PROBLEM SOLVING: TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

Evaluate the following integrals by using techniques of integration mentioned.

A. U – Substitution

1. ∫(8𝑥 − 12) (4𝑥 2 − 12𝑥)4 𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = 4𝑥 2 − 12𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = (8𝑥 − 12) 𝑑𝑥

∫(8𝑥 − 12) (4𝑥 2 − 12𝑥)4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢

𝑢5
= +𝐶
5

(4𝑥 2 − 12𝑥)5
= +𝐶
5

2. ∫ 3𝑥 −4 (2 + 4𝑥 −3 )−7 𝑑𝑥

1
𝑢 = 2 + 4𝑥 −3 ; 𝑑𝑢 = −12𝑥 −4 𝑑𝑥; 3𝑥 −4 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑢
4
1
∫ 3𝑥 −4 (2 + 4𝑥 −3 )−7 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢−7 (− 𝑑𝑢)
4

1
= − ∫ 𝑢−7 𝑑𝑢
4

1 𝑢−6
=− ( )+𝐶
4 −6

1 −6
= 𝑢 +𝐶
24
1
= (2 + 4𝑥 −3 )−6 + 𝐶
24

3. ∫(3 − 4𝑥) (4𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 7)10 𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = 4𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 7; 𝑑𝑢 = (8𝑥 − 6) 𝑑𝑥 = −2(3 − 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

1
(3 − 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑢
2
1
∫(3 − 4𝑥) (4𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 7)10 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢10 (− 𝑑𝑢)
2

1
= − ∫ 𝑢10 𝑑𝑢
2

1 𝑢11
= − ( )+𝐶
2 11

1 11
=− 𝑢 +𝐶
22

1
=− (4𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 7)11 + 𝐶
22

3
4. ∫ 5 (𝑥 − 4)3 √𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = (2𝑥 − 8)𝑑𝑥 = 2(𝑥 − 4) 𝑑𝑥
1
(𝑥 − 4) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
2

By completing the square;

𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16 − 16
𝑢 = (𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 16) − 16
𝑢 = (𝑥 − 4)2 − 16

Rearranging;

(𝑥 − 4)2 = 𝑢 + 16

Thus,

3
∫ 5 (𝑥 − 4)3 √𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ∫(𝑥 − 4)2 (𝑥 2 − 8𝑥)1/3 (𝑥 − 4)𝑑𝑥

1
= 5 ∫(𝑢 + 16) 𝑢1/3 ( 𝑑𝑢)
2

5
= ∫(𝑢4/3 + 16𝑢1/3 ) 𝑑𝑢
2

5 𝑢7/3 16𝑢4/3
= ( + )+𝐶
2 7 4
3 3

15 2 15 2
= (𝑥 − 8𝑥)7/3 + (𝑥 − 8𝑥)4/3 + 𝐶
14 8

4𝑥 + 3
5. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 2+ 6𝑥 − 1

𝑢 = 4𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 1;
𝑑𝑢 = (8𝑥 + 6) 𝑑𝑥 = 2(4𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥
1
(4𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
2
1
4𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2
4𝑥 + 6𝑥 − 1 𝑢
1
𝑑𝑢
= ∫2
𝑢
1 𝑑𝑢
= ∫
2 𝑢
1
= ln 𝑢 + 𝐶
2
1
= ln |4𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
2

B. Integration by Parts

6. ∫ 4𝑥 cos(2 − 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑣 = cos(2 − 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥; 𝑣 = − sin(2 − 3𝑥)
3
1 1
∫ 4𝑥 cos(2 − 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 4 [− 𝑥 sin(2 − 3𝑥) − ∫ − sin(2 − 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥]
3 3
 1 1
= 4 [− 𝑥 sin(2 − 3𝑥) + ∫ sin(2 − 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥]
3 3
1 1
= 4 [− 𝑥 sin(2 − 3𝑥) − ∫ sin(2 − 3𝑥) (−3𝑑𝑥)]
3 9
1 1
= 4 [− 𝑥 sin(2 − 3𝑥) + cos(2 − 3𝑥)] + 𝐶
3 9
4 4
= − 𝑥 sin(2 − 3𝑥) + 𝐶 + cos(2 − 3𝑥) + 𝐶
3 9

1
7. ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4

𝑢 = e2𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
𝑑𝑣 = cos ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥; 𝑣 = 4 sin ( 𝑥)
4 4

1 1 1
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 4 e2𝑥 sin ( 𝑥) − ∫ 4 sin ( 𝑥) 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 4 4
1 1
= 4 e2𝑥 sin ( 𝑥) − 8 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 sin ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4 4

Use integration by parts again:

1
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 sin ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4

𝑢 = e2𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
𝑑𝑣 = sin ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥; 𝑣 = −4 cos ( 𝑥)
4 4

1 1 1
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 sin ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = −4e2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥) − ∫ −4 cos ( 𝑥) 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 4 4

1 1
= −4e2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥) + 8 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4 4

Thus,

1 1 1
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 4 e2𝑥 sin ( 𝑥) − 8 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 sin ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4 4 4

1 1 1 1
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 4 e2𝑥 sin ( 𝑥) − 8 [−4e2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥) + 8 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥]
4 4 4 4

1 1 1
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 4 e2𝑥 sin ( 𝑥) + 32 e2𝑥 cos −64 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4 4 4

1 1 1
65 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 4 e2𝑥 sin ( 𝑥) + 32 e2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥)
4 4 4

1 4 2𝑥 1 32 1
∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 sin ( 𝑥) + 𝑒 2𝑥 cos ( 𝑥) + 𝐶
4 65 4 65 4

8. ∫ 𝑥 2 cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥2; 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑣 = cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥; 𝑣 = sin 4𝑥
4
1 1
∫ 𝑥 2 cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 sin 4𝑥 − ∫ sin 4𝑥 (2𝑥𝑑𝑥)
4 4
 1 1
= 𝑥 2 sin 4𝑥 − ∫ sin 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 2

1 1
= 𝑥 2 sin 4𝑥 − ∫ sin 4𝑥 (4𝑑𝑥)
4 8

1 1
= 𝑥 2 sin 4𝑥 − [− cos 4𝑥] + 𝐶
4 8
1 1
= 𝑥 2 sin 4𝑥 + cos 4𝑥 + 𝐶
4 8

C. Partial Fractions
3𝑥 + 2
9. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 𝑥

3𝑥 + 2 3𝑥 + 2 𝐴 𝐵
2 = = +
𝑥 +𝑥 𝑥(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 𝑥 + 1

Multiply both side by 𝑥 2 + 𝑥:

3𝑥 + 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵𝑥
3𝑥 + 2 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥
3𝑥 + 2 = 𝑥(𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝐴

Equating the coefficients:

3 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 → 𝐸𝑞. ①
2=𝐴
Thus,
3 = 2+𝐵
1=𝐵

3𝑥 + 2 2 1
2 = +
𝑥 +𝑥 𝑥 𝑥+1
3𝑥 + 2 2 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥+1

= 2 ln |𝑥| + ln |𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶

𝑥+9
10. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 2𝑥 − 15

𝑥+9 𝑥+9 𝐴 𝐵
= = +
𝑥2 + 2𝑥 − 15 (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 3) 𝑥 + 5 𝑥 − 3

Multiply both side by 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 15:

𝑥 + 9 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 3) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 5)
𝑥 + 9 = 𝐴𝑥 − 3𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 + 5𝐵
𝑥 + 9 = 𝑥(𝐴 + 𝐵) + (−3𝐴 + 5𝐵)

Equating the coefficients:

1 = 𝐴+𝐵 → 𝐸𝑞. ①
9 = −3𝐴 + 5𝐵 → 𝐸𝑞. ②

Multiply 3 in Eq. ① then add the result to Eq. ②

3 = 3𝐴 + 3𝐵
9 = −3𝐴 + 5𝐵

12 = 8𝐵
12 3
𝐵= =
8 2
 Substitute the value of B in Eq.①:
3
1= 𝐴+
2
1
𝐴=−
2

𝑥+9 1 3
=− +
𝑥2 + 2𝑥 − 15 2(𝑥 + 5) 2(𝑥 − 3)

𝑥+9 3 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 2𝑥 − 15 2(𝑥 − 3) 2(𝑥 + 5)

3 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ − ∫
2 𝑥−3 2 𝑥+5

3 1
= ln |𝑥 − 3| − ln|𝑥 + 5| + 𝐶
2 2