REPRODUCTION IN
ORGANISMS
PREPARED BY
L D Mishra
*
LIFE SPAN
ORGANISMS LIFE SPAN
May fly 1 day
Butter fly 1-2 weeks
crow 15 years
crocodile 60 years
man 70years
parrot 140 years
tortoise 100-150 years
Wheat plant 6 months
Banyan tree 400 years
REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISM
CLASS XII BIOLOGY *
TYPES OF REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL SEXUAL
A single parent is involved. Two parents (a male and a female)
No formation or fusion of Formation and fusion of gametes
gametes
Involves mitotic division Involves meiosis and mitosis.
Individuals are genetically identical Individuals show variation i.e.
i.e. clone offspring
REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISM-
CLASS XII BIOLOGY *
MODES OF ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
● Fission- (a) binary (b) multiple
● Budding
● Spore formation
● Vegetative propagation
REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISM-
CLASS XII BIOLOGY *
BINARY FISSION
● Ex. Amoeba
REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISM-
CLASS XII BIOLOGY *
MULTIPLE FISSION
● Ex. Entamoeba
REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISM-
CLASS XII BIOLOGY *
BUDDING
● Ex. Hydra
REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISM-
CLASS XII BIOLOGY *
SPORE FORMATION
● Ex. Fungi
REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISM-
CLASS XII BIOLOGY *
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTIVE
STRUCTURES
● Motile microscopic zoospores -(chlamydomonas)
● Conidia (penicillium)
● Buds (hydra)
● Gemmules- (sponges)
REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISM-
CLASS XII BIOLOGY *
VEGETATIVE PROPAGULES
● Runner- oxalis
● Sucker- mint
● Tuber- potato
● Offset- water hyacinth, pistia
● Bulb- onion, garlic
● Rhizome- ginger
● Bulbil- agave
● Leaf buds- Bryophyllum
REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISM-
CLASS XII BIOLOGY *
REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISM-
CLASS XII BIOLOGY *
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Sexual
reproduction
events
Syngamy and
Pre-fertilisation Post-fertilisation
fertilisation
Gametogenesis Gamete transfer
REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISM-
CLASS XII BIOLOGY *
PRE-FERTILISATION CHANGES
(A) GAMETOGENESIS
● It is the process of formation of haploid male and
female gametes.
● Gametes may be homogametes (isogametes) or
heterogametes.
● In heterogametes the male gamete is called
antherozoid or sperm and the female gamete is
called the ovum.
REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISM-
CLASS XII BIOLOGY *
PRE-FERTILISATION CHANGES
(A) GAMETOGENESIS
● If the parent body is haploid gametes are formed
by mitosis, if diploid gametes are formed by
meiosis.
● An organism may be homothallic/monoecious or
heterothallic/dioecious.
REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISM-
CLASS XII BIOLOGY *
PRE –FERTILIZATION CHANGES
(B) GAMETE TRANSFER
● Fusion of male and female gamete is called
fertilisation.
● So male and female gamete must be brought
together.
● In some organisms both gametes are motile (algae)
but in most cases male gamete is motile where as
female is not.
● Algae, bryophytes and pteredophytes, water is the
medium for gamete transfer
REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISM-
CLASS XII BIOLOGY *
PRE –FERTILIZATION CHANGES
(B) GAMETE TRANSFER
● Pollination is the method of gamete transfer in
higher plants as pollen grains contain male
gametes.
● The number of male gametes are thousand times
the number of female gametes as there is loss of
male gametes during transfer.
● In dioecious animals there is special mechanism for
gamete transfer.
REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISM-
CLASS XII BIOLOGY *
SYNGAMY AND FERTILISATION
● It results in the formation of diploid zygote.
● In some animals like rotifers, honey bees, some
lizards and birds (turkey) female gametes develop
in to organism without fertilisation, such a
phenomenon is called parthenogenesis.
REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISM-
CLASS XII BIOLOGY *
POST-FERTILISATION EVENTS
● The events after zygote formation is called post-
fertilisation events.
● Zygote development (i) type of life cycle of
organism and (ii) the environment it is exposed to.
● In algae and fungi it develops a thick wall around it
to resist desiccations and damage and undergoes a
period of rest.
REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISM-
CLASS XII BIOLOGY *
POST-FERTILISATION EVENTS
● Organisms showing haplontic life cycle, zygote
undergoes meiosis. While organisms showing
diplontic life-cycle undergoes mitosis.
● The zygote develops into an embryo.
● Embryogenesis involves (i) cell division (ii) cell
enlargement or growth (iii) cell differentiation.
● In oviparous animals zygote development occurs
outside of female’s body, they are egg laying e.g.
reptiles, birds.
REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISM-
CLASS XII BIOLOGY *
POST-FERTILISATION EVENTS
● In viviparous animals zygote development occurs
inside of female’s body. They give birth to young
individuals. E.g. mammals
● In plants zygote is formed inside ovule, where it
develops into embryo, then ovule becomes seed
and ovary into fruit.
● Germination of seeds produce new plants.
REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISM-
CLASS XII BIOLOGY *
TYPES OF FERTILISATION
EXTERNAL INTERNAL
FERTILISATION FERTILISATION
Syngamy occurs outside of the Syngamy occurs inside of the
body of organisms. body of organisms.
Large number of gamets (male Number of ova are less, but
& female) are released into large number of male gametes
surrounding medium. E.g. bony are formed. E.g. birds,
fish, amphibians mammals, earthworm.
REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISM-
CLASS XII BIOLOGY *
TYPES OF ANIMALS
OVIPAROUS VIVIPAROUS
Animals lay fertilise or Give birth to young individuals.
unfertilised eggs.
Eggs have calcareous shell to No shell, they are protected
protect from the harsh inside the mother’s body.
environment.
REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISM-
CLASS XII BIOLOGY *
REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISM-
CLASS XII BIOLOGY *
