ASSIGNMENT/ASSESSMENT COVERSHEET
Student Name: Zahra Farooq
First Name FAMILY/ Last Name
Registration Number: BSCS-023R17-19
Course Code Course Title
DIP
Department (Computer Science / Information Technology)
Computer science
Cs 8th
Class & Semester
Assessment item Title: Due date/time:
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Word Count (if applicable:
Lecture/Tutor Name:
Sir qasim
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version.
Operations work with the values of the image pixels in the neighborhood and the
corresponding values of a sub image that has the same dimensions as the
neighborhood. The sub image is called a filter, mask, kernel, template, or window,
with the first three terms being the most prevalent terminology. The values in a filter
sub image are referred to as coefficients, rather than pixels. The process consists
simply of moving the filter mask from point to point in an image. At each point (x, y),
the response of the filter at that point is calculated using a predefined relationship.
Smoothing Spatial Filters divided into two types:
1. Smoothing Linear Filters
a) Average Filter
b) Weighted Filter
2. Smoothing Non-Linear Filters
a) Median Filter
I. Average Filtering:
The output of a smoothing, linear spatial filter is simply the average of the pixels
contained in the neighborhood of the filter mask. These filters sometimes are called
averaging filters. For reasons explained in they also are referred to a low pass filters.
The idea behind smoothing filters is straightforward. By replacing the value of every
pixel in an image by the average of the gray levels in the neighborhood defined by
the filter mask, this process results in an image with reduced “sharp” transitions in
gray levels. Because random noise typically consists of sharp transitions in gray
levels, the most obvious application of smoothing is noise reduction.
2. Median Filtering:
The best-known example in this category is the median filter, which, as its name
implies, replaces the value of a pixel by the median of the gray levels in the
neighborhood of that pixel (the original value of the pixel is included in the
computation of the median). Median filters are quite popular because, for certain
types of random noise, they provide excellent noise-reduction capabilities, with
considerably less blurring than linear smoothing filters of similar size. Median filters
are particularly effective in the presence of impulse noise, also called salt-and-
pepper noise because of its appearance as white and black dots superimposed on
an image.
