The Development of Sports Philosophy Science

Japhet Ndayisenga1, Sumaryanto2

1
University of Burundi in Institute of Physical Education and Sports
2
Yogyakarta State University in Indonesia
ndayisengajaphet@gmail.com; sumaryanto@uny.ac.id
Corresponding Author
Sumaryanto
Corresponding author:

Yogyakarta State University

Faculty of Sport Sciences

Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Jl. Colombo No.1, Karang Malang, Caturtunggal, Kec. Depok, Kabupaten Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta
55281

E-mail : sumaryanto@uny.ac.id

Abstract
The sport philosophy branch is looked like forgotten research era; we don’t find more works
comparing other research fields. Sport philosophy is the key of all changes in Sport science,
physical education, arts, physical training, sport marketing, sport economy, sport industry and
others. The aims of this study were to determine the development of sport philosophy from
West to East and to predict the future sport philosophy development in the whole world. This
study was a systematic literature review meta-analysis with qualitative approach. The
research sampling were sport philosophy science articles and philosophy articles but were
included philosophy ‘Books. Data collection technique using Scimago browser and internet.
Data analysis using qualitative meta-analysis. To reach this study we gathered the articles
which related to the East and Wester philosophy in order to know the development of Sport
Science Philosophy. The result was presented in the format of paragraphs. The result showed
that The development of philosophy recognizes three major periods of Helnism, medieval
and Modern which were characterized by science, religion, and technology. Before Christ
above 624 Science and technology were still not strong. In the period AD religion became
stronger, Science and Technology were still in the dark until medieval times. With Modern
Period Science and Technology build well until now. It can be concluded that sport
philosophy continues to become more strong whether it has many branches like sport science,
economy, tourism, industry which were not exist last time.

Keyword: philosophy, anthology, epistemology, axiology

Abstrak

Cabang filsafat olahraga merupakan cabang ketingaran di sisi penelitian; Terlihat kekurang
penelitian akademik di filsafat olahraga dibandingkan dengan bidang lain. Filosofi olahraga
adalah kunci untuk semua perubahan dalam ilmu keolahragaan, pendidikan jasmani,
kesenian, pembinaan jasmani, pemasaran olah raga, ekonomi olah raga, industri olah raga
dan lain-lain. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perkembangan filosofi olahraga dari
Barat ke Timur dan memprediksi perkembangan filosofi olahraga di seluruh dunia di masa
depan. Penelitian ini merupakan meta-analisis tinjauan pustaka sistematis dengan pendekatan
kualitatif. Sampel penelitian adalah artikel filsafat olahraga, artikel filsafat, dan buku filsafat
terindex Scopus. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan browser Scimago dan internet.
Analisis data menggunakan meta-analisis kualitatif. Untuk mencapai kajian ini peneliti
mengumpulkan artikel-artikel yang berhubungan dengan filsafat Timur dan Barat untuk
mengetahui perkembangan Filsafat Ilmu Keolahragaan. Hasilnya disajikan dalam format
paragraf. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perkembangan filsafat mengenal tiga periode
utama yaitu Helnisme, Abad Pertengahan dan Modern yang bercirikan ilmu, agama, dan
teknologi. Sebelum Masehi di atas 624 Ilmu dan teknologi masih belum kuat. Pada periode
Masehi agama menjadi lebih kuat, Ilmu dan Teknologi masih dalam kegelapan hingga abad
pertengahan. Dengan Ilmu dan Teknologi Zaman Modern terbangun dengan baik sampai
sekarang. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa falsafah olahraga terus menjadi semakin kuat baik yang
memiliki banyak cabang seperti ilmu keolahragaan, ekonomi, pariwisata, industri yang
sebelumnya tidak ada.

Keyword: philosophy, anthology, epistemology, axiology

Introduction

Science has a very long history of development. The development of science until
now has not taken place suddenly, but through a gradual and evolutionary process. Sports
philosophy is a branch of philosophy that seeks to analyze the concept of sports as a human
activity (Kilpatrick, 2012). Some of the issues discussed in sports philosophy include
metaphysics, ethical and moral philosophy, legal philosophy, political philosophy, and
aesthetics. The philosophical perspective on sport has its origins in Ancient Greece and then
resumed in the 20th century.(Winter, Jones, Davison, Bromley, & Hercer, 2007)

The philosophical perspective of sports also looks at the metaphysical relationship

between sports and arts and games, ethical issues related to values and justice, and
sociopolitical issues in general.(Aggerholm, 2014). Eastern philosophy has different
characteristics from Western philosophy, where the characteristics of religion are also present
in Eastern philosophy, so that many scholars argue whether or not Eastern thought can be
called philosophy. The modern age is an era of retaliation against the scholastic age which
was dominated by the church. The school which became the precursor to modern
philosophical teachings was based on an awareness of the individual and the concrete.
(Ilundáin-Agurruza, 2013)

Sports philosophy revived thanks to the work of philosopher from Yale Paul Weiss
University entitled Sport: A Philosophical Inquiry in 1969. Weiss saw works related to sports
philosophy as a reflection of academic elitism. In his view, sport has always been viewed as a
lowly culture (Fair, 2013). In the 19th century, philosophical perspectives on sports and
physical activity were only slightly discussed in the educational reforms of the time by
reinforcing the general view that these activities promoted health. The health and educational
benefits of physical activity are seen as a component of public life((Forthcoming in Journal
of Retailing), 2019). Many supporters of sports education view sport from a philosophical
aspect by examining it in terms of teleology, dualism of mind and body, and metaphysics as a
model of "manhood."(Bianchi, 2019) vanity "and" men-ness. "Political philosophy also
influenced public views regarding sports as an answer to the social and political problems of
the time and developed the concept of civic responsibility and responsible citizenship.
(Archer, 2016). Although the study of sports philosophy tends to be carried out in the West,
Japan is one of the Eastern countries that is quite aggressively analyzing sports philosophy.

In contemporary times, the philosophy of sport develops by questioning the social

values of sport, the aesthetics of sports performances, the epistemology of individual and
group technique and strategy, exercise ethics, the logic of sports regulations, the metaphysics
of sports as part of "humanness", and so on. Sports philosophy continues to evolve along with
the emergence of new sports such as surfing and skateboarding(Breivik, 2014). With his
mind humans have curiosity (curiosity). From this curiosity, man always questions
everything he thinks about, doubts everything he sees, and looks for all kinds of problems at
hand. Humans try to answer all the questions faced and propose alternative solutions to a
problem.

Until now there is a strong lack of sport philosophy researches, then the research can
ask some questions like (1) how is the development of philosophy? (2) what is the meaning
of sports philosophy? (3) what are the branches of sports philosophy? (4) what is the school
of sports philosophy? (5) what are the positions of sport philosophy? (6) what are the
periodizations of the philosophy of sport, (7) how can we predict the future sports philosophy
development?

The purpose of the paper was to knowing the development of Western and Asian
philosophies, second was to knowing the developments when Sports philosophy emerged,
and the third was to determine the development of future sports philosophy. This is paper is
very useful for all researchers to know the extent Sports philosophy, not only for researchers
but for all creatures will understand the development of sports science. Information from this
paper is needed in academia students will understand the history of sports philosophy.

Methods

This study is systematic literature review meta-analysis with qualitative approach.

The research sampling were philosophy sport science articles and philosophy articles but
were included philosophy ‘Books. Data collection technique using scimago browser and
internet. Data analysis using qualitative meta-analysis. To reach this study we gathered the
articles which related to the East and Wester philosophy in order to know the development of
Sport Science Philosophy. The result was presented in the format of paragraphs.
Result and Discussion

The result was presented in the form of paragraph. Based on the flow under which
the development of philosophy is studied from the West and the East.

A. Development of Philosophy
 The development of philosophy recognizes the three major periods of
Helnism, medieval and Modern which were characterized by science, religion, and
technology. Before Christ above 624 Science and technology were still not strong. In the
period AD religion became stronger, Science and Technology were still in the dark until
medieval times. New with Modern Science and Technology build until now.

1. European and Asian development philosophy history in the future

The characteristics of medieval western philosophy were: The way to do

philosophy is led by the church, Philosophy within the teachings of Aristotle,
Philosophy with the help of Augustine and others. Eastern philosophy has different
characteristics from Western philosophy, where the characteristics of religion are also
present in Eastern philosophy, so that many scholars argue whether or not Eastern
thought can be called philosophy.

2. Development of European Philosophy

The modern age is an era of retaliation against the scholastic age which was
dominated by the church. The school which became the precursor to modern
philosophical teachings was based on an awareness of the individual and the concrete. In
the period of growth and development of European philosophy (for about 5 centuries)
there were no thinkers (philosophers), but after the 6th century AD, only thinkers
emerged who carried out philosophical investigations. Thus, it was European philosophy
that initiated the birth of philosophy in the medieval west. Medieval Western philosophy
(476 - 1492) can also be said to be the "dark age". The characteristics of medieval
western philosophical thought are: The way to do philosophy led by the church
Philosophy within the teachings of Aristotle Philosophy with the help of Augustine and
others.

a) The Influence of Medieval Philosophy on Islamic Thought

The background for the initiation of medieval philosophy was the extreme
attitude of Christian religious leaders in the Western world (Europe) in 476-1492 AD
At this time, Christian religious leaders (the church) restricted the thinking activities
of philosophers. On the pretext of faith, all potential intellect which contradicts the
convictions of the ecclesiastical is cut down. The philosophers were considered
apostates, severely punished (excommunicated) up to the death penalty. This
medieval period is divided into two periods, namely the Patristic period and the
Scholastic period. The Scholastic Period was further divided into Early Scholastic,
Peak Scholastic and Late Scholastic.

As a result, science was stunted and barely developed. Everything is

governed by church doctrines based on blind faith (fanatical). Thus, medieval
philosophy is also called the dark ages. The time when human civilization was
shackled by a lot of ignorance. However, this historical fact does not apply in the
 Islamic world (Middle East). Islam began to be broadcast by the Prophet Muhammad
SAW (born on April 20, 571 AD) around the year 612 in Mecca. After he received
revelation when he was 40 years old (611 AD). Because the spread of this new
religion was challenged by his environment, Muhammad then moved (hijrah) to
Medina in 622. From this, Islam developed throughout the world. Until 750, Islamic
territory had covered the Arabian Peninsula, Palestine, North Africa, Iraq, Syria,
Persia, Egypt, Sicily, Spain, Asia Minor, Russia, Afghanistan, and parts of Central
Asia. At this time the people who ruled were the Umayyads with the capital city of
Damascus. Islam is believed to have arrived in Indonesia directly from the Middle
East through the services of Arab Muslim traders around the 7th century AD.
Headquartered in Baghdad, human civilization flourished along with the rapid
development of philosophy. Here, philosophy is not considered a threat. In fact,
philosophy is the main axis of advancement and development of science and
technology. Harmonious partner with religious values. human civilization flourished
with the rapid development of philosophy. Here, philosophy is not considered a
threat. In fact, philosophy is the main axis of advancement and development of
science and technology. Harmonious partner with religious values. human
civilization flourished with the rapid development of philosophy. Here, philosophy is
not considered a threat. In fact, philosophy is the main axis of advancement and
development of science and technology. Harmonious partner with religious values.

Islamic philosophy is a philosophy that all scholars are Muslim. There are a
number of major differences between Islamic philosophy and other philosophies.
First, although initially classical Muslim philosophers re-explored Greek
philosophical works, especially Aristotle and Plotinus, they later adapted them to
Islamic teachings. Second, Islam is a religion of monotheism. So, if in other
philosophies they still 'seek God', in Islamic philosophy God 'has been found, in the
sense that it does not mean that it is outdated and no longer discussed, but Islamic
philosophers focus more on humans and nature, because as we know, the discussion
of God just become a discussion that never has a final.

b) The Influence of Medieval Philosophy on Modern Philosophy

In medieval times, the development of the mind in the West was very constrained
by the need to conform to religious teachings (church doctrine). The development of
reasoning is not prohibited, but must be adapted and devoted to religious beliefs. The
period of modern philosophy begins with the emergence of the renaissance around the
XV and XVI centuries, which intends to regenerate classical Greco-Roman culture.
The main problem of the renaissance period, like the scholastic period, was the
synthesis of religion and philosophy in different directions. The renaissance era was
marked by the devotion of attention to various fields of humanity, both as individuals
and socially.

Among the philosophers of the renaissance period was Francis Bacon (1561-
1626). He argued that philosophy should be separated from theology. Although he
believed that reason could show God, he assumed that everything that was
characterized by another in theology could only be known by revelation, whereas
 revelation was completely dependent on reason. This shows that Bacon is one of those
people who justifies the concept of double truth, namely the truth of reason and
revelation. The peak of the renaissance period appeared in the era of Rene Descartes
(1596-1650), who is considered the father of modern philosophy and the pioneer of
rationalism. The arguments that are put forward aim to break away from the confines
of the church. This is evident in the motto "cogito ergo sum" (I think so I exist). This
statement is very well known in the development of modern thought, because it raises
the degree of reason and thought as an indication of the existence of each individual. In
this case, philosophy regains its glory and overcomes the role of religion, because
human reason can obtain the truth.

Another school of philosophy is Positivism. The foundations of this

philosophy were built by Saint Simon and developed by Auguste Comte (1798-1857).
He stated that human knowledge develops evolutionarily in three stages, namely
theological, metaphysical and positive. Positive knowledge is the pinnacle of human
knowledge which he calls scientific knowledge. In accordance with this view,
metaphysical truths obtained in metaphysics are rejected, because their truths are
difficult to prove in reality. The period of modern philosophy in the West shows a
shift, all forms of church domination, clergy and the view that the scriptures as the
only source of knowledge have been destroyed. Thus, it can be said that the modern
age is an era of retaliation against the scholastic age which was dominated by the
church.

3. Development of Asian Philosophy

The history of eastern philosophy is a term for philosophical thoughts originating

from the Asian world, such as Chinese philosophy, Indian philosophy, Japanese philosophy,
Japanese philosophy, Buddhist philosophy, and so on. Each type of philosophy is a system of
thought that is broad and plural. For example, Indian philosophy can be divided into Hindu
philosophy and Buddhist philosophy, while Chinese philosophy can be divided into
Confucianism and theoism. Not to mention, there have been many encounters and mixing of
philosophical systems with one another, for example Buddhism has its roots in Hinduism, but
later became more influential in China than in India. On the other hand, Islamic philosophy is
even more closely related to western philosophy. However, in general there are four types of
Eastern philosophy known as "

4. Future Development of Philosophy

The period of modern philosophy begins with the emergence of the renaissance
around the XV and XVI centuries, which intends to regenerate classical Greco-Roman
culture. The main problem of the renaissance period, like the scholastic period, was the
synthesis of religion and philosophy in different directions. The renaissance era was marked
by the devotion of attention to various fields of humanity, both as individuals and socially.

Among the philosophers of the renaissance period was Francis Bacon (1561-1626).
He argued that philosophy should be separated from theology. Although he believed that
reason could show God, he assumed that everything that was characterized by another in
theology could only be known by revelation, whereas revelation was completely dependent
on reason. This shows that Bacon is one of those people who justifies the concept of double
truth, namely the truth of reason and revelation. The peak of the renaissance period appeared
in the era of Rene Descartes (1596-1650), who is considered the father of modern philosophy
and the pioneer of rationalism.

The arguments that are put forward aim to break away from the confines of the
church. This is evident in the motto "cogito ergo sum" (I think so I exist). This statement is
very well known in the development of modern thought, because it raises the degree of
reason and thought as an indication of the existence of each individual. In this case,
philosophy regains its glory and overcomes the role of religion, because human reason can
obtain the truth. The modern century is an era of retaliation against the church-dominated
scholastic age. The school which became the precursor to modern philosophical teachings
was based on an awareness of the individual and the concrete. In the era of modern
philosophy which was then followed by the philosophy era of the 20th century.

Some 20th century philosophers

1. Rationalism
2. Emperism
3. Criticism
4. Idealism
5. Positive
6. Evolutionism
7. Metarilism
8. Neo-kantianism
9. Pragmatism
10. Philosophy of life
11. Phenomenology
12. Existentialism
13. Ne-thomism

B. Meaning of Sports philosophy

Sport in our society is a common part of everyday activity, and it is also an art of
competition. Various aspects are involved in sporting events such as human resources,
buildings, investment, equipment, and other necessities(Ekdahl & Ravn, 2019). Internal
issues such as trying to get the best positions in local, national, and international events
involve a multitude of other issues. Besides these problems, sport develops in scientific
studies such as Sports Psychology, Sport Politics, Sport Studies Law, etc.(van Hilvoorde,
2016). All of those scientific studies are dimensions of sport which require an academic
conscience in investigating the philosophical underpinnings of sport as a science. The birth of
philosophy and science stems from thinking activities. Because the essence of philosophy is
thinking. However, not all thinking activities can be called philosophizing. To do philosophy
is thinking that has a purpose. The goal is to acquire knowledge, namely knowledge
concerning truth.
 So that by doing philosophy, humans can come to the truth. Etymologically the word
"philosophy" is a derivative word of "philosophia" in Greek. It is a compound word from
"philos" which means love or "philia" which means "friendship" or "attracted to" and
"sophos" which means wisdom, knowledge, skills, practical experience, and intelligence. In
short, "philosophia" is the love of wisdom or the friend of knowledge(Ekdahl & Ravn, 2019).
The term "philosophia" has been Indonesianized to become "philosophy", which has an
adjective or adjective "philosophical", and "philosopher" which is a word to refer to the
person. There are also people who prefer the term "philosophy", which has the adjective
"philosophical", and "philosopher" to refer to the person. Historically, the term philosophy
was used by Pythagoras (circa 6th century BC). When asked whether he was a wise man,
Pythagoras humbly replied that he was only a "philosophos" or a man who loves wisdom.
However, the validity of this story is doubtful because Pythagoras' personality and activities
were mixed with legends. Based on other sources, Heraclitus is considered to be the first to
use the term "philosophos".

C. The Roots of Sports Existence

too important to be confused with another theme. It's not just about exercise for
health. Not only games for entertainment, or to spend leisure time, or for a combination of
social and recreational purposes(Cross & Cross, 2018). Sports are activities that have very
natural roots of ontological existence, which can be observed from the time a baby is in the
womb to the forms of trained movements. Sports are also games, in line with human
existence as playing creatures (Huizinga's homo ludens)(Pot, Whitehead, & Durden-Myers,
2018). Sport is a spectacle, which has long historical roots, from the ancient Greek era of
Kunodenganarete, agon, pentathlon to the Olympic Games in modern times, where in its
history, war and peace have always guarded the sporting events.(Pot et al., 2018).

Sport is a multidimensional phenomenon, as is man himself. Early Greek myth and

religion presented a worldview that helped to develop the intrinsic relationship between the
meaning of sport and basic culture. They also reflect the limited condition of mundane
existence, and not as a transcendent kingdom of liberation(Hastie, 2016). Worldly nuance can
also be seen in the narrative expression of life, the wide range of human experiences, its
situation and its joys and sorrows. Sacred manifestations are manifested in worldly
achievements and power, visual beauty and the mix of competitive power influences the
human situation.(Stolz, 2014).

D. Branch of Sports Philosophy

Philosophy, in this case is considered to have an important responsibility in uniting

various scientific studies to be formulated in an integrated and rooted manner towards sports
science in its 3 scientific dimensions (ontology, epistemology, axiology) which are solid and
parallel to other sciences. The development of Sports philosophy has a different history from
the era of the tree below, which shows the process of developing the philosophy of sports in
the world
Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=pohon+ilmu+keolahragaan&safe
1. Ontology

Ontology discusses what you want to know or in other words, it is an assessment of

the theory about being (Ryall, 2020). The ontological basis of science relates to the
material that is the object of scientific study, the generally accepted essential features of
that object. Ontology plays a role in discussions about the development of science, the
basic assumptions of science and its consequences for the application of science(Pisk,
2014). Ontology is a scientific tool to find solutions to problems scientifically. In this
case, ontology plays a role in an extensive and intensive consistency process in the
development of science(Kosiewicz, 2009)

2. Epistemology

Epistemology discusses in depth all the processes involved in obtaining knowledge.

This is related to scientific methods and systematics of science content. The scientific
method is a procedure that includes various acts of thought, work patterns, technical
methods, and procedures for obtaining new knowledge or developing existing ones.
Systematization of the content of science in this regard is related to your body, where the
basic map and development of the main sciences and disciplines are discussed here.
(McNamee, 2007).
 3. Axiology

Axiology, science discusses the benefits that humans get from the knowledge they
get (Aggerholm, 2014). If the issue of value free and value bound science dominates the
focus of attention of axiology in general, then in the case of developing new science such as
sports, the dimension of axiology is expanded again so that it inherently includes the
dimensions of human life values such as ethics, aesthetics, religion (the axiological side),
and also the interrelation of science with aspects of human life and its sociality (axiological
selling side). Both are transfer aspects of the knowledge transfer problem(Mcnamee &
Education, 2020).

E. School of Sports Philosophy

There are several different schools of philosophy of sport

1. IDEALISM

Is the center of human life.

Idealism views, namely:

- Physical education develops physically and mentally simultaneously.

- Physical activity can develop physical fitness and personality.

- Development of personal qualities.

- Physical education teacher as a Model(Sareshkeh, Ghaziani, & Morteza, 2012).

2. REALISM

It is truth that can be determined best by the scientific method.

View of Realism, namely:

- The viewpoint of physical education is an important part of the curriculum.

- Physical freshness affects productivity.

- Scientific development of physical education.

- Exercise plays an important role.

- Winning the match is not the main goal.

- Games and recreation can help children achieve.

3. PRAGMATISM

Is human experience can change a concept or reality.

 The view of Pragmatism, namely:

- Physical education teaching varies.

- Physical education activities have social values.

- Physical education programs based on children's needs and interests.

- Learn physical education with problem solving methods.

- The teacher as a motivator.

4. NATURALISM

It is basically something that has actual and physical value.

Naturalism's view, namely:

- Physical education emphasizes the whole person.

- Learning must be through independent activities.

- Playing an important part of physical education.

- Competitive sports are not recommended.

F. The Position of Sports Philosophy

Related to the position of philosophy as a science, philosophy is a science that

is considered "special". Its specialty is first, because it is seen from its age.
Philosophy is the oldest science so it is called the mother of all kinds of special
sciences and secondly as science, Philosophy has a very broad scope of discussion or
study. its material object, or the field of inquiry, includes "everything that exists" and
"that which may exist." Judging from this material object, it is seen that philosophy
also deals with material objects studied by special sciences. Anthropology, Biology
and Sociology for example, all three discuss the same material object, namely
humans. Philosophy too. Another example, Physics discusses nature, and so it is with
Philosophy. The coverage of various material objects of special science by
Philosophy is one proof that Philosophy does have a very broad scope of study or
field of investigation. Kattsoff (1989: 95) states that in addition to having certain
characteristics, problems in philosophy are different from scientific problems, they
can also be classified according to their types. The scope of the study of philosophy
can be divided or systematized into three main branches, namely metaphysics,
epistemology, and axiology. Metaphysics is a branch of Philosophy which seeks to
grasp the reality of everything that exists; epistemology is a branch of philosophy that
seeks to examine the source, character, and truth of knowledge and axiology is a
branch of philosophy that seeks to examine the nature of values.
G. Periodization of Sports Philosophy
1. Prehistoric Age
Various sports are closely related to their natural conditions, namely to survive;
spear, run, throw, jump. There are no clear regulations. Solely for pleasure. Ilmu
Sports inin terms of the body of knowledge. Sports Science is included in 3 clumps of
knowledge, namely; 1) Humanities, 2) Natural Sciences (IPA) and 3) Social Sciences
(IPS). Sport Science is an independent science where the material object is human
movement, the formal object is in the framework of education (whole personality) and
formation (partial). Meanwhile, the grouping of dimensions of sports science studies are;
1) health, 2) physical education, 3) sports, 4) recreation and 5) sporting dance can be
interpreted as systematic and organized knowledge of sports phenomena built through a
scientific research system. As an independent scientific discipline, in essence, Sports
Science can be supported by ontological, epistemological, and axiologically clear and
accountable. The ontological study is carried out to answer the question of what is the
object of the study of sports science which is considered unique and not studied by other
disciplines. Epistemological studies are carried out to answer questions about how and
systems of study are used to develop sports science. Meanwhile, axiological studies are
carried out to answer questions about what the true values provided by sports science are
for the benefit of human life. The study of sports science becomes increasingly complex
when these various physical activities are correlated and interact with social, cultural,
economic, ideological, political, legal, security and resilience aspects of the nation.
2. Ancient Greece, Egypt, and China

For Ceremonies and offerings. The main pressure points on the physical side are
intended for

strengthen military capabilities.

3. Socratic Age

Seeking harmony between Soul and Physical; sport is not only for physical strength, but
as a means of seeking harmony in life.

4. Middle Ages

All life is for the servitude of God. Physical is not important, what is more important is
spirit / soul.

5. Renaissance Age
 The return to domination of reason. Truth is no longer dependent only on revelation, but
on humans. The life of the world becomes a valuable and important thing to enjoy.
Craving for a whole body and soul.

6. Modern era

Early Modern: Almost the same as during the Renaissance. Mid-Modern: almost all world
war-ravaged (PDI / II) sports were aimed at military readiness.

 Industrial Sports

Industrial sports means a collection of companies that produce similar products where
there are similarities in the raw materials used, processes, end products and end
consumers. In a broader sense, industry is a collection of companies that produce goods
and services with positive and high cross elasticity (Kuncoro, 2007: 167). Meanwhile, the
definition of industry according to Sandy (1985: 154) is an effort to produce goods from
raw materials or raw materials. through the cultivation process in large quantities so that
these goods can be obtained at the lowest possible unit price but with the highest possible
quality. From the above understanding, it can be concluded that processing goods from
raw materials, raw materials, semi-finished goods to finished goods into ready-to-use
goods with a higher value. Industry is an activity or activity of processing raw materials or
semi-finished goods into ready-to-use or finished goods. finished goods have added value
and are high for profit. Assembly or assembling business as well as material repair is part
of the industry. The results of the industry are not only in the form of goods, but also in
the form of services.

It has been described that the sports industry is a business activity, so that the scope of
business activities is as follows:

 Accounting,
 Finance
 Management,
 Marketing
 Tourism

The sports industry is not only selling goods and producing goods, but about
services, management, and support groups that are also included in a sports industry. So
the sports industry has brought progress to the economy of a nation. Like when a country
can host one of the world's sports activities such as sea games or so on. With the
implementation of a world event, it will attract the world community to come directly to
that country for just a vacation or to directly support their country in the tournament. In
addition, in other sectors such as lodging, transportation will increasingly use its services.
That is where it is necessary that people who are competent in their fields and have the
will to advance in this millennial era so that in the industrial sector

H. The development of sports philosophy in the future

 Epistemological studies can show that sports science can be developed through
several study approaches and research methods. There are 4 study approaches that can be
used, namely the approaches: 1) multi-disciplinary; 2) inter-disciplinary; 3) cross-
disciplinary; and 4) trans-disciplinary.

The multidisciplinary approach is an approach in which various disciplines with their

respective perspectives without a unified concept study the sports phenomenon. Approach.
Interdisciplinary is an approach in which two or more disciplines interact in the form of
communicating ideas or concepts which are then combined to study the sports phenomenon.
The cross-disciplinary approach is an approach where the aspects that exist in the sports
phenomenon become the center of the orientation of conceptual development in an integrated
manner using the theories of several relevant disciplines. With an interdisciplinary approach,
the boundaries of the source disciplines become obscured or invisible. The trans-disciplinary
approach is a relatively new approach in the development of science,

A study of the body of knowledge of sports science, using the Herbert Haag concept,
identifies 3 dimensions of the body of knowledge, namely: 1) the theoretical field dimension;
2) the dimensions of the study; and 3) dimensions of sports discipline. Dimensions of Theory
Field in sports science include: 1) Sports Philosophy, 2) Sports History, 3) Sports Pedagogy,
4) Sports Psychology, 5) Sports Sociology, 6) Sports Biomechanics and 7) Sports Medicine.
In addition to the 7 established theoretical fields, fields of study are developing which are
supported by other specific theories, namely: 1) Motor Learning, 2) Motor Development, 3)
Play Theory, 4) Movement Theory,5) Theory of Exercise (Training and Coaching Theory).
Whereas those included in the theoretical field that are currently experiencing development
are: 1) Sports Management, 2) Sports Infrastructure, 3) Sports Industry, 4) Sports
Communication and Mass Media, 5) Sports Economy, 6) Sports Law ( Sport Law), and 7)
Sport Politics. Sport science can be developed through study approaches and research
methods as well as with the dimensions of the body of knowledge mentioned above.

Conclusion

Philosophy is basically the highest guideline and principles that define a person's
thinking. The value system that we embrace and maintain becomes a means for us to interpret
events and control our lives. Philosophical thinking arises because people are not satisfied
with seeing a reality so that people think deeply to the roots (radicals) in search of essence
and meaning This paper discusses the definition of sports philosophy, the scope of the study
of sports philosophy, the history of the development of sports philosophy, philosophical
schools, ontology, epistemology, axiology, philosophy of science, and also sports philosophy.
Ancient Greece is the birthplace of ancient philosophy and Olympic sport, both of which are
interrelated in which philosophy was very influential in athletic performance in ancient
Greece. At that time, a person's leadership was measured by his ability to exercise. This can
be seen in the literary work Odysseia by Homer, which narrates sports events by the Skerians.
Sport is seen as something that can be studied epistemically through a methodological
process that allows us to see the objective truth of a person's athletic potential by involving
that person in a sports competition. Athletic ability is considered as a way to answer the
problem of social inequality. Sport is considered as moral education. Plato even encouraged
the involvement of women in sports to enrich their morale. Aristotle emphasized physical
activity as an ethical responsibility. This can be seen in the literary work Odysseia by Homer,
which narrates sports events by the Skerians. Sport is seen as something that can be studied
epistemically through a methodological process that allows us to see the objective truth of a
person's athletic potential by involving that person in a sports competition. Athletic ability is
considered as a way to answer the problem of social inequality. Sport is considered as moral
education. Plato even encouraged the involvement of women in sports to enrich their morale.
Aristotle emphasized physical activity as an ethical responsibility. This can be seen in the
literary work Odysseia by Homer, which narrates sports events by the Skerians. Sport is seen
as something that can be studied epistemically through a methodological process that allows
us to see the objective truth of a person's athletic potential by involving that person in a sports
competition. Athletic ability is considered as a way to answer the problem of social
inequality. Sport is considered as moral education. Plato even encouraged the involvement of
women in sports to enrich their morale. Aristotle emphasized physical activity as an ethical
responsibility. Sport is seen as something that can be studied epistemically through a
methodological process that allows us to see the objective truth of a person's athletic potential
by involving that person in a sports competition. Athletic ability is considered as a way to
answer the problem of social inequality. Sport is considered as moral education. Plato even
encouraged the involvement of women in sports to enrich their morale. Aristotle emphasized
physical activity as an ethical responsibility. Sport is seen as something that can be studied
epistemically through a methodological process that allows us to see the objective truth of a
person's athletic potential by involving that person in a sports competition. Athletic ability is
considered as a way to answer the problem of social inequality. Sport is considered as moral
education. Plato even encouraged the involvement of women in sports to enrich their morale.
Aristotle emphasized physical activity as an ethical responsibility. Plato even encouraged the
involvement of women in sports to enrich their morale. Aristotle emphasized physical
activity as an ethical responsibility. Plato even encouraged the involvement of women in
sports to enrich their morale. Aristotle emphasized physical activity as an ethical
responsibility.

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