.f.
7. Pablo Picasso’s ‘Women of Algiers’ sold at auction in New York for $179365000.
Write this price correct to 4 s.f.
8. The distance round to the equator is 40075 km. Write this distance correct to 1 s.f.
9. The Bohr radius is a physical constant of value 0.000000052917721092 mm.
Write the Bohr radius correct to- (a) 7 d.p (b) 7 s.f.
10. An important number in mathematics in Euler’s number, e = 2.7182818284590
Write Euler’s number correct to- (a) 8 s.f (b) 8 d.p
STANDARD FORM
1. Write each of these in standard form
(i) 456 (ii) 123.45 (iii) 67 million (vii) 706.05
(v) 6.789 x 105 (vi) 29.83 million (vii) 38.4 (viii)123 million
(ix) 87050 (x) 0.07654 billion
2. Write each of these as an ordinary number
(i) 4 x 103 (ii) 6.789 x 105 (iii) 4.09 x 106 (vii) 6.5 x 104

(v) 5.6 x 102 (vi) 9.876 x 105 (vii) 7.97 x 106

3. The approximate area of all the land on earth is 108square miles. The area of the British Isles is 105
square miles. How many times larger is the Earth’s area?
4. The area of the surface of the largest known star is about 1015 square miles. The area of surface of the
Earth is about 1011 square miles. How many times larger is the star’s area?
PERCENTAGES
1. Find $12 as a percentage of $60
2. Find 15 km as a percentage of 120 km
3. Find 2500 kg as a percentage of 62500 kg
4. What is the percentage error in using 22/7 as an approximate to π.
5. Pavel’s packet money increases from $12 per week to $15 per week. Work out the percentage increase
in his pocket.
PERCENTAGE INCREASE AND DECREASE
INCREASE PERCENTAGE:
1. Increase $1500 by 1% and 99%
2. In 2015, the flags had the largest vertical drop of 139m. If the designers want to increase this height by
12%, what will the new height be?
3. Madewa pays $12000 into an investment and it appreciates by 12% after one year. Find the value of
Madewa’s investment after a year.
4. A rare sculpture is worth $1200000 and appreciates by 8% p.a. Find the value of the sculpture after one
year.
5. A $ 24 box of luxury chocolates is sold in Canada where the inflation rate is 2% p.a. Find the new price
of these chocolates in Canada after a year.
6. A circular drop of oil has a radius of 10 cm. If this radius increases by 5% then by 10% and finally by
15%, find the new area of the circle.
Decrease Percentage:
1. Decrease 500 kg by 1% and 10%
2. A bottlenose dolphin weighs 650 kg while carrying its baby calf. After it gives birth to the calf its weight is
reduced by 4%. Find the dolphin’s weight just after giving birth.
3. Iris buys a new car by $45000 and it depreciates by 12% after one year. Find the value of Iris’ car after a
year.
4. A rare stamp is worth $2500 and depreciates by 8% p.a. Find the value of the stamp after one year.
5. The cost of oil is $45 per barrel(a standard unit) and the price goes through a deflation rate of 12% p.a.
Find the new price of a barrel after one year.
6. A super size hi-definition TV costs $7500. It goes through a decrease of 10% followed by a second
decrease of 12% in the sales. Find the price of the TV after the second decrease.
RATIO
1. Divide $120 in the ratio 3 : 5
2. Mr. Chan has three daughters, An, Lien and Tao, aged 7, 8 and 10 years respectively. He shares $200
between them in the ratio of their ages. How much does Lien receive.
3. Julie and Hammad make a glass of orange drink. Julie use 42 ml of juice and 210ml of lemonade.
Hammad uses 30ml of juice and 170ml of lemonade. Who has made their drink stronger in taste?
4. Archie and Bijan share some money in the ratio 7 : 11. Bijan gets $132. How much money does Archie
get?
5. Divide 576 tonnes in the ratio 4 : 3 : 2
LAWS OF INDICES
The multiplication law : x m × x n = x m+ n
The division law : x m ÷ x n = x m−n
n
The power law : ( x m ) = x mn

34 ×37
1. Simplify
38
2. Write 215 × 8− 4 as a power of 2, and hence evaluate the expression

59
3. Work out the value of
514 ÷ 57
4. Write 95 ×3−5 as a power of 3
2
5. Evaluate : 27 3
−3
16
6. Simplify
[ ]
81
4

7. If 3 x √ 27 = 3n find n
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, we are going to learn about upper bound, lower bound, estimation,
percentage problems.. These upper and lower bounds are mostly useful in the production of machineries
and in automobiles. These compound interested are used in banks and private sectors.
Learning objectives
 Use a calculator
 Identify the upper and lower bound of a number given the accuracy to which it has been written
 Solve problems using upper and lower bounds
 Find an amount after a repeated percentage change, including compound interest
 Solve real life problems involving percentages
ROUNDING, UPPER AND LOWER BOUNDS
Rounding is often necessary as it can be impossible to give values exactly. Knowing the degree of
accuracy of the numbers is useful. Unless requested, it is important not to round too much, otherwise the
final answer can be too inaccurate. We are often given information that is not exact.
For example, a scientific publication may state that “the Earth is moving around the sun at 66,000
miles/hour’. If this figure has been rounded to the nearest 1000 miles/hour, the exact speed will be between
65500 miles/hour and 66500 miles/hour.
This range can also be written as 66000±500 miles/hour.
Numbers that can be expressed as a ± b have a given tolerance. The tolerance in the example above is
500.
Example 1: Mario measures square bathroom tiles to be 12 cm to the nearest cm. Find the greatest and
smallest values for the side length of the tiles. Therefore, find the greatest and smallest area for each tile.
Therefore, find the greatest and smallest area for each tile.
Solution:
Let L be the exact length of the tile in cm, 11.5 ≤ L < 12.5
11.5 cm is the smallest length the tile can be: Lower bound (if the tile were 11.4 cm It would be rounded
down to 11 cm)
12.5 cm is the greatest length the tile can be: upper bound ( if the tile were 12.5 cm it would be rounded up
to 13 cm, so the < sign is used).
Lower bound area of a tile = 11.5 x 11.5 = 132.25 cm2
Upper bound area of a tile = 12.5 x 12.5 = 156.25 cm2.
Let A be the exact area of the tile in cm2, 132.25 ≤ A < 156.25
a
Example 2: c = and a = 2.3 ± 0.1 and b = 4.5 ± 0.5. Find the lower and upper bounds of c and write c = p
b
± q where p and q are numbers which need to be found.
Solution:
The lower bound of c occurs when a is as small as possible and b is as large as possible.
2.2(minimum value of a)
Lower bound of c = = 0.44
5(maximum value of b)
The upper bound of c occurs when a is as large as possible and b is as small as possible.
2.4(maximum value of a)
Upper bound of c = = 0.6
4 (minimum value of b)
The mean of 0.44 and 0.6 = 0.52 and half of the difference between the two bounds is 0.08 so c can be
expressed as c = 0.52 ± 0.08
Exercise 1
1. Write down the lower and upper bounds for each measurement, to the given degree of accuracy.
(i) 6, 17, 123, to the nearest unit (ii) 7, 40, 700 to 1 significant figure
(iii) 0.2, 7.6, 12.4 to the nearest 0.2 of a unit
2. A rectangular carpet measures 8 m by 10 m to the nearest m.
(i) Calculate the upper and lower bounds for the perimeter of the carpet.
(ii) Calculate the upper and lower bounds for the area of the carpet.
x
3. If p = and x = 23.1 ± 0.5, y = 12.1 ± 0.3 and z = 1.2 ± 0.1, calculate correct to 3 significant figures the
yz
upper and lower bounds of p.
a+b
4. If p = and a = 1.2 ± 0.05, b = 3.7 ± 0.03 and c = 1.1 ± 0.1, calculate correct to 3 significant figures
c
the
upper and lower bounds of p.
5. A circle has an area of 7.40 cm2 to 2 significant figures. Find, correct to 3 significant figures, the upper
bound of the radius and the lower bound of the circumference.
6. A square has a side length of 5.79 cm to 3 significant figures. Find, correct to 3 significant figures, the
upper bound for its area and the lower bound of the diagonal length.
7. Find the upper and lower bounds of the perimeter of an equilateral triangle with area 100 cm2 measured
to the nearest 10 cm2.
8. Estimate the surface area of a cube of side 9.876 cm.
Compound Percentages
Compound interest is the addition of interest to the principal sum of a loan or deposit, or in other
words, interest on interest. It is the result of reinvesting interest, rather than paying it out, so that interest in
the next period is then earned on the principal sum plus previously accumulated interest. Compound
interest is standard in finance and economics.
Compound interest is contrasted with simple interest, where previously accumulated interest is not
added to the principal amount of the current period, so there is no compounding. The simple annual interest
rate is the interest amount per period, multiplied by the number of periods per year. The simple annual
interest rate is also known as the nominal interest rate (not to be confused with the interest rate not
adjusted for inflation, which goes by the same name).

Formulas to be used:
R n
 To increase a quantity by R% p.a. for n years, multiply it by (1+ )
100
R n
 To decrease a quantity by R% p.a. for n years, multiply it by (1− )
100
Example 1: Stainslav makes an investment of $500 which pays him 8% p.a. compound interest for three
years. Find the value of his investment at the end of this period.
Solution:
8
The multiplying factor for an 8% increase is 1 + = 1.08
100
Let the value of the investment be v.
V = $500 x 1.08 After 1 year
V = $500 x 1.08 x 1.08 = $500 x 1.082 After 2 years
3
V = $500 x 1.08 x 1.08 x 1.08 = $500 x 1.08 After 3 years
0
Example 2: When a cup of coffee at 100 C cools down, it loses 12% of its current temperature per minute.
What will the temperature be after 10 minutes?
Solution:
Let the temperature of the cup of coffee after 10 minutes be t.
T = 100 x (1 – 0.12)10 = 100 x (0.88)10 = 27.90C
Exercise 2
1. Alec invests $12000 at 3% compound interest p.a. Find how much he will have after
(a) 3 years, (b) 5 years, (c) 10 years
2. Honor invests $2000 at 5% compound interest p.a. Find how much she will have after
(a) 2 years (b) 4 years (c) 10 years.
3. Mhairi invests $1000 for 5 years at 4% compound interest p.a. Calculate how much interest she has
gained over the 5 years.
4. Stonebank Town has a population of 7500. The population is expected to increase at 2% each year for
the next 5 years. Work out an estimate for the population of stonebank town after 5 years.
5. An ancient Egyptian jewel is valued at $1 million. Its value increases by 7% each year. What is its value
after 4 years?
6. A car is bought for $50000. The value of the car depreciates by 5% each year. What is the value of the
car after 5 ears.
7. A computer touchpad is bought for $1800. Its value depreciates by 6% each year. What is the value of
the touchpad after 3 years?
8. Shakira invests $500000 at 5% compound interest p.a. Calculate how many years it takes for her
investment to double in value.
9. A helicopter is bought for $5 million. Its value depreciates by 7% each year. How many years will it take
for the value to halve?
10. An ancient Roman mosaic is valued at $2 million. Its value increases by 8% each year. What is the
value after 10 years?