JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DVG MEDICAL ELECTRONICS 2019 – 2020

MEDICAL ELECTRONICS
ASSIGNMENT – 3
1. Explain the block diagram of typical ECG equipment.

• Figure shows the block diagram of an ECG recorder. The important blocks
of ECG recorder are as follows: -
1. Lead selector switch.
2. Standardizing circuit (calibrator).
3. Bio – amplifier.
4. Frequency selective feedback network.
5. Isolated power supply.
6. Output unit.

2. Describe 10 – 20 system of EEG electrodes.

➢ In EEG the electrodes are placed in standard positions according to committee
of international federation of societies for EEG on the skull and this
arrangement is called 10 – 20 system. There are 21 electrode location in this
system.
• Electrodes are named according to their positions on the skull like FP for
frontal polar, F for frontal, C for central, P for parietal, T for temporal and O
for occipital, Z denotes the middle line.

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JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DVG MEDICAL ELECTRONICS 2019 – 2020

• Odd number are given to electrodes on the left side. Even numbers are given
to right side of the head.
• The reference electrode is placed on the midline forehead.
• In this system the electrodes are placed at the distance of 10% and 20%.
These distance are the measured distances along coronal, sagittal and
circumference arcs on the skull.
Procedure:
• Draw a line on the skull from nasion to the inion.
• Draw a same type of line from the left pre auricular point (ear) to the right
pre auricular point.
• The intersection of these two lines is marked as CZ.
• Mark the points at 10, 20, 20, 20, 20 and 10% of the total nasion – inion
distance. They marked as FP2, F8, CZ, PZ and 02 on the right and FP1, FZ, CZ,
PZ and 02 on the left.
• Mark points at 30, 20, 20 and 30% of the total nasion inion distance along
the midline. These points are FZ, CZ and PZ.
• mark the points at 25% along the circumferential passing through C3 between
FP1 and O1 on the left side as F3, C3, P3 and passing through C4 between FP2
and OZ on the right side as F4, C4 and P4.
• Ear electrodes A1 and A2.

OR

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JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DVG MEDICAL ELECTRONICS 2019 – 2020

• Both bipolar and monopolar techniques are used in EEG electrode systems.
In bipolar technique, the potential difference between two adjacent
electrodes is measured.

• In monopolar technique, the potential of each electrode is measured with

reference to a reference electrode attached to ear lobe or nostrils.
• In Wilson technique or average mode recording technique, the potential is
measured between one of the electrodes (exploring electrode) and the central
terminal which is formed by connecting all electrodes through high, equal
valued resistors to a common point.
• In multichannel recording technique, many channels, each having pair of
electrodes permit the simultaneous recording.

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JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DVG MEDICAL ELECTRONICS 2019 – 2020

In 10 – 20 system, the electrodes are located as follows:

1. A line is drawn on the skull from the nasion, the root of nose, to the inion. A
similar line is also drawn from the left preauricular (ear) point to the right
preauricular point. Mark the intersection of these two lines as CZ.
2. Mark points at 10, 20, 20, 20, 20 and 10% of the total nasion – inion distance.
These points are FP2, F8, T4, T6 and 02 on the right and FP1, F7, T3, T5 and 01
on the left.
3. Mark points at 30, 20, 20 and 30% of the total nasion inion distance along
the midline. These points are FZ, CZ and PZ.
4. Measure the distance between Fp1 and 01 along the circumference passing
through C3 and mark points at 25% intervals. These points give the position
of F3, C3 and P3.
• Repeat the above procedure on the right side and mark the positions of F 4,
C4 and P4.
• Note that F7, F3, FZ, F4 and F8 are equidistant along the transverse circle.
Similarly, T5, P3, PZ, P4 and T6 are equidistant. A1 and A2 are ear electrodes.

3. Explain ECG waveform.

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JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DVG MEDICAL ELECTRONICS 2019 – 2020

➢ The electro cardiogram (ECG) is a graphic recording or display of time variant

voltages generated by heart muscles during cardiac cycle.
• The atrial depolarization produces P wave.
• The atrial repolarization and the ventricular depolarization produces the QRS
wave.
• The ventricular repolarization produces the T wave.
OR
Time Typical time Physical Polarisation Typical
intervals in in normal activity phase amplitude
cardiac cycle heart
P – wave 0.1 – 0.15 sec Completion of Complete 0.1 to 0.3mv
atrial depolarization
contraction of atrium
P – Q interval 0.15 – 0.16 A – V node Start of
sec triggered depolarisation
of ventricle
muscle
QRS wave 0.05 – 0.1 sec Ventricular Completion of 3 to 4mv
contraction depolarisation
of ventricle
muscle and
atrium muscle
repolarisation
S – T interval 0.05 – 0.15 Ventricular
sec contraction
continues
T – Wave 0.2 sec Ventricular Repolarisation 0.1 to 0.5mv
muscles return of ventricle
to resting state muscle

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JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DVG MEDICAL ELECTRONICS 2019 – 2020

4. List the factors on which the selection of a physiological transducer

depends.
• Blood pressure.
• Blood flow.
• Heart rate.
• Respiration rate.
• Phonocardiogram (heart sounds).
• Ballistocardiogram.
• Oximeter.
• Temperature.
• Impedance cardiogram.
• Cardiac output.
• Peripheral atrial blood pulse wave.
• Phemotachogram.
• Tidal volume.

5. Differentiate between internal and external defibrillators.

Parameters Internal defibrillators External defibrillators
Electrodes Placed directly against Placed on the chest.
heart with the chest open.
Voltage 50V – 100V 1000V – 6000V
Contact impedance 50ῼ 100ῼ
Current passing 1 – 20A 10 – 60A
through the electrode
Duration of shock 2.5 to 5 milli sec 1 – 5 milli sec
Types of electrode Spoon shaped Paddle shaped
used

6. Describe the working of hemodialysis machine.

• The blood is taken from the artery to the dialysing unit the blood flow must be
protected against bacterial infection using a blood pump, the blood is pumped
in to a number of planar membrane sheets blood flows in alternate spaces and
the dialysate flows in the other. Through the membrane sheets, urea,
creatinine, uric acid and phosphates are diffused from blood dialysate.

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JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DVG MEDICAL ELECTRONICS 2019 – 2020

7. Explain dark field type blood cell counter.

• The principle of dark field method microscope is that total scattered light from
the blood cell is converted into electric pulses for counting.
• A sample diluted blood (1:50000 for red cell and 1:500 for white blood cells) is
taken in a glass container.
• The thin tube is illuminated by a cone shaped light beam obtained from a light
source through an optical system.
• The blood stream in the tube illuminated with a cone shaped light beam and the
light scattered in the forward direction is imaged on the cathode of the
photomultiplier tube by means of lens and aperture arrangement.
• When blood passes through cuvette a flash of light is reflected on the phototube,
producing a pulse.
• These pulses are amplified using a high input impedance amplifier and fed to
an adjustable discriminator.

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JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DVG MEDICAL ELECTRONICS 2019 – 2020

• The discriminator provides pulses of equal amplitude which are given to digital
display.

8. List the properties of X – rays.

• They are electromagnetic radiation of the same nature as nature of light but they
are of smaller wavelength than light.
• They cannot be reflected or refracted.
• They are not deflected by magnetic or electric field.
• They affect the photographic plates on metal which they fall.
• They cause fluorescence in many substances.
• When X rays are incident on matter they give rise to complex phenomenon
known as secondary radiation.

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