GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

DR. S & S. S. GHANDHY GOVERNMENT

ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAT

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Chandkheda, Ahmadabad Affiliated

DR. S & S. S. GHANDHY GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAT

A SEMINAR REPORT ON SUMMER INTERNSHIP

AIRPORT LAYOUT OR COMPONENT OF AIRPORT

ONLINE INTERNSHIP

B. E. - IV, Semester - VII (2021-2022)

CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted by:

NAME OF STUDENT ENROLLMENT NO

Kanjiwala Ujjval Pareshkumar 190233106004

GUIDED BY: Prof. V. M. Vasiya

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that internship entitled “AIRPORT LAYOUT OR COMPONENT OF AIRPORT”

submitted by KANJIWALA UJJVAL (ENROLLMENT NO. 190233106004) Studying at DR. S. &
S. S. GHANDHY GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE SURAT (023) for the subject
Summer Internship (3170001). Area of internship is absolutely based on his/her own work carried out
under my/our supervision and that this work has not been submitted elsewhere for any purpose. To our
satisfaction, this work is approved for the Summer Internship (3170001).

Date: 21/06/2021

Place: Surat

Name and Signature of Guide: Prof. V. M. Vasiya

Signature and Name Head of Department: Prof. S. I. Waikhom

External Examiner:

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is great pleasure and privilege to have the opportunity to take this work entitled as “AIRPORT
LAYOUT OR COMPONENTS OF AIRPORT”. The completion of the project work is a millstone in
student life and its execution is inevitable in the hands of guide. We would like to express our deepness of
gratitude to our work guide Prof. V. M. Vasiya for his inspiring guidance and valuable suggestion that he
had given throughout the report work. We are thankful to our faculty Prof. N. D. Parmar and Prof. M.
J. Patel and also thankful to our Head of Department Prof. S. I. Waikhom of GEC, Surat.

We would like to express our deep sense of gratitude to all faculty members of the department of CIVIL
ENGINEERING. At this function, it is appropriate to express our gratitude to the people who have been
with us throughout and have helped us to successfully accomplish this work.

I would also like to give thanks to our GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY for give chance
this type of work.

Last but not least, we are great to our family and friends to provide us support and guidance mentally as
well as financially to finish and submit our work successfully. Really it is highly impossible to repay the
debt of all the people this who have directly or indirectly helped us for performing the project.

NAME OF STUDENT ENROLLMENT NO

Kanjiwala Ujjval Pareshkumar 190233106004

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 ABSTRACT
An airport (airfield, airdrome) is a place where aircrafts are operated through paved runways, essentially
consists of maintenance facilities, terminals and services. The specifications for designing, construction
and maintenance are specified by governing bodies like FEDERAL AVIATION AUTHORITY (FAA),
CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY (CAA) and NATIONAL AIRPORT AUTHORITY (NAA) etc.

The majority of the world's airports are non-towered, with no air traffic control presence. Busy airports
have Air Traffic Control (ATC) system. All airports use a traffic pattern to assure smooth traffic flow
between departing and arriving aircraft. There are a number of aids available to pilots, though not all
airports are equipped with them. Many airports have lighting that help guide planes using the runways and
taxiways at night or in rain, snow, or fog. In the US and Canada, the vast majority of airports, large and
small, will either have some form of automated airport weather station, a human observer or a combination
of the two. Air safety is an important concern in the operation of an airport, and airports often have their
own safety services.

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 INDEX
Sr. No Content Pg. No.
1 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1

2 Chapter 2: AIRPORT HISTORY 2

2.1 Development of Air Transport in India 2

3 Chapter: 3 AIRPORT ENGINEERING 3

3.1 Site Selection 3

4 Chapter: 4 TYPES OF AIRPORTS 4

4.1 International Airport 4

4.2 Domestic Airport 4
4.3 Regional Airport 4
5 Chapter: 5 COMPONENTS OF AIRPORT 5

5.1 Runway 5

5.1.1: Runway Configuration 6-9

5.2.2: Runway Signs 10

5.2 Terminal Building 11

5.3 Apron 12
5.4 Taxiway 13
5.5 Aircraft Stand 14
5.6 Hanger 15
5.7 Control Power 16
5.8 Parking 17
6 Chapter: 6 TYPICAL LAYOUTS OF AIRPORT 18

7 Reference 19

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Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
An airport is an aerodrome with extended facilities, mostly for commercial air transport. Airports often
have facilities to park and maintain aircraft, and a control tower. An airport consists of a landing area,
which comprises an aerially accessible open space including at least one operationally active surface such
as a runway for a plane to take off and to land or a helipad, and often includes adjacent utility buildings
such as control towers, hangars and terminals. Larger airports may have airport aprons, taxiway bridges,
air traffic control centers, passenger facilities such as restaurants and lounges, and emergency services. In
some countries, the US in particular, airports also typically have one or more fixed-base operators, serving
general aviation.

An airport solely serving helicopters is called a heliport. An airport for use by seaplanes and amphibious
aircraft is called a seaplane base. Such a base typically includes a stretch of open water
for takeoffs and landings, and seaplane docks for tying-up.

Large airports usually have access also through controlled-access highways ('freeways'
or 'motorways') from which motor vehicles enter either the departure loop or the arrival loop. Some
airport names include the word "International" to indicate their ability to handle traffic. Airfield is an
area where an aircraft can land and take off, which may or may not be equipped with any navigational
aids or markings. Many grass strips are also designated as airfields.

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Chapter 2: AIRPORT HISTORY
The earliest aircraft takeoff and landing sites were grassy fields. The plane could approach at any angle
that provided a favorable wind direction. A slight improvement was the dirt-only field, which eliminated
the drag from grass. However, these functioned well only in dry conditions. Later, concrete surfaces would
allow landings regardless of meteorological conditions.

The title of "world's oldest airport" is disputed. College Park Airport in Maryland, US, established in 1909
by Wilbur Wright, is generally agreed to be the world's oldest continuously operating airfield, although it
serves only general aviation traffic. Bisbee-Douglas International Airport in Arizona was declared "the
first international airport of the Americas" by US president Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1943. The first plane
named flayer made by wright bros.

2.1 Development of Air Transport in India:

Air Transport in India made a beginning in 1911 when a Frenchman carried airmail operation commenced
over a little distance of 10 km between Allahabad and Naini.

The first commercial air service was established in 1930 as Tata Airlines. Air India entered into Jet age
in 1960 when Boeing 707 Services were started between India and London and subsequently extended to
New York.

India’s first Boeing 747 (Jumbo-Jet) which is two and a half times the size of Boeing 707 – Emperor
Ashoka was procured in 1971.

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Chapter 3: AIRPORT ENGINEERING
Airport Engineering encompasses the planning, design, and construction of terminals, runways, and
navigation aids to provide for passenger and freight service. Airport engineers design and construct
airports. They must account for the impacts and demands of aircraft in their design of airport facilities.
These engineers must use the analysis of predominant wind direction to determine runway orientation,
determine the size of runway border and safety areas, different wing tip to wing tip clearances for all gates
and must designate the clear zones in the entire port. A terminal facility used for aircraft takeoff and
landing, and including facilities for handling passengers and cargo and for servicing aircraft.

Airport design provides for convenient passenger access, efficient aircraft operations, and conveyance of
cargo and support materials. Airports provide facilities for changing transportation modes, such as people
transferring from cars and buses to aircraft, cargo transferring from shipping containers to trucks, or
regional aircraft supplying passengers and cargo for intercontinental aircraft.

In the United States, engineers utilize standards from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), aircraft
performance characteristics, cost benefit analysis, and established building codes to prepare detailed
layouts of the essential airport elements: airport site boundaries, runway layout, terminal-building
configuration, support building locations, roadway and rail access, and supporting utility layouts. Airport
engineers constantly evaluate new mechanical and computer technologies that might increase throughput
of baggage, cargo, and passengers.

3.1 Site Selection:

Site selection factors vary somewhat according to whether
(1) an entirely new airport is being constructed or
(2) an existing facility is being expanded.
Few metropolitan areas have large areas of relatively undeveloped acreage within reasonable proximity
to the population center to permit development of new airports. For those airports requiring major
additional airfield capacity, however, and hence an entirely new site, the following factors must be
evaluated for each alternate site: proximity to existing highways and major utilities; demolition
requirements; contamination of air, land, and water, air traffic constraints such as nearby smaller airport
facilities; nearby mountains; numbers of households affected by relocation and noise; political
jurisdiction; potential lost mineral or agricultural production; and costs associated with all these factors.
Some governments have elected to create sites for new airports using ocean fills. The exact configuration
of the artificial is landsites is critical due to the high foundation costs, both for the airport proper and for
the required connecting roadway and rail bridges.
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Chapter 4: TYPES OF AIRPORTS
4.1 International Airport
4.2 Domestic Airport
4.3 Regional Airport

4.1 International Airport:

➢ An international airport has direct service to many other airports.
➢ Handle scheduled commercial airlines both for Passengers and Cargo.
➢ Many international airports also serve as "HUBS", or places where non- direct flights may land and
passengers switch planes.
➢ Typically equipped with customs and immigration facilities to handle international flights to and from
other countries.
➢ Such airports are usually larger, and often feature longer runways and facilities to accommodate the
large aircraft.

4.2 Domestic Airport:

➢ A domestic airport is an airport which handles only domestic flights or flights within the same
country.
➢ Domestic airports don’t have customs and immigration facilities and are therefore incapable of
handling flights to or from a foreign airport.
➢ These airports normally have short runways which are sufficient to handle short/medium
haul aircraft.

4.3 Regional Airport:

➢ A regional airport is an airport serving traffic within a relatively small or lightly populated
geographical area.
➢ A regional airport usually does not have customs and immigration facilities to process traffic
between countries.
➢ Aircraft using these airports tend to be smaller business jets or private aircraft (general
aviation).

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Chapter 5: COMPONENTS OF AIRPORTS
1. Runway
2. Terminal Building
3. Apron
4. Taxiway
5. Aircraft Stand
6. Hanger
7. Control Tower
8. Parking

5.1 Runway:
A runway is the area where an aircraft lands or takes off. It can be grass, or packed dirt, or a hard surface
such as asphalt or concrete. Runways have special markings on them to help a pilot in the air to tell that it
is a runway (and not a road) and to help them when they are landing or taking off. Runway markings are
white. Most runways have numbers on the end. The number is the runway's compass direction. (For
example, runway numbered 36 would be pointing north or 360 degrees). Some airports have more than
one runway going in the same direction, so they add letters to the end of the number R for right, C for
center, and L for left. Other end of the runway is pointing in the opposite direction, so it gets a different
number. The runway called 36 would be called 18 (for 180 degrees) if you were looking at it from the
other end.

Runways may have other markings besides the end number on them. They may have white stripes down
the middle of them, and solid white lines on the edges. The most important thing for you to remember
about a runway is that it is meant for aircraft use, so you should never drive your vehicle on it, unless you
are authorized to do so.

When airports have sufficiently high velocity crosswinds or tail winds from more than one direction,
crosswind runways must also be provided. These crosswind runways are located at some angle to the
primary runway as dictated by a wind rose analysis.

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5.1.1 Runway Configuration:
FAA includes over 20 runway layouts. Amongst them there are 4 basic runway patterns:
1. Simple Single Runway
2. Parallel Runway
3. Open-V Runways
4. Intersecting Runway

1. Simple Single Runway:

Simple Single Runway This is the simplest of the runway configurations. Suitable when winds
predominantly blow along the runway and the peak hour air traffic demand is less than 50 operations.
When winds are light both ends can be used for both arrivals and departures. When winds are strong
only one end can be used for operations. The capacity of a single runway depends on air traffic mix
and type of control. VFR: 50 – 100 operations IFR:50 – 70 operations.

Fig. 5.1.1 (A) Simple Single Runway

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2. Parallel Runway:
There are 4 types of parallel runways. These are named according to how closely they are placed
next to each other. Operations per hour will vary depending on the total number of runways and
the mix of aircraft. In IFR conditions for predominantly light aircraft, the number of operations
would range between 64 to 128 per hour.

Fig. 5.1.1 (B) Parallel Runway

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3. Open-V Runway:
Open-V runways Two runways that diverge from different directions but do NOT intersect form a
shape that looks like an "open-V" are called open-V runways. This configuration is useful when there
is little to no wind as it allows for both runways to be used at the same time. When the winds become
strong in one direction, then only one runway will be used. When takeoffs and landings are made away
from the two closer ends, the number of operations per hour significantly increases. When takeoffs and
landings are made toward the two closer ends, the number of operations per hour can be reduced by
50%.

Fig. 5.1.1 (C) Open-V Runway

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4. Intersecting Runway:
Intersecting runways two or more runways that cross each other are classified as intersecting runways.
This type of configuration is used when there are relatively strong prevailing winds from more than
one direction during the year. When the winds are strong from one direction, operations will be
limited to only one runway. With relatively light winds, both runways can be used simultaneously.

Fig. 5.1.1 (D) Intersecting Runway

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5.1.2 Runway Sign:
➢ Various kinds of runway signs are also used for facilitation.
➢ They differ according to their purpose and action.

Fig. 5.1.2 Runway Sign

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5.2 Terminal Building:
Also known as airport terminal, these buildings are the spaces where passengers board or alight from
flights. These buildings house all the necessary facilities for passengers to check-in their luggage, clear
the customs and have lounges to wait before disembarking. The terminals can house cafes, lounges and
bars to serve as waiting areas for passengers. Ticket counters, luggage check-in or transfer, security checks
and customs are the basics of all airport terminals. Large airports can have more than one terminal that
are connected to one another through link ways such as walkways, sky-bridges or trams. Smaller airports
usually have only one terminal that houses all the required facilities. Some larger airports have one
terminal that is connected to multiple concourses via walkways, sky-bridges, or underground tunnels
(such as Denver International Airport, modeled after Atlanta's, the world's busiest). Some larger
airports have more than one terminal, each with one or more concourses (such as New York's John
F. Kennedy International Airport). Still other larger airports have multiple terminals each of which
incorporate the functions of a concourse (such as Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport).

Fig. 5.2 Terminal Building

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5.3 Apron:
Aircraft aprons are the areas where the aircraft park. Aprons are also sometimes called ramps. They vary
in size, from areas that may hold five or ten small planes, to the very large areas that the major airports
have.

The airport apron is the area of an airport where aircraft are parked, unloaded or loaded, refueled, or
boarded. Although the use of the apron is covered by regulations, such as lighting on vehicles, it is
typically more accessible to users than the runway or taxiway. However, the apron is not usually open to
the general public and a license may be required to gain access.

Fig. 5.3 Apron

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5.4 Taxiway:
A taxiway is a path on an airport connecting runways with ramps, hangars, terminals and other facilities.
They mostly have hard surface such as asphalt or concrete, although smaller airports sometimes use gravel
or grass.

There is a general rule on safe speed based on obstacles. Operators and aircraft manufacturers might have
limits. Typical taxi speeds are 20-30 knots (37-56 km/h; 23-35 mph).

Fig. 5.4 Taxiway

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5.5 Aircraft Stand:
A portion of an apron designated as a taxiway and intended to provide access to aircraft stands only.it is
only provide for parking purpose.

Fig. 5.5 (A) Aircraft Stand

Fig. 5.5 (B) Aircraft Parking Stand

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5.6 Hanger:
A hangar is a closed building structure to hold aircraft, spacecraft or tanks in protective storage. Most
hangars are built of metal, but other materials such as wood and concrete are also used.

Fig. 5.6 (A) Hanger

Fig. 5.6 (B) Hanger

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5.7 Control Tower (ATC):
A tower at an airfield from which air traffic is controlled by radio and observed physically and by
radar. Air Traffic Control (ATC) is a service provided by ground-based controllers who direct
aircraft on the ground and through controlled airspace, and can provide advisory services to
aircraft in non- controlled airspace. The primary purpose of ATC worldwide is to prevent
collisions, organize and expedite the flow of air traffic, and provide information and other support
for pilots. In some countries, ATC plays a security or defensive role, or is operated by the military.
ATC provides services to all private, military, and commercial aircraft operating within its airspace.
Depending on the type of flight and the class of airspace, ATC may issue instructions that pilots are
required to obey, or advisories (known as flight information in some countries) that pilots may, at
their discretion, disregard.

Fig. 5.7 Control Tower

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5.8 Parking:
Parking is a specific area of airport at which vehicles park. Parking is an essential part of all airports,
even if they are well connected to public transport networks. The distance from the parking area to
the check-in counters is often far too long. Skyline Systems brings the cars to the customers instead
of forcing them to cart their luggage to their cars far away in a dark and huge parking garage. This
not only saves money and space it also makes parking safer, more comfortable and more economical.

Fig. 5.8 (A) Parking

Fig. 5.8 (B) Parking

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Chapter 6: TYPICAPL LAYOUT OF AIRPORTS

Fig. 6.1 Typical Layout of Airport

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REFERENCES

www.google.com

https://en.wikipedia.org/

https://www.avjobs.com/

https://www.bing.com/

Dr. Rajat Rastogi, Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology – Roorkee,
Transportation Engineering (Air transportation), LCT. -27.

Runway Design and Structural Design of an Airfield Pavement, Sundeep Chowdary Daggubati, Nazneen,
Subham Sharma3, Sulabh Raj Gurung, – Bachelor of Engineering (Civil), Final year, Department of Civil
Engineering, Hindustan University, India.

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