CONSTRUCTION

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
AND HEALTH (COSH)
MANUAL

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TOPICS PAGE #
Day 1
I. Introduction 3
II. Importance of OSH in Construction Site 4
III. Unsafe Act/Condition 5
IV. Construction Site Premises 8
V. Excavation Safety 13
VI. Tools and Equipment Safety 38
Day 2
VII. Construction Machineries 46
VIII. Fall Protection 53
IX. Temporary Structures
Day 3
X. Environmental Safety 78
XI. Occupational Health (OH) 82
XII. COVID-19 86
XIII. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 88
XIV. Demolition and Explosives 107
XV. Construction Site Safety Inspection 118
Day 4
XVI. Site Visit 128
XVII. Presentation of Inspection Results 129
XVIII. Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) 130
XIX. Accident/ Incident Investigation 137
Day 5
XX. Roles of the Safety Man 151
XXI. Toolbox Meeting 156
XXII. Emergency Response and Preparedness 157
XXIII. Employee Compensation Program 162
XXIV. OSH Legislation 163
XXV. OSH Programming 172
XXVI. Re-entry Plan/ Training Evaluation

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 C O S H – CONSTRUCTION TRAINING
DAY 1

I. INTRODUCTION
COURSE OBJECTIVES

General:

The course aims to:

• Increase the number of competent OSH personnel qualified to carry – out the provisions of the
Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) thereby promote and maintain safe and
healthy workplaces in different industries.

Specifically:

1. Identify and articulate relevant OSH legislations and requirements to guide management in
complying with the Philippine Occupational Safety and Health Standards.
2. Recognize, identify and evaluate occupational hazards and recommend a systematic and
appropriate approach or program for its prevention and control.
3. Effectively conduct safety and health inspection, work accident investigation and analysis, and
evaluation of safety performance.
4. Assess the effectiveness of OSH programs in workplaces by applying the fundamental
elements of safety and health programming.

COURSE REQUIREMENT

• Legal Basis – Rule 1030 – Training and Accreditation of personnel in occupational safety and
health of the occupational health and safety standards.
• Duration – minimum of forty (40) hours or five consecutive days.
• Participants
o Personnel involved in OSH program implementation and other related OSH activities
and programs, and any individual desiring to practice OSH in the country.
• Training Requirement
o a requirement for the appointment of safety officer in place of employment
o a pre-requisite for accreditation as OSH practitioner issued by the Bureau of Working
Conditions (BWC) of the Department of Labor and Employment
• Methodology
o Lectures complemented by workshops, table top exercises, demonstrations, video
presentations and relevant non – traditional adult learning methodologies.
o Daily evaluations and review through the use of any of the following learning diary,
daily evaluation questionnaire, participant’s self – monitoring form and other tools.
o Pre and post examination/test
o Plant visit (if applicable)

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II. IMPORTANCE OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH IN CONSTRUCTION SITE

REASONS FOR IMPLEMENTING SAFETY AND HEALTH WITHIN THE CONSTRUCTION SITE

Seven Main Problems of OSH in the Philippines

1. OSH Standards & the implementing guidelines are inadequate & not up-to-date.
2. There is a need to have training in the correct interpretation of OSH Standards for the enforcing
authority as well as safety & health practitioners.
3. There is weak enforcement of OSH Standards.
4. Statistics does not give reliable data, due to low rate of compliance, absence of strict penalties,
fragmented OSH administration.
5. There is lack of OSH facilities & lack of trained OSH personnel.
6. There is low priority given to OSH.
7. Lack of education & awareness on OSH among workers & management.
Importance of OSH
• It is mandated by law
• It preserves the lives of workers & the company
• It is a form of motivation
• It creates understanding
Philippine Constitution
• Article XIII Section 3 of Phil. Constitution
• The state shall afford full protection to labor,.....
They shall be entitled to security of tenure, humane conditions of work, & a living wage.

Law…(OSH STANDARDS)
• Contains administrative requirements, general safety & health rules, technical safety
regulations, & other measures to eliminate or reduce hazards in the workplace.
• Are meant to be implemented/enforced by the government.
• Are meant to be followed by the citizens.
Accidents
Interrupts or disrupts the normal & orderly progress of any activity & may result in injury (minor, serious
or fatal) to people and/or damage or destruction of property that result to losses.
What is Safety?
• Freedom of oneself from HAZARDS.
• Control of hazards through injury prevention & damage control.
• Control of hazards to attain an acceptable level of RISKS.

Hazards/Risks
• HAZARDS – anything that may likely cause personal injury or damage to property, or their
combination.
• RISKS – the degree of exposure or chances of exposure to hazards.

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III. UNSAFE ACT/UNSAFE CONDITION
Sources of Hazards
1. UNSAFE ACTS
2. UNSAFE CONDITIONS

Samples of Unsafe Act

• Failure to warn/secure
• Unauthorized operation of equipment
• Removing/destroying safety devices
• Using defective equipment/tools
• Using PPE improperly
• Improper placement/lifting/loading
• Horseplay
• Operating at improper speed

Samples of Unsafe Condition

• Inadequate guards/barriers
• Defective tools/equipment/materials
• Congestion or restricted body movement
• Inadequate warning systems
• Fire/explosion hazards
• Poor housekeeping/disorder
• Noise/radiation exposure
• Extremes of temperature/ventilation

Types of Safety Approaches

1. PROACTIVE
2. REACTIVE

Proactive Safety is…

• A MIND SET
• A COMMITMENT
• A BEHAVIOR
• A WAY OF LIFE

IT IS NOT AFFECTED BY
 LUCK
 LAW OF PROBABILITY
 REGULATORY COMPLIANCE Investor/Employer
Investors/Employers need to protect:
• his property
Property Workers
• his workers

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Why should investors protect his property and workers?

THEY ARE HIS ASSETS!!!

• They have price
• They have life
• They comprise his workplace
• They are needed

Protection of:
Property from Damage/spoilage, destruction, thief, fire, etc.
Workers from Injury/harm/sickness/death.

INVESTORS/EMPLOYERS are guided by Business Objectives

• PROFITABILITY – a business must make money (profit) in order to survive.
• GROWTH – to increase its profit, it must expand; go into other types of business.
• CONTINUITY – any interruption or disruption of a business operation will affect its productivity and
profitability.

Types of Workplaces
• HAZARDOUS
• NON–HAZARDOUS

Accidents – results in losses of investments in the form of

• Damage or destruction to property
• Injury/harm or sickness to the worker
• And, other forms of losses, such as time delays, machine breakdowns, etc.

WHY Safety?

• People cause unsafe acts & unsafe conditions.

• Safety is a way of life.
• It provides corrective, preventive & predictive measures to minimize accidents.
• Loss avoidance thru implementation of a comprehensive Health & Safety Program.

Five types of Person

1. Those who make things happen.

2. Those who think they make things happen.
3. Those who watch things happen.
4. Those who wonder what happened.
5. Those who did not know that anything had happened.

SAFETY is without doubt, the most crucial investment we can make, & the question are not what it
costs us but what it saves.” - Frank Bird

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UPDATE ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH IN THE CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY INCLUDING RELEVANT CURRENT STATISTICS
The Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) are mandatory rules on Occupational Safety
and Health promulgated pursuant to Article 162, book IV of the Labor Code of the Philippines. It is a
codified compilation of updated safety and health rules aimed at protecting Man against the dangers of
injury and health thru safe working conditions.

Presently, Construction projects in Asia particularly in the Philippines are booming compare to the
Middle East countries and some Asian countries. Countries like Australia, Guam, Mainland USA, Korea,
Thailand, Middle East and Russia are utilizing Filipino labor and expertise.

These are due to the following reasons:

1. Filipinos are higher in quality works compare to other countries workers. Also, in terms of
knowledge and discipline.
2. Filipinos are well trained in terms of safety construction methodology.

There are lot of Competent, Educated and Professional Safety Consultant, Safety Managers and Safety
Officers who can handle and / or monitor the day to day job / tasks at the construction sites compared
to other nationalities.

Filipinos Safety Consultant, Safety Manager and Safety Officer’s are by objectives in performing their
profession like maintaining their work sites the ZERO ACCIDENT PROGRAM (ZAP)

The Way Things Were

• First half of the 20th century one fatality was factored for every $1M in construction.
• Labor was readily available and the injured were replaced on the spot
• Safety was for wimps. Risk taking was expected and rewarded by more work.
• Unions were first to drive focus on workplace safety.

Flawed Mindset – 1930’s The Golden Gate Bridge

- One fatality per $1 million dollars was acceptable.
- Cost to build the bridge was $35 million which allowed for 35 fatalities.
- Since only 11 people died during the construction project, it was considered a breakthrough in
regards to employee safety.
- Project came in “below budget” in terms of deaths.

At present era, some Construction Industries here and abroad still encountered number of incident and
accidents due to non-compliance of issuance of Personal Protective Equipment to their workers. Based
on International Safety Statistic on Construction Industries, the following accident for improper using of
PPE’s are as follows:

• Head injury - 13 %
• Eye injury - 5%
• Hearing injury - 5%
• Face injury - 9%
• Arm/Hand/Finger injury - 23 %
• Internal Organ injury - 7%
• Body injury - 10 %

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 • Leg injury - 8%
• Foot injury - 20 %

Back in the year of 1920 to 1960, Construction companies are using their heavy equipments even
without certificates of testing.

Today’s era, all construction companies are NOT allowed to use their heavy equipment in any of their
projects without proper equipment testing by a 3rd party testing company’s and without issuance of
testing certificates.

IV. CONSTRUCTION SITE PREMISES

❑ GENERAL PROVISIONS
– Protection to every workingman against the dangers of injury, sickness or death
through safe and healthful working conditions, thereby assuring the conservation of
valuable manpower resources and the prevention of loss or damage to lives and
properties.

❑ ACCIDENT PREVENTION
– Real factor in the economics success of any construction job
– Methods of prevention
– Ample evidence
– Profitable
– Lower cost and greater efficiency

❑ GENERAL CONSTRUCTION SITE REQUIREMENTS

– Accident prevention is a legal requirement
– Complete understanding between the owner and the condtractor
– Practical experiences in running construction jobs
– Accident prevention as part of advance planning
– Protection of workers and the public
– Applicable government standard regulations

❑ CONSTRUCTION HAZARDS
– Open Excavation
– Falling Objects
– Welding Operations
– Dust Dirt
– Temporary Wirings
– Temporary Overhead Electrical Lines

❑ Construction Site Requirements

– Construction premises shall have adequate fire, emergency or danger signs and
safety instructions of standard color and sizes visible at all times

❑ Construction Safety Signage

➢ WARNING/SAFETY SIGNS

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 ➢ A visual alerting device in the form of a label, placard or other marking which advices
the observer of the nature and degree of potential hazards which can cause injury or
death

➢ Safety Sign and Labels : ANZI Z535.4

➢ Color Codes : ANZI Z535.1
➢ Safety Symbols : ANZI Z535.3

❑ Should alert persons to the following:

– Specific hazards
– Degree or level of seriousness
– Probable consequence of involvement with the hazards
– How hazards can be avoided

❑ LOCATION
• Safety sign shall be placed such that they will:
– Be readily visible to the intended viewer
– Alert the viewer to the potential hazard in time to take appropriate action

❑ PROTECTION
– Against foreseeable damage, fading or visual obstruction caused by abrasion, ultra-
violet light, or substance such as lubricants, chemical and dirt

❑ WARNING SIGN DIMENSION

– S > L2/2000
• Where:
• S & L=expressed in the same unit of measurement
• S= Area of Safety Sign
• L= Distance of Observation

❑ PANEL
– Area of safety sign having distinctive background color different from adjacent areas of
the sign, which clearly delineated by a line, border or margin

❑ THREE (3) PANELS PER SIGN

– Signal Word
– Message
– Symbol

❑ Panel Signs
– SIGNAL WORD PANEL - Area of safety sign that contains the signal word and the
safety alert symbol
– MESSAGE PANEL –
• Area of the safety sign that contains the word message which identify the
hazard,
• indicate how to avoid the hazard and advise of the probable consequence of
not avoiding the hazard
- SYMBOL/PICTORIAL PANEL
• Area of safety sign that contains the symbol/pictorial

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❑ SAFETY COLOR CODE
✓ Will supplement the proper guarding or warning hazardous conditions
✓ Not a substitute for engineering or administrative, including training, to eliminate
identifiable hazards

❑ STANDARD COLOR OF SIGNS

✓ SAFETY RED: Fire Protection
✓ To call attention to fire protection equipment apparatus and facilities
✓ Fire stations and equipment (fire extinguishers, pumps, buckets, hose, hydrant)
✓ Fire extinguishing systems (valves, alarm, sprinkler piping)
✓ Fire protection materials (doors, blankets)
✓ To identify Dangers, Stop signals (red lights placed on barricades at temporary
obstructions or on temporary construction; stop button for electrical switches used for
emergency stooping of machinery.

❑ SAFETY GREEN: Safety Designating Safety

✓ Location of first aid equipment; location of safety devices; safety bulletin boards

❑ SAFETY WHITE: Traffic. White, black, or a combination of these are the basic colors for the
designation of traffic and housekeeping marking. Solid white, solid black, single color stripping
or alternate stripes of black and white
✓ Housekeeping- location of refuse cans; white corners for rooms and passageways,
✓ drinking fountains and food dispensing equipment location
✓ Traffic - location and width of aisle ways; dead ends of aisles and passageways;
stairways and directional signs

❑ SAFETY YELLOW: Caution. To designate caution and for marking physical hazards, such as
striking against, stumbling, falling, tripping and caught in between. Solid yellow, yellow and
black stripes, yellow and black checkers or yellow with suitable containing background
– Construction equipment, such as bulldozer, tractors; handrails, guardrail or top and
bottom of treads of stairways where caution is needed; lower pulley block and cranes;
– piping systems containing dangerous materials

❑ SAFETY ORANGE: Alert. To designate dangerous parts of machines and energized

equipment which may cut, crush, shock or otherwise injure, and to emphasize such hazards
when enclosure doors are open or when gear, belt, or other guards around moving equipment
are open or removed, exposing unguarded hazards.

– To design the sign “ Do not open or remove” (the inside of movable guards; safety
starting buttons and boxes; exposed part of gears, pullets, rollers, cutting device; inside
of the box or cover of open fuse, power and electrical switches boxes)

❑ SAFETY BLUE: Precaution. To designate caution, limited to warning against starting use of ,
the movement of equipment which is under repair or being worked upon
– “Men at Work”
– “Under Repair”

❑ SAFETY PURPLE: Radiation. To designed radiation hazards. Yellow is used in combination

with purple for markers, such as tags, labels, signs and floor markers

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❑ where Signage’s are needed:
✓ Usage of PPE prior to entry to the project site
✓ Potential risks of falling object
✓ Potential risks of falling
✓ Explosives and flammable substances are used or stored
✓ Tripping or slipping hazards
✓ Danger from toxic or irritant airborne contaminants/substance may exist
✓ Contact with or proximity to electrical/facility equipment
✓ Contact with dangerous moving part of machineries equipment
✓ Fire alarms and fire fighting equipment
✓ Instructions on the usage of specific construction equipment
✓ Periodic updating of man-hours lost

❑ Worker’s Welfare Facilities

– Source of drinking water
– Sanitary washing facilities
– Living accommodation
– Separate sanitary, washing and sleeping facilities for men and women
❑ Construction Site Housekeeping
– Housekeeping means there is a place for everything and everything is in place. It is
everybody’s business to observe it in the workplace.
• Housekeeping is important because it lessens accidents and related injuries and illnesses , it
therefore improves productivity and minimizes direct and indirect costs of accident /illnesses
• The 5S is a very practical simple and proven approach to improving housekeeping in the
workplace.

❑ What are the signs of DISORDER

▪ Cluttered and poorly damaging other material
▪ Untidy piling
▪ Piled-on material damaging other material
▪ Items no longer needed
▪ Blocked aisle ways
▪ Material stuffed in corners and out-of-the-way places
▪ Material gathering rust and dirt from disuse
▪ Excessive quantities of items
▪ Overcrowded bins and containers
▪ Overflowing storage areas and shelves
▪ Broken containers and damaged materials
▪ Deteriorating housekeeping may be the first evidence of a deteriorating safety and
health program

❑ Rule 1060 OSHS

➢ Premises of establishments
• Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all times thru cleanliness of building, yards,
machines and equipment, regular waste disposal and orderly processes, operations, storage
and filling of materials.

❑ The 5S of Good Housekeeping

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 – Seiri (Sort/eliminate)
– Seiton (Systematize/organize)
– Seiso (Sweep/clean/polish)
– Seiketsu (Sanitize/standardize)
– Shitsuke (Self-discipline/training)

❑ Why 5S?
– Safety
– Quality Improvement
– Efficiency
– Productivity Improvement
– Workers feel good in their second home
– Easy knowledge of process abnormalities
– Work Improvement
– Company Image - cleanliness/orderliness/ beautification

❑ How is 5S implemented?
– Training
– Committees
– Planning
– Self-diagnosis and objective setting
– Monitoring
– Evaluation

❑ How is 5S sustained?
✓ Continuous promotions
✓ mascot, logo, slogan contests
✓ publicity bards
✓ newsletter
✓ staff meetings
✓ monthly themes
✓ competitions
✓ Benchmarking
✓ External Visits
✓ Implementation Plan

• Summary
– Importance of 3As
– Objectives in the control of hazardous
substances
– Principles of operational control
– Application of industrial ventilation
techniques
– Respiratory protection/respirators as the
last line of defense

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V. EXCAVATION SAFETY
Definition
1 Excavation – a man-made cut, cavity, trench, or depression formed by earth removal.
2 Trench – a narrow excavation. The depth is greater than the width, but not wider than 15 feet.
3 Shield – a structure able to withstand a cave-in and protect employees.
4 Shoring – a structure that supports the sides of an excavation and protects against cave-ins.
5 Sloping – a technique that employs a specific angle of incline on the sides of the excavation.
The angle varies based on assessment of impacting site factors.

Shields Trench Boxes

Shoring - a structure that supports the sides of an excavation and protects against cave-ins.

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Shoring (Timber)

Shoring Requirements

❑ General Requirements
⚫ Provides a framework to work in.
⚫ Uses wales, cross braces and uprights.
⚫ Supports excavation walls.

❑ OSHA tables provide SHORING DATA

⚫ Must know soil type.
⚫ Must know depth & width of excavation.
⚫ Must be familiar with the OSHA Tables.

Typical Excavation Site

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 ❑ Excavation is always an important part of the construction works & mining, i.e, excavation of
building & bridge foundations, trenching for buried pipelines & electrical poles, tunneling, etc.
❑ Strategic plan should be tabled & implemented while engage for this work.

General Requirements prior to excavation

1) Carry out joint site safety inspection with client/owner, consultant & company representatives.
2) Identify & locate underground facilities/utilities, i.e., water/oil/ gas pipelines,
electric power lines, telephone lines, sanitary sewer lines.
3) Municipal Permit Requirements
a) Excavation Plan
b) Verify existing utilities
c) Refer to as built plans
d) Emergency/Contingency Plan
e) Public safety
4) Proximity of adjacent structures
5) Weather & moisture conditions
6) Sources of the vibrations
7) Adjacent road footpaths
8) Method of excavation
9) Other possible considerations

Site Evaluation Planning

Before beginning excavation:

1. Evaluate soil conditions.
2. Construct protective systems.
3. Test for low oxygen, hazardous fumes and toxic gases.
4. Provide safe in and out access.
5. Contact utilities.
6. Determine the safety equipment needed.

Soil Testing
❑ Soil testing shall be done by accredited Soil Testing Firm for the following reasons:
▪ soil type
▪ pre-planning
▪ type of sloping/shoring required
❑ Compilation of Test Certificates
❑ Accidents due to cave-in occur for excavations which are not shored or otherwise supported.
❑ Even rock that looks solid from a cursory inspection can collapse w/o warning.
❑ The sides of an excavation may need to be suitably shored, benched or sloped back to a safe
angle of repose, depth and soil classification.
❑ Other types of excavation accidents are caused by contact w/ above & under ground pipes and
cables, by falls of equipment and person, by persons being struck by excavating equipment,
and by hazardous atmosphere.

Excavation Hazards
❑ Surface encumbrances
❑ Utilities
❑ Access/Egress

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 ❑ Vehicle traffic
❑ Falling loads
❑ Mobile equipment
❑ Hazardous atmospheres
❑ Water accumulation
❑ Adjacent structures
❑ Loose rock or soil
❑ Falls
❑ Cave-in

Collapsed Excavation

Contributory Factors in Excavation Collapse

❑ Water (i.e., rain, natural ground water, near the water sources)!
❑ Improper sloping technique!
❑ Improper impoundment of excavated soil!
❑ Wrong parking of heavy equipment, machines & vehicles!
❑ Improper barricade, light, sign, etc.
❑ No regular monitoring or inspection!
❑ No adequate training!

Injury and Death

❑ Excavating is one of the most hazardous construction operations.
❑ Most accidents occur in trenches 5 to15 feet deep.
❑ There is usually no warning before a cave-in.

Excavation Hazards

Cave-ins are the greatest risk.

Other hazards include:

⚫ Asphyxiation due to lack of oxygen.
⚫ Inhalation of toxic materials.

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 ⚫ Fire.
⚫ Moving machinery near the edge of the excavation can cause a collapse.
⚫ Accidental severing of underground utility lines.

Cave-in hazard

Inadequate protective system

This excavation has inadequate support posts and egress access.

Mobile Equipment

Warning System
❑ Barricades
❑ Hand signals
❑ Mechanical signals
❑ Stop logs
❑ Grade away from excavation
Utilities
❑ Underground
❑ Locate prior to digging
❑ Certify de-activation
❑ Protect, support, or remove

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Ventilation
❑ Displace hazardous gases and vapors
❑ Considerations
• Heavier than air or lighter than air contaminant
• Exhausting or blowing in
• Volume/time required to lower concentrations to acceptable levels

Hazardous Atmosphere
TEST excavations more than 4 feet before an employee enters the excavation for:
• Oxygen deficiency.
• High combustible gas concentration.
• High levels of other hazardous substances.
Test @ 4 feet if suspected
❑ LEL
❑ Oxygen
❑ CO
❑ H2S
❑ Petroleum
❑ Other toxics

Water is Hazardous
When water is present in an excavation, it is extremely hazardous to enter.

Note that these workers are not wearing hard hats to protect them from materials falling into the trench.
Water = Cave-in

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These workers must be protected from cave-in. Note the water in the bottom of the trench. This
is a very hazardous condition!

Water Accumulations
❑ Protection from hazards associated with water accumulation
• Protection against cave-in
• Water removal (pumping)
• Run-off protection
• Consider temporary shut-off of water lines
Access and Egress
❑ These two ladders which are lashed together are not an adequate means of egress.
❑ The ladder should extend 3 feet above the top of the excavation.

Means of Egress

A stairway ladder or ramp must be present in excavations that are 4 or more feet deep, and within 25
feet of the employees.

Hazardous Conditions

The weight and vibrations of the crane

make this a very hazardous condition.

These workers should not be working

under this crane.

Adjacent Structures
❑ Ensure structure stability
• Shoring
• Bracing
• Underpinning
• Or evaluation by P.E.

CAVE IN
• Protection from cave-in requires a systematic approach including:

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 • Soil classification
• Protective systems
• Inspection
• Employee training

INADEQUATE PROTECTION SYSTEM

This worker is in a trench with no protective system that is not sloped or benched and has no means of
egress.

PROTECTION OF EMPLOYEES
❑ Employees should be protected from cave-ins by using an adequately designed protective
system.
❑ Protective systems must be able to resist all expected loads.
❑ All excavation or trenches 5 feet or deeper require a protective system.

PROTECT EMPLOYEES EXPOSED TO POTENTIAL CAVE-INS

❑ Slope or bench the sides of the excavation,
❑ Support the sides of the excavation, or
❑ Place a shield between the side of the excavation and the work area.

Soil Mechanics

In trenching and excavation practices, SOIL is defined as any materials removed from the ground to
form a hole, trench or cavity for the purpose of working below the earth’s surface.

Soil Mechanics point of view:

1
1
fo
fo
ot
ot 1
1 fo
0 ot
1
0
Figure 1. Forces exerted by a 0
#
column of soil. 1
0
0
250
#
1 psf
0
0
#
1
0
250 0 250
#
psf 0 psf
250 #
500
psf
psf

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Soil Classification

❑ Stable Rock – natural solid mineral matter that can be excavated with vertical sides and remain
intact while exposed.
❑ Type A – cohesive soil with unconfined compressive strength of 144 kPa or greater.
Examples:
clay, silty clay, clay loam, sandy clay, clay loam and silty clay loam and sandy clay loam.
❑ Type B – cohesive soil with unconfined compressive strength greater than 48 kPa but less than
144 kPa.
Examples:
angular gravel, silt, silt loam, sandy loam
❑ Type C – cohesive soil with unconfined compressive strength of 48 kPa or less.
Examples:
gravel, sand, loamy sand, submerged soil.

Types of Soil Collapse

❑ General zone of exposure

The area where workers are exposed to mass soil/rock movement.

❑ Spoil pile slide

❑ Side wall Shear

❑ Slough-in (Cave-in)

❑ Rotation

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Methods of Excavation Protection
❑ Sloping – please see table for maximum allowable slopes
❑ Benching
❑ Shoring/Timbering
❑ Sheet Piles
❑ Concrete Piles
❑ Micro piles
❑ Diaphragm
❑ Dewatering System

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (OSH) REQUIREMENTS

General Requirements

 TRAIN WORKERS.

Safety and Health Information

1) Workers should be adequately and suitably:

▪ Informed of potential safety & health hazards to which they may be exposed at their
workplace; and
▪ Instructed and trained on the measures available for the prevention, control and
protection against those hazards.
2) No person shall be deployed in a construction site unless he has undergone a safety & health
awareness seminar conducted by OSHC & other concerned offices of DOLE or by safety
professionals or safety organizations or other institutions DOLE has accredited or recognized.
3) Every worker shall receive instruction and training regarding the general safety & health
measures common to construction sites which shall include:
▪ Basic rights and duties of workers at the construction site.
▪ Means of access and egress both during normal work and in emergency situations.
▪ Measures for good housekeeping.
▪ Location and proper use of welfare amenities and first-aid facilities.
▪ Proper care and use of the personal protective equipment and protective clothing
provided the worker.
▪ General measures for personal hygiene and health protection.
▪ Fire precautions to be taken.
▪ Action to be taken in case of any emergency.
▪ Requirements of relevant health & safety rules and regulations.
4) The instruction, training and information materials, shall be given in a language or dialect
understood by the worker. Written, oral, visual and participative approaches shall be used to
ensure that the worker has assimilated the materials.

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 5) Each supervisor or any designated person (e.g. foreman, lead-man, gang-boss, etc.) shall
conduct daily tool box or similar meetings prior to starting the tasks for the day to discuss with
the workers and anticipate safety & health problems related to every task and the potential
solutions to those problems. The supervisor shall remind the workers on the necessary safety
precautions that need to be undertaken.

6) Specialized instruction and training should be given to:

▪ Drivers & operators of lifting appliances, transport, earth-moving and materials-
handling equipment and machinery or any equipment of specialized or dangerous
nature;
▪ Workers engaged in the erection or dismantling of scaffolds;
▪ Workers engaged in excavations at least one meter deep or deep enough to cause
danger to shafts, earth-works, underground works or tunnels;
▪ Workers handling explosives or engaged in blasting operations;
▪ Workers engaged in pile-driving;
▪ Workers working in compressed air, cofferdams, and caissons;
▪ Workers engaged in the erection of prefabricated parts of steel structural frames and
tall chimneys, and in concrete work, form work and other such work;
▪ Workers handling hazardous substances and materials;
▪ Workers as signalers; and
▪ Other workers as may be categorized by TESDA.

General Requirements

 Provision of PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE).

 Install approved PROTECTION SYSTEMS.
The excavation or trench must either be sloped or supported as required.

Excavation over 6.6 m deep, protection system must be installed to prevent the
movement & collapse of adjacent structure shall be designed by structural engineer & approved
by the proper authority.

 Proper LOCATION OF EXCAVATED MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

 Implement PUBLIC PROTECTION & TRAFFIC CONTROL

Traffic around the site must be controlled, and barricaded, signs and/or flag persons used as
needed to control both vehicular and pedestrian traffic.

Vehicle Traffic
❑ Traffic Control
❑ Traffic Safety Vests

 Provide for ACCESS/ EGRESS.

A ladder must be located within 25 ft or 8 m of a worker’s working position.
 PROVISION FOR BARRICADES
 EXPERIENCED SUPERVISOR

An experienced and trained worker is designated to directly supervise each excavation

project.
➢ sloping and benching

23
 ➢ shoring requirements
➢ emergency rescue procedures.
 Conduct SITE INSPECTION.

Every part of an excavation over 2 m deep where workers work shall be inspected.

A competent person shall conduct daily inspections of excavations, adjacent areas, and
protective systems for evidence of a situation that could result to an accident.

Simple Slope

• Type A – 3/4:1

• Type B – 1:1

• Type C – 1½:1

24
Benching

❑ Type A

109
❑ Type B
• (cohesive soil)

❑ Type C
NA

Protective System
❑ Removal
▪ Employees must be clear of area under shields during removal
▪ Shoring removed from the bottom up, SLOWLY !
▪ Backfill with removal

25
Excavation Safety Inspection
SITE INSPECTION
❖ Inspection shall be conducted
o prior
o during
o after each hazard
o changing event.
❖ Daily Inspection shall be conducted on
o excavations
o adjacent areas
o protective systems for possible cave-ins
o failure of protective systems
o hazardous atmospheres
o other hazardous conditions
❖ Surface Conditions
o Cracks or Cracking
o Spoil piles set back 2’ from edge
o No equipment or material near edge
o No standing water in excavation
o No sources of vibration
❖ Banks and Sides of Slope or Bench
o Cracks or Cracking
o Spalling
o Change in Soil type
• Slope adequate for soil
❖ Shoring and Shielding
• In place
• No leakage on hydraulic cylinders
• Wedges tight
❖ Access and Egress
• Access every 25 feet
• Stairs, ladders and ramp set properly

SAMPLE DAILY INSPECTION

❑ Existing Utilities
▪ Support Adequate
▪ Loose Materials
▪ Utilities identified and protected.
❑ Weather
▪ Rain
▪ Typhoon, Storm, Wind
❑ PPE
▪ Reflector zed vests in vehicular areas
▪ Hard hats, steel-toe shoes, etc. being used as specified.

PROTECTION SYSTEM

u SLOPING AND BENCHING

26
 The slope and configuration of sloping and benching system shall be selected and constructed
by competent person.

u SHORING AND SHIELDING

Equipment Hand and Tools

❑ EQUIPMENT
• Backhoe
• bulldozer
• wheel Loader
• Grader
• Rock Breaker
❑ HAND TOOLS
• Shovel
• Pickax
• Pneumatic hammer, etc.

27
Access/Egress

Note:
Poor housekeeping --- #1 cause of slips, trips and falls on construction projects
▪ Debris kept cleared from work areas
▪ Mark hazards
▪ Barricade or cover holes
Egress provided –
▪ 25’ travel distance
▪ ladders
▪ ramps
▪ stairs

28
Protection from Falls, Falling Loads, and Mobile Equipment

❑ Install barricades.
❑ Use hand/mechanical signals.
❑ Grade soil away from excavation.
❑ Fence or barricade trenches left overnight.
❑ Use a banks man when signs, signals & barricades are not enough protection.

Protection from Vehicles

❑ Install barricades.
❑ Hand/mechanical signals.
❑ Stop logs.
❑ Grade soil away from excavation.
❑ Fence or barricade trenches left overnight.

Surface Encumbrances

❑ Need to be removed or supported, e.g. fencing, piping, structure, materials

29
Spoils

• Don’t place spoils within 2 feet from edge of excavation.

• Measure from nearest part of the spoil to the excavation edge.
• Place spoils so rainwater runs away from the excavation.
• Place spoil well away from the excavation.

Design of Protective Systems

The employer shall select and construct :

❑ slopes and configurations of sloping and benching systems.
❑ support systems, shield systems, and other protective systems.
▪ Shield – can be permanent or portable. Also known as trench box or trench
shield.
▪ Shoring – such as metal hydraulic, mechanical or timber shoring system that
supports the sides.
▪ Sloping – form sides of an excavation that are inclined away from the
excavation.

Requirements for Protective Systems

A well-designed protective system should have

o Correct design of sloping and benching systems.
o Correct design of support systems, shield systems, and other protective systems.

Plus
o Appropriate handling of materials & equipment.
o Attention to correct installation and removal.

Equals
o Protection of employees at excavations.

30
Figure A. Preliminary Decisions

NO Is the excavation more YES

than 3 feet or 1 meter

Is there potential Is the excavation

for cave-in? entirely in stable rock

NO Excavation may be made YES

with vertical sides

YES Excavation must be sloped, NO

shored, or shielded

SLOPING SHORING OR SHIELDING

SELECTED SELECTED

Go to Figure B Go to Figure C

Figure B. Sloping Options

Sloping selected as the method of protection

Will soil classification be made in accordance with the maximum allowable configurations and
slopes, or designs using tabulated data, or design by a registered engineer.

YES NO
Excavation must comply with one of the three options Excavation requires
a slope of 1 1/2H
Option 1 and 1V (34 deg.)
Design using requirements of Soil Classification and
requirements of sloping and Benching.

Option 2
Designs using other tabulated data.

Option 3
Design by a registered Professional Engineer.

31
 Figure C. Shoring and Shielding Options

Shoring and Shielding selected

as the method of protection Option 1
Design using requirements of Soil Classification
and requirements of Timber Shoring for
Trenches.
Soil classification is required
when shoring or shielding is Option 2
used. The excavation must Designs using Manufacturer’s Tabulated Data
comply with one of the
following four options. Option 3
Designs using other tabulated data.

Option 4
Design by a registered professional engineer.

Factors involved in designing a protective system

 Soil classification.
 Depth of cut.
 Water content of soil.
 Changes due to weather and climate.
 Other operations in the vicinity.

32
Trench Shield

A trench shield was built around this work area.

Hydraulic Trench Support

❑ Using hydraulic jacks, the operator can easily drop the system into the hole.
❑ Once in place, hydraulic pressure is increased to keep the forms in place.
❑ Trench pins are installed in case of hydraulic failure.

33
34
 Excavation
Trench
Sheet

Wedge Timber
walling

Adjustable steel
1.0 m Max.. struts
with toe-
toe-in
Puncheon

Toe-
Toe-in may
vary 300-
300-600mm Foot block
depending on
condition

Additional boards where

excavation is cut to Wedges as necessary only
irregular line between poling board and
walling

Dig to continue

35
 Handrails
Cap

Face board
Handrail post

Poling board
Waling Guard rail
Puncheon or prop
Biat
(this is often placed
against the poling Lacing
boards or sheeting)
Lip board
Group prop or leg Strut
Foot block

Runners Runners

Wedges

Wedges

Puncheon

Upright

Plan View on B-
B-B

Materials and Equipment

❑ Equipment used for protective systems must not have damage or defects that impair function.
❑ If equipment is damaged, the competent person must examine it to see if it is suitable for
continued use.
❑ If not suitable, remove it from service until a professional engineer approves it for use.

36
Competent Person

❑ Must have had specific training in and be knowledgeable about:

▪ Soils classification.
▪ The use of protective systems.
▪ The requirements of the standard.
❑ Must be capable of identifying hazards, and authorized to immediately eliminate hazards.

Inspection of Excavations

A competent person must make daily inspections of excavations, areas around them and protective
systems:
▪ Before work starts and as needed,
▪ After rainstorms, high winds or other occurrence which may increase hazards, and
▪ When you can reasonably anticipate an employee will be exposed to hazards.

If the competent person finds evidence of a possible cave-in, indications of failure of protective
systems, hazardous atmospheres, or other hazardous conditions:
• Exposed employees must be removed from the hazardous area.
• Employees may not return until the necessary precautions have been taken.

37
Excavation Safety

What’s wrong with this photo?

• The greatest risk in an excavation is a cave-in.

• Employees can be protected through sloping, shielding, and shoring the excavation.
• A competent person is responsible to inspect the excavation.
• Other excavation hazards include water accumulation, oxygen deficiency, toxic fumes, falls,
and mobile equipment.

VI: TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT SAFETY

HAND TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT SAFETY

• Objectives:
– Recognize the hazards associated with the use of the different types of tools
– Learn the safety precautions necessary to prevent injuries from hand tools.
– Understand the various PPEs needed when using hand tools

38
Hazard Recognition
• Tools are such a common part of our lives that we sometimes forget that they pose hazards.
• All tools are manufactured with safety in mind but, unfortunately, serious accidents often occur
before measures are taken to search out and avoid or eliminate tool-related hazards.
Hand Tools
• Hand tools are non-powered.
• They include anything from axes to wrenches.
• The greatest hazards posed by hand tools result from misuse and improper maintenance.
• Some examples:
– Using a screwdriver as a chisel may cause the tip of the screwdriver to break and fly,
hitting the user or other employees.
– If a wooden handle on a tool such as a hammer or an axe is loose, splintered, or
cracked, the head of the tool may fly off and strike the user or another worker
– A wrench must not be used if its jaws are sprung, because it might slip.
– Impact tools such as chisels, wedges, or drift pins are unsafe if they have mushroomed
heads. The heads might shatter on impact, sending sharp fragments flying.
• The employer is responsible for the safe condition of tools and equipment used by employees
• The employees have the responsibility for properly using and maintaining tools.
• Employers should caution employees that saw blades, knives, or other tools be directed away
from aisle areas and other employees working in close proximity. Knives and scissors must be
sharp.
• Dull tools can be more hazardous than sharp ones.
• Appropriate personal protective equipment, e.g., safety goggles, gloves, etc., should be worn
due to hazards that may be encountered while using portable power tools and hand tools.
• Safety requires that floors be kept as clean and dry as possible to prevent accidental slips with
or around dangerous hand tools.
• Around flammable substances, sparks produced by iron and steel hand tools can be a
dangerous ignition source. Where this hazard exists, spark-resistant tools made from brass,
plastic, aluminum, or wood will provide for safety.

HAND TOOLS SAFETY TIPS

• Screwdrivers – It is essential that a screwdriver has the correct size to fit the slot of the screw.
Screwdrivers should never be carried in the pockets of coveralls or other clothing. It can
produce a serious wound.
• Hammers – Hammers head should be secured to wooden handlers with proper wedges.
• Chisels – Cutting edges should be kept sharp at all times, and the original shape and angle
should be maintained.
• Picks and Shovels – Shovel blades should not be allowed to become blunt, turned, split or
jagged. They should be maintained in a serviceable condition at all times.
• Spanners and Wrenches – Only wrenches of the right size should be used. When possible,
use box-end rather than adjustable wrenches. For heavy works, a slugging wrench should be
used.
• Pipe Wrenches – Pipe wrenches must be large enough for the job, the jaw, teeth must be kept
clean and sharp and the knurl, pin and spring should be kept from damage.
• Pliers – Pliers should only be used when there are no other tools for the job. They are meant
only for gripping and should not be used as a wrench.
• Hacksaws – The correct size of blade should be selected, installed so that teeth are pointing
in the forward direction with sufficient tension applied to the blade.

39
 • Handsaw – The teeth should be kept sharp, clean and properly set, and lightly oiled to avoid
bending in the timber which caused the blade to buckle.

IN SUMMARY the contractor should observe the following:

1. Quality – the contractor shall ensure that the finest quality tools shall be
provided for all jobs where hand tools are used.
2. Cleanliness – The contractor shall ensure that hand tools are regularly cleaned
and where necessary, lightly oiled as a protection against
corrosion.
3. Repair and Storage – All hand tools shall be regularly inspected before and after use, and
before storage. Proper racks and boxes shall be provided for the storage of hand tools.
4. Selection – Majority of accidents are caused by using an incorrect tool for the job. It is
essential that the correct type, size and weight of tool should be decided upon before any work
is carried out.

Power Tool Precautions

• Power tools can be hazardous when improperly used.
• There are several types of power tools, based on the power source they use:
– electric, pneumatic, liquid fuel, hydraulic, and powder-actuated.
• Employees should be trained in the use of all tools - not just power tools.
• We should understand the potential hazards as well as the safety precautions to prevent those
hazards from occurring.

The following general precautions should be observed by power tool users:

– Never carry a tool by the cord or hose.
– Never yank the cord or the hose to disconnect it from the receptacle.
– Keep cords and hoses away from heat, oil, and sharp edges.
– Disconnect tools when not in use, before servicing, and when changing accessories
such as blades, bits and cutters.
– All observers should be kept at a safe distance away from the work area.
– Secure work with clamps or a vise, freeing both hands to operate the tool.
– Avoid accidental starting. The worker should not hold a finger on the switch button
while carrying a plugged-in tool.
• Tools should be maintained with care. They should be kept sharp and clean for the best
performance.
• Follow instructions in the user's manual for lubricating and changing accessories.
• Be sure to keep good footing and maintain good balance.
• The proper apparel should be worn. Loose clothing, ties, or jewelry can become caught in
moving parts.
• All portable electric tools that are damaged shall be removed from use and tagged "Do Not
Use."

Circular Saw

Guards
• Hazardous moving parts of a power tool need to be safeguarded.
– For example, belts, gears, shafts, pulleys, sprockets, spindles, drums, fly wheels,
chains, or other reciprocating, rotating,
• Or moving parts of equipment must be guarded if such parts are exposed to contact by
employees.

40
 • Guards, as necessary, should be provided to protect the operator and others from the
following:
– point of operation,
– in-running nip points,
– rotating parts, and
– flying chips and sparks.
Safety guards must never be removed when a tool is being used.
• For example,
– portable circular saws must be equipped with guards.
– An upper guard must cover the entire blade of the saw.
– A retractable lower guard must cover the teeth of the saw, except when it makes
contact with the work material.
– The lower guard must automatically return to the covering position when the tool is
withdrawn from the work.

Safety Switches
• The following hand-held powered tools must be equipped with a momentary contact "on-off"
control switch:
– drills, tappers, fastener drivers, horizontal, vertical and angle grinders with wheels
larger than 2 inches in diameter, disc and belt sanders, reciprocating saws, saber
saws, and other similar tools.
• These tools also may be equipped with a lock-on control provided that a single motion of the
same finger or fingers that turn it on can accomplish turn off.
• The following hand-held powered tools may be equipped with only a positive "on-off" control
switch:
– platen sanders, disc sanders with discs 2 inches or less in diameter; grinders with
wheels 2 inches or less in diameter; routers, planers, laminate trimmers, nibblers,
shears, scroll saws and jigsaws with blade shanks ¼-inch wide or less.
• Other hand-held powered tools such as circular saws having a blade diameter greater than 2
inches, chain saws, and percussion tools without positive accessory holding means must be
equipped with a constant pressure switch that will shut off the power when the pressure is
released.

Electric Tools

Employees using electric tools must be aware of several dangers;

➢ the most serious is the possibility of electrocution.
➢ Among the chief hazards of electric-powered tools are burns and slight shocks that can
lead to injuries or even heart failure.
➢ Under certain conditions, even a small amount of current can result in fibrillation of
the heart and eventual death.
➢ A shock also can cause the user to fall off a ladder or other elevated work surface.
To protect the user from shock,
– tools must either have a three-wire cord with ground and be grounded, be double
insulated,
– or be powered by a low-voltage isolation transformer.

• Three-wire cords contain two current-carrying conductors and a grounding conductor.

– One end of the grounding conductor connects to the tool's metal housing.
– The other end is grounded through a prong on the plug.

41
 • Anytime an adapter is used to accommodate a two-hole receptacle, the adapter wire must be
attached to a known ground.
• The third prong should never be removed from the plug.
• Double insulation is more convenient. The user and the tools are protected in two ways: by
normal insulation on the wires inside, and by a housing that cannot conduct electricity to the
operator in the event of a malfunction.
• These general practices should be followed when using electric tools:
– Electric tools should be operated within their design limitations.
– Gloves and safety footwear are recommended during use of electric tools.
– When not in use, tools should be stored in a dry place.
– Electric tools should not be used in damp or wet locations.
– Work areas should be well lighted.

Powered Abrasive Wheel Tools

• Powered abrasive grinding, cutting, polishing, and wire buffing wheels create special safety
problems because they may throw off flying fragments.
• Before an abrasive wheel is mounted,
– it should be inspected closely and sound - or ring-tested to be sure that it is free from
cracks or defects.
– To test, wheels should be tapped gently with a light non-metallic instrument.
– If they sound cracked or dead, they could fly apart in operation and so must not be
used.
– A sound and undamaged wheel will give a clear metallic tone or "ring."
• To prevent the wheel from cracking,
– the user should be sure it fits freely on the spindle.
– The spindle nut must be tightened enough to hold the wheel in place, without distorting
the flange.
– Follow the manufacturer's recommendations.
– Care must be taken to assure that the spindle wheel will not exceed the abrasive wheel
specifications.
• Due to the possibility of a wheel disintegrating (exploding) during start-up, the employee should
never stand directly in front of the wheel as it accelerates to full operating speed.
• Portable grinding tools need to be equipped with safety guards
– to protect workers not only from the moving wheel surface,
– but also from flying fragments in case of breakage.
• In addition, when using a powered grinder:
– Always use eye protection.
– Turn off the power when not in use.
– Never clamp a hand-held grinder in a vise.

Pneumatic Tools

• Pneumatic tools are powered by compressed air and include chippers, drills, hammers, and
sanders.
• There are several dangers encountered in the use of pneumatic tools.
– The main one is the danger of getting hit by one of the tool's attachments or
– by some kind of fastener the worker is using with the tool.
• Eye protection is required and face protection is recommended for employees working with
pneumatic tools.

42
 • Noise is another hazard.
– Working with noisy tools such as jackhammers requires proper, effective use of
hearing protection.
• When using pneumatic tools, employees must check to see that they are fastened securely to
the hose to prevent them from becoming disconnected.
– A short wire or positive locking device attaching the air hose to the tool will serve as an
added safeguard.
• A safety clip or retainer must be installed to prevent attachments, such as chisels on a chipping
hammer, from being unintentionally shot from the barrel.
• Screens must be set up to protect nearby workers from being struck by flying fragments
around chippers, riveting guns, staplers, or air drills.
• Compressed air guns should never be pointed toward anyone. Users should never "dead-end"
it against themselves or anyone else.
• Powder-actuated tools operate like a loaded gun and should be treated with the same respect
and precautions. In fact, they are so dangerous that only specially trained employees must
operate them.
• Use of the powder actuated tool must be controlled and a procedure must be in place
• Safety precautions to remember include the following:
– These tools should not be used in an explosive or flammable atmosphere.
– Before using the tool, the worker should inspect it to determine that it is clean, that all
moving parts operate freely, and that the barrel is free from obstructions.
– The tool should never be pointed at anybody.
– The tool should not be loaded unless it is to be used immediately. A loaded tool should
not be left unattended, especially where it would be available to unauthorized persons.
• Hands should be kept clear of the barrel end.
• To prevent the tool from firing accidentally, two separate motions are required for firing:
– one to bring the tool into position, and
– another to pull the trigger.
• The tools must not be able to operate until they are pressed against the work surface with a
force of at least 5 pounds greater than the total weight of the tool.
• If a powder-actuated tool misfires,
– the employee should wait at least 30 seconds, then try firing it again.
– If it still will not fire, the user should wait another 30 seconds so that the faulty cartridge
is less likely to explode, than carefully remove the load.
– The bad cartridge should be put in water.
• Suitable eye and face protection are essential when using a powder-actuated tool.
• The muzzle end of the tool must have a protective shield or guard centered perpendicularly on
the barrel to confine any flying fragments or particles that might otherwise create a hazard
when the tool is fired.
– The tool must be designed so that it will not fire unless it has this kind of safety device.
• All powder-actuated tools must be designed for varying powder charges so that the user can
select a powder level necessary to do the work without excessive force.
• If the tool develops a defect during use it should be tagged and taken out of service
immediately until it is properly repaired.

CARTRIDGE POWER TOOLS

Cartridge operated tools have a great advantage since it can be used in almost any situation
without inconvenience. However, its use shall conform to ANSI A10.3-1985 and the manufacturer’s
specs.

43
1. Storage
Safe and secured storage for cartridges and tools must be provided on the job site.
Warning signs where cartridges are stored: DANGER – NO SMOKING” shall be posted. Only
authorized personnel are allowed in the store.

2. Selection and Training of Personnel

No person may operate, clean, maintain or repair any cartridge tool without possessing a
Certificate of Competency issued by an accredited tool vendor that identifies the particular model he is
qualified to handle.

Personnel for training should be:

a. Over 18 years of age
b. Physically fit and have full use of both hands and both eyes
c. Ideally be a plumber, mason, electrician, etc.
d. Store men if they are required to clean and maintain the tools

3. Issues and Returns

a) Contractors shall ensure that register of the serial number of each tool is kept up-to-
date.
b) A log inventory system of issuing and returning cartridges and tools against signatures
must be initiated and maintained.
c) Only personnel in possession of a user Certificate will be allowed to withdraw tools and
cartridges from the store.
d) Only a minimum number of cartridges required for a shift’s operation should be issued
at any one time.
e) Cartridges must not be left on site at lunch break or at end of shift. It must be returned
to the store for safekeeping.
f) Any loss of tools or cartridges must be reported at once.

Fasteners
• When using powder-actuated tools to apply fasteners, there are some precautions to consider.
– Fasteners must not be fired into material that would let them pass through to the other
side.
– The fastener must not be driven into materials like brick or concrete any closer than 3
inches to an edge or corner.
– In steel, the fastener must not come any closer than one-half inch from a corner or
edge.
– Fasteners must not be driven into very hard or brittle materials which might chip or
splatter, or make the fastener ricochet.
– An alignment guide must be used when shooting a fastener into an existing hole.
– A fastener must not be driven into a spoiled area caused by an unsatisfactory
fastening.

Hydraulic Power Tools

• The fluid used in hydraulic power tools must be an approved fire-resistant fluid and must retain
its operating characteristics at the most extreme temperatures to which it will be exposed.

44
 • The manufacturer's recommended safe operating pressure for hoses, valves, pipes, filters, and
other fittings must not be exceeded.

Jacks

• All jacks - lever and ratchet jacks, screw jacks, and hydraulic jacks - must have a device that
stops them from jacking up too high.
• Also, the manufacturer's load limit must be permanently marked in a prominent place on the
jack and should not be exceeded.
• A jack should never be used to support a lifted load. Once the load has been lifted, it must
immediately be blocked up.
– Use wooden blocking under the base if necessary to make the jack level and secure.
– If the lift surface is metal, place a 1-inch-thick hardwood block or equivalent between it
and the metal jack head to reduce the danger of slippage.

• To set up a jack, make certain of the following:

– the base rests on a firm level surface,
– the jack is correctly centered,
– the jack head bears against a level surface, and
– the lift force is applied evenly.
• Proper maintenance of jacks is essential for safety.
• All jacks must be inspected before each use and lubricated regularly.
• If a jack is subjected to an abnormal load or shock, it should be thoroughly examined to make
sure it has not been damaged.

45
 C O S H – CONSTRUCTION TRAINING
DAY 2
VII. CONSTRUCTION MACHINERIES

INTRODUCTION
• The use of mechanical equipment in the construction industry improves the quality and
efficiency of work, but it can lead to situations which are potentially hazardous.
• The only safe way of using mechanical equipment is to have properly trained operators,
running equipment that is well maintained, and carrying out the work for which it is designed.

Goal and Objectives

– PREVENT WORKPLACE ACCIDENTS!
– PREVENT PERSONAL INJURIES BETWEEN MOVING EQUIPMENT AND THOSE
WORKERS WHO ARE ON FOOT
Today’s Situation
• BEING STRUCK BY OR CAUGHT IN-BETWEEN, ARE TWO OF THE LEADING CAUSE OF
INJURIES AND FATALITIES ON CONSTRUCTION SITES
– STRUCK BY (22 %)
– CAUGHT IN-BETWEEN (18 %)
Why?
• A NATION-WIDE, PAST HISTORY OF PERSONS BEING STRUCK OR CRUSHED BY
OPERATING OR MOVING EQUIPMENT
• THE IMPRESSION THAT THE EQUIPMENT OPERATOR ALWAYS KNOWS WHERE THE
GROUND PERSONNEL ARE LOCATED.

Heavy Equipment Operation

Heavy equipment includes but is not limited to:
• Front-end loaders; Rubber-tired and tracked
• Crawler tractors/bulldozers, skid steer bobcats
• Wheel tractor-scraper, elevating scrapers, tandem powered scrapers

• Rubber-tired backhoes and tacked hydraulic excavators

• On and off-road haulage vehicles
• Asphalt Pavers and associated support equipment- pavement rollers
• Vibratory rollers and compactors
• Motor graders, grade tractors, industrial tractors
• Concrete mixers and pump trucks
• Special use construction equipment: grinding
• Pulverizing, miller, water trucks etc.
• Cranes
•
PERSONS PUT AT RISK BY WORKING AROUND, OR BEING NEAR, HEAVY EQUIPMENT WHILE
IT IS OPERATING
• DIRECT PARTICIPANTS: (Need to be on site on regular basic)
• Signal Persons, Observers, Flaggers, Grade Checkers, Dump Persons.
• Equipment Operators, Teamsters

46
 • Laborers, Iron Workers and Carpenters
• Foremen, Supervisors, and other related contractor staff
• Surveyors, Rod men, Layout Crews
• Mechanics and oilers
• Any other Crafts and/or Trades working on the Project, or Passing through the work areas.

PARTICIPANTS WHO NEED TO BE ON SITE: (On a Periodic Basis)

• Delivery Trucks, service Providers, (of any kind)-Unescorted in the site.
• Concrete Mixers, Pump Trucks
• Contracted Services, Crane Rental, Concrete Saw Cutting, Port-to-let Service Persons, etc.
• Union/Labor Officials, Government Inspectors,
• Trash Removal Vehicles
• Architects and Engineers, Inspectors, Client’s Staff/Owner’s Reps/Guests/VIPs
• Engineering Service Providers: Concrete Testing, Compaction Testing, Air Monitoring, etc,
• Vendor Sales Personnel or Product Installation Specialist(s)
• Other Utility Service Providers & Locators: Phone, Gas, Electric, Water, Sewer Cable, etc

NON-PARTICIPANTS, NO DIRECT NEED TO BE ON SITE:

• Pedestrians, Spectators, On-lookers, Sidewalk Superintendents and the Just Plain Curious!
• Children (of all ages)
• Job Seekers, (all types)
• Joggers, Bicycle Riders, Skate Boarders, All Terrain Vehicles Power Walkers
• Environmentalists independently reviewing compliance with Laws/Restrictions
• Scavengers, Wood collectors, Junk Collectors, Dumpster Drivers
• Lawyers, investigators, Thieves, Burglars and Law Breakers
• The Media: (Depending on circumstances).

• Materials handling- refers to any method for moving materials.

– By people
– By people using machines.
• Industry moves 50 tons of materials for each ton of product produced.

• Materials Handling Accidents

– NSC Study, 20 % to 25 % of all injuries in business & industry
– ILO, 20 % to 50 % of work accidents are attributed to materials handling

• Mechanical Handling Operation

– Mechanical Powered
– Lifting Equipment
• Hoist and lift
• Cranes
• Transport Equipment
– Industrial truck
➢ Forklift
➢ Tractor trailer
➢ Dump truck
• Mechanical Powered
• Conveyor
• Belt
• Pneumatic

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 • Others

• Crane
– A crane is a machine with a boom, primarily designed to raise and lower heavy heavy
loads.
• Two Basic Types of Cranes:
– Stationary Mobile
– Mobile
• Stationery
1. Overhead Traveling Crane
2. Gantry Crane
3. Tower Crane

• Mobile Crane
1. Truck mounted with lattice or telescopic boom
2. Crawler mounted with lattice boom
3. Mobile tower crane

Hazards in Crane Operations

1. Structural Failure & Overloading
2. Instability Failure
3. Material Falling or Slipping
4. Electrical Hazards
5. Other Hazards
- being struck by the crane
- caught in between the crane
- falls

• Crane Safety
– Structural soundness of the equipment and its components
– Proper crane operation
– Proper rigging operation
– Proper assembly & dismantling procedure
• Load Capacity
– Structure
– Hook
– Wire Rope
– Hoisting Mechanism
• Mobile/Tower Crane
– Load Capacity
• Tower Crane Load Chart
• based on radius
• Mobile Crane
• boom length
• boom angle indicator
• Hook Requirement
– Provided with safety latch
– Hook opening
– Hook twisting
– No cracks

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 Wire Rope Requirement
• Breaking strength
– Rule of thumb
• Rope Criteria
– over 7 strands are severed on one lay
– 1/3 diameter of individual wire
– kinks, birdcage or other damages
– At least 2 wraps of rope shall remain in the drum when the
hook is placed at the lowest portion
• Remove from Service all defective ropes

Twenty-two Principles of Prevention of Materials-Handling Accidents

1. Eliminate all unnecessary transport and handling operations
2. Remove human beings from the transport and handling space
3. Segregate transport operations from each other as much possible to minimize encounters.
4. Provide enough space for materials-handling and transport operations.
5. Aim at continuous transport processes, avoiding points of discontinuity in materials handling
6. Use standard elements in materials-handling systems.
7. Know the materials to be handled.
8. Keep the loading below the safe working-load capacity.
9. Set the speed limits low enough to maintain safe movement.
10. Avoid overhead lifting in areas where people are working underneath.
11. Avoid materials-handling method that require climbing and working at high levels.
12. Attach guards at danger points.
13. Transport and lift people only by the equipment designed for the purpose.
14. Keep equipment and loads stable
15. Provide good visibility.
16. Eliminate manual lifting and carrying of loads by mechanical and automated handling.
17. Provide and maintain effective communication.
18. Arrange the human interfaces and the manual handling according to ergonomic principles.
19. Provide adequate training and advice
20. Supply the people working in transport and handling with appropriate personal outfits.
21. Carry out proper maintenance and inspection duties.
22. Plan for changes in the environmental conditions.

Operation

• Rule 1- Do not carry or use crane beyond the rate load

• Rule 2- Never more load over people
• Rule 3- Never allow personnel to ride on a load
• Rule 4- Center the crane over the load before starting to hoist
– Keep hoisting ropes vertical
– No side pull
• Rule 5- Lift, move & lower loads smoothly.
• Rule 6- Crane operators should not use limit switches to stop the hoist under normal operating
conditions.
• Rule 7- Do not leave suspended load unattended.
• Rule 8- Keep hook block more than 2m above the floor when not in use
• Rule 9- Use tagline to stabilize and control loads.
• Rule 10- Respond to signals from designed signalman only.

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Operating on slope

– Slewing load horizontal to prevent overloading

– Slewing (swinging) from low side to high side may cause collapse of jib backwards
– Slide load can cause sideways collapse

Dual Lift

– Keep load horizontal to prevent overloading

– Better use the same types of crane
– Load 80 % of rated max-load of each crane
– Only one signal man in charge should give signals

• Stability
– Make sure outrigger are fully extended
– Provide support
– Leveled

• Electricity
– Maintain safe distance
– Use nylon guy wire
– In case of accident contact with live wire, operator should jump
• Rigging
- is a specialized knowledge & skill and therefore performed by
designated rigger only
• Rigging Requirement
– Familiarity with rated capacity of the crane
– Familiarity with different types of slings, slinging implements and capacity
– Familiarity with load calculation
– Sling Protection (Corner padding)
– Principle of center of gravity
– Familiarity with standard signs
• Available Solutions
– Management Commitment
– Workers’ Involvement
– Pre-construction Job Safety Analysis
– Hazard Prevention and Controls
– Equipment Maintenance
– Worker’s Awareness Training
– Periodically Review Procedures
• Management Commitment
– Restrict entry onto site of non-essential personnel
– Establish Controlled Entry Points to site
– Coordinate Operations of Various Trades Working in the Same Areas
– Provide Fundamental Site Rules and Training to all Personnel at Risk.
– Adequate Lay-Down Areas Established

• Workers’ Involvement

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 – All workers who are at risk must receive basic indoctrination
– Absolute need to address problem with employees on a regular basis (Toolbox Safety
Meetings)
– Workers must learn, follow, and obey established rules
– Realize that they must see and be seen.

• Pre-Construction Job Hazard Analysis

– Identify Potential Known Hazards
– Job Conditions: Haul ROADS, access POINTS
– Lay down/Storage Areas
– Office, Tool, Storage and Change Trailers
– Methods of Construction (increases Risk?)
– Also Consider: Unwanted side effects of the Job Schedule

• Hazard Prevention and Controls

– Perimeter Fencing, Enclosures, signs
– Spotters Provided for in-the-blind, backing machines and/or equipment
– Poor Planning Forces Workers to Commit Unsafe Act (office trailers, change trailers,
haul roads, parking areas)
– Be Alert; Stay Clear; Hear Warnings
– Temporary Barricades around Hazards,

• Proper Equipment Maintenance

– Machine in Proper Working Order
– Back-up Alarm, Horn, Lights, Mirrors
– Cab Glass not Cracked or Broken
– Machine Windows, Mirrors, Kept Clean
– Pre-Operational Inspection conducted by Operator
– Prompt Repair of Any Noted Deficiencies

• Workers’ Awareness Training

– Does Your Job Require You To Approach Moving or Backing machines?
– How does one Understand all signs, Markers and Flags? KNOW WHAT THEY
MEANS!
– You Must Always Be Alert to Changing Job Conditions and Your Particular Situation.

• Equipment Operator Responsibilities

– GENERAL GUIDELINES
✓ Safety Features On Equipment
✓ Know How They Operate, and Use Them Properly
✓ Systematic Maintenance and Repair
✓ Trained Operators
✓ Trained Repair Personnel
✓ Pre-Operational Inspection of equipment
✓ Review Manufacturer’s Operating Manual

• SPECIFIC
– The Most Dangerous Movement is Backing
– Know Where your Blind Spots Are.
– Look For People on Foot Around You.

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 – STOP! When Signaled; When Waived at Violently; Or if You Are In Doubt…..
– Maintain a Safe Operating Speed
– Keep Machine Under Control at all Times
– Take Machine “Out of Service” If it is Unsafe to Operate
– Make Sure You Are Familiar with the Operating Characteristics of your Machine
– Be on The Look-Out For Other Trades Working in the Same Area
– Be Aware of Other Machines Operating In the area.
– Frequently check for the location of other Machines.
– Keep Lights and Backup Alarm in Operating Condition.
– Allow NO ONE to Ride Outside the Cab for Any Reason!
– Clean Windows and Adjust Mirrors
• Always inform Appropriate Personnel of any Abnormal Conditions, Defects or Changes made
in Machine and/or Job Procedure or Conditions
• Report Unsafe Workers to Supervisor
• Talk-up Safety with Those Who Work with you. Maintain “Constant Awareness”
• Do Not Attempt Repairs or Maintenance that You Do Not Understand
• Always Check the Mirror on the Blind Side, making Sure of your Clearance. (Backing on the
Blind Side should be Avoided if at all Possible)
• Learn and Follow Safe Work Practices!
• Have a Signalman Present when Moving in or out of a Building ( or structure).
• Stop Machine Frequently at Night, Walk Around and Inspect Machine, Stay Alert
• Clear All Obstacles from the Path of the Machine, Beware of Hazards such as Wires, Ditches,
etc.

Manufacturer’s Recommendations

• CATERPILAR STATES:
– Clear all Personnel from the Machine and the Area
– The Operator Must Be Satisfied that No one will be Endangered Before Moving the
Machine.
– Look Behind Machine Before Backing

• Observations
– Small Machine have small blind sports, while large machines have large blind spots,
both can cause serous injury or death!
– The taller and wider the machine, the bigger the blind spots area
– All involved must give Constant Attention to what they are Doing!
• Danger of Being Struck-by
ITEMS TO CONSIDER
– Revolving Machines; Cranes & Backhoes
– Struck By Attachments of Machines
– Crawbar Related Accidents, Hooking and Unhooking
– Articulated Machines - Pinch Points
– Attaching Home Made Devices to a Machine, Not Approved by Mfg (Hooks)
– The Hazard of a Water Cooler Mounted on a piece of Equipment
– Storing Crew Lunch Boxes on Equipment
– Hand Tools Placed or Stored on Mobile Equipment Platforms or
Decks
– Environmental Design of the Machine; Noise Suppressions-Vs-
Hearing Protection

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 • In Defense of the Equipment Operator
– Where Do All these People Come From?
– Machine Design; Not Much Thought given to Persons on Foot in the Working Area
– Faster and Bigger Machines; Not as Forgiving as Older, Slower, Machines
– Can’t See Everything that Goes on Around the Machine.
– Do Persons on Foot Realize the Danger?

• The Operation of the Machine Requires Constant Attention

– Who is Responsible for Whom?
– What about when I have to Work in Close Proximity to Persons on Foot
– Persons or Vehicles that Approach the Equipment in My Blind Spots
– Do People on Foot Look Out for Us?

VIII. FALL PROTECTION

Introduction

Course Goal
This course:
+ Is required for employees who work at elevated heights or use ladders.
+ Teaches fall protection and prevention.
+ Practices proper use of fall protection gear and ladders.
+ Complies with OSHA standards.

Course Objectives
+ Describe working conditions where fall protection is required.
+ Identify the components of a Fall Arrest System.
+ Demonstrate how to put on and remove a full body harness.
+ Know how to inspect and care for personal fall arrest systems before and after use.
+ Identify safe and unsafe ladder practices.
+ Describe correct practices when ascending and descending a ladder.
+ Describe correct practices for using extension ladders.

Why Fall Prevention/Protection?

Statistics:
+ About 40,000 deaths/disabling injuries result from falls per year in the US.
+ Falls are the #1 cause of fatalities in the construction industry.
+ In 1997, the Phil. construction industry accounts for 478 work accident cases involving 16,575
construction workers. In 1996, of the 479 accident cases reported, 194 or 40.50% were
classified as struck/hit by falling objects & fall from heights with 52 (11 %).

OSHS Fall Protection Policy

+ Railings are required at permanent elevated locations greater than or equal to:
4 48 inches.(Federal OSHA)
4 30 inches. (CAL OSHA)

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All employees shall be protected from falls of six feet or more by the use of an approved Fall
Arrest System.
❑ Construction work is traditionally a hazardous occupation, wherein various work phases
involved have its own corresponding hazards. Since majority of the work is located in high
places, falls are so significant and need a lot of attention.
❑ Most falling accidents could be traced in excavation, scaffolding, ladder, temporary structure,
roofing and opening.
❑ Likewise alarming, are falling materials that cause damage to properties and even serious
injuries and death to pedestrians.

Where do you find Fall Protection and Ladder Safety Guidelines at your Site?

Evaluating the Risk

• The Occupational Safety and Health Standard (OSHS) requires that a worker must be
protected from falling a vertical distance of 6 meters (20 ft) or more.
• It is important to undertake a complete risk evaluation in each phase of the construction work in
order to identify potential sources of fall accidents.
• This evaluation can be done in the form of a job hazard analysis, where the work task is broken
down into a number of distinguishable steps.
• The steps are then analyzed to determine the hazards and identify preventative measures to
protect against the hazards.

Categories of Fall
• Fall accidents can be classified as, fall…
➢ to work surface
➢ against an object
➢ from moving vehicle/equipment
➢ from stairs, ramps, and ladders
➢ from edge of work level
➢ into/through an opening
➢ from one work level to the other

Control Measures

• Ideally, the choice of a protection system will be one that removes the risk of falling entirely.
• For example, it is preferable to provide a fixed barrier to prevent a worker from falling, than
personal protective equipment (safety harness and lifeline). In this way, the worker is never in a
position where an actual fall may occur. Otherwise, the worker must rely on the PPE system to
safely arrest the fall.

Fall Protection Systems Categories

1. Surface protection (non-slip flooring)

2. Fixed barriers (handrails, guardrails)
3. Surface opening protection (removable covers, guardrails)
4. Travel restraint systems (safety line and belt)
5. Fall arrest systems (safety line and harness)
6. Fall containment systems (safety nets)

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1. Surface Protection Against Slipping & Tripping Hazards
– Ensure that good housekeeping practices are instituted at the workplace.
• It is important to keep the work area free of equipment and materials that are
not required for the task at hand.
• Oil spills, mud, scraps & other debris must be cleared up immediately.
– Floors that may become slippery due to the work operations should be provided with a
non-slip type surface or coating that will provide a secure walking surface.
• Footwear with special soles may be also required.

2. Edge Protection Using Fixed Barriers

❑ A fixed barrier must be capable of stopping a worker from proceeding past the edge of
a work level or into a floor opening.
❑ Barriers may be permanent or temporary, depending on the circumstances at the
workplace.
❑ Types include: guardrails, handrails, warning barriers, & ladder cages.
Engineering Controls

Engineering controls has been added to protect employees from falls:

+ Guardrail System.
+ Guardrail System in Hoisting Areas.
+ Warning Lines.

What is a Guardrail system?

A guardrail system protects employees from fall hazards. It consists of:

+ Handrail.
+ Midrail.
+ Toe boards.

• Guardrail - is a permanent or portable structural system consisting of a top rail, mid-rail and toe
board secured to vertical posts intended to stop a worker from inadvertently stepping off a
working level and falling to a level below.
– Variations of guardrail include: wood slat, wire rope, steel frame, safety fencing, tube
and clamp, perimeter netting and others.
– Any of these variations is acceptable, as long as the system meets the basic design
specifications
Guardrail specifications include:
– At least 1m from the floor level to the upper surface of the top rail
– Vertical post should be at least 2 meters apart
– The complete structure shall be capable of withstanding a load of at least 100 kgs.
applied from any point of the top rail.
– Toeboard shall be at least 15 cm. (6 in.) in height. It shall be not more than 6 mm. (0.3
in.) clearance above the floor level.

• For wood railings - top rails & post of at least 5 cm. X 10 cm. & immediate rails of at least 5 cm.
X 5 cm. or by 2 cm. x 10 cm.
• For pipe railings - top rails & post of metal pipes of at least 30 mm. Diameter.
• For structural metal railings - top rails & post of angle iron of at least 38 mm. x 38 mm. x 5 mm.
& intermediate railings of angle iron of at least 32 mm. x 32 mm. x 3mm.

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 • All working platforms, runways, and ramps from which workers are liable to fall a distance of
more than 2 meters (6 ft), a strong guardrail shall be provided. Prior to and during the
installation, it is essential that a safety harness and an independent lifeline, properly secured to
an adequate fixed anchor is used by each and every worker who may be exposed to the risk of
falling.
• Note: Where a guardrail is temporarily removed, warning signs or warning tape should be
used to mark off the hazard area.
• Warning Barrier - is used to indicate to workers that they are approaching a hazardous work
area, where a potential to falling exists. The warning barrier is used where it is not reasonably
practicable to provide fixed barrier protection, or a guardrail has been temporarily removed
from an area.
• This system may utilize a cable, rope, or a fence system that is set up at least 2 meters from
the work surface opening or edge. The effectiveness of this type of system is increased when
high visibility flagging or other means is used to mark the warning barrier.
• Note: A warning system is not a substitute for guardrailing as it is usually of lesser strength
and offers no protection to the worker who must go near the edge of a work area. Workers who
are required to go beyond the warning barrier must use a travel restraint or fall arrest system.
Lifelines must not be tied to the warning system or barricade.

What is a Warning Line System?

A barrier erected to warn employees:

+ That they are approaching an unprotected roof side or edge.
+ That work is taking place without the use of a guardrail, body harness or safety net system
+ Installed at least 3 ft. from the edge

Guidelines for Warning Lines

+ Warning lines must be posted at least 6 feet away from the edge. (See note.)
+ Warning lines must consist of ropes, wires, or chains.

• Handrail - on the open side of stairs, ramps and other similar means of access, proper handrail
must be provided.
– a means of support to a worker moving up and down the accessway. Handrails should
be designed the same as a guardrail.
• Ladder Cage - is a permanent structure attached to a ladder that provides a barrier between
the worker and the surrounding space. The worker would be able to secure to the rung or side
rail of the ladder at any time during the climbing of the ladder.
– it does not provide complete fall protection on its own. It should be used in conjunction
with a full body harness and lanyard.
• Surface Opening Protection - Guardrails/ Floor Coverings
– Surface openings in floors and other walking surfaces where workers have access,
must be protected by guard railing or secured wood or metal covers.
– The covering must be capable of supporting all loads to which it may be subjected.
– The covering must also be identified to indicate that there is an opening below.

Surface Opening Protection - Guardrails/ Floor Coverings (con’t.)

• When plywood is used to cover openings, the minimum thickness shall be 19mm (3/4") with
proper support for the plywood.

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 • If work must be undertaken near unprotected openings from which a worker could fall 2 meters
or more, access must be restricted to workers who are wearing full body safety harnesses and
lifelines secured to proper anchorage.
• As soon as the necessary work is completed, the opening should be protected by guard railing
or adequate covering.
• Remember: If a fixed barrier or surface cover is removed for any reason, proper travel restraint
or fall arrest systems must be provided for any worker who becomes at risk of falling.

Travel Restraint Systems - Safety Belts/Lifelines/ Lanyards/ Anchorage

• A travel restraint system is intended to limit a worker's movement so the worker is unable to
reach a location where there is a risk of falling.
• The restraint system is made up of a safety belt (or safety harness), lifeline and/or lanyard and
anchor.
• The safety belt is secured to a lifeline having a fixed length that is attached to a secure anchor.
The length of the lifeline is such that the worker can only proceed to within approximately 1
meter of an opening or edge.
• Under no circumstances should a travel restraint system be rigged so that a worker is in a
position to fall.

Fall Protection Devices and Systems

Fall Protection Devices

+ Positioning Device System

+ Fall Arrest System
+ Fall Restraint System

Fall Arrest Systems

• A fall arrest system does not prevent a fall, it reduces the chance of injury when a fall takes
place.
• A complete fall arrest system consists of an anchorage point, lifeline, fall arrestor, lanyard,
shock absorber, and full body safety harness.

• Note: A fall arrest system must be rigged to limit the fall of a worker to a maximum of 1 meter (3
feet).

Specifications for a Fall Arrest System

1. Anchorage point –
– anchorage points shall be located as high as equipment permits it, as it is dangerous to
work above the point of anchorage.
– Belt anchors shall be made of metal machined from bar stock, forged or heat treated,
capable of supporting a pull of 2730 kgs. (6,000 lbs.) applied in any direction.
– If the anchor is exposed to the elements, it must be corrosion resistant.
What is an Anchorage Point?
A secure point of attachment for Personal Fall Arrest systems.
Anchorage Point Guidelines
An Anchorage point must be:
+ Located at or above the employee’s waist.

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 + Capable of supporting 5,000 lbs or 2 times the arresting force per employee.
+ Designed and built to hold the maximum force of the fall arrest.

2. Lifeline –
– This is the part of the system that is attached to the anchor point and the user of the
system.
– Lifelines must have sufficient strength to support a weight of 1140 kgs. (2,500 lbs.)
without breaking. Lifelines must be properly secured to the anchorage point and be
protected from abrasion or damage along their full length. Lifelines may run vertically
or horizontally (installed between two or more anchors), depending on the application.
– Temporary lifelines are made of wire or synthetic rope.
– Permanent systems may be made of rigid steel or aluminum rails, wire ropes, or similar
materials.
3. Fall arrestor (rope grab) –
– This is a device that automatically locks onto the lifeline when a fall occurs.
– It is fitted between the lifeline and lanyard and normally slides freely on the lifeline until
there is a sudden downward motion.
– When this sudden motion occurs, the fall arrestor "grabs" the lifeline and holds firmly.
–
Self-Retracting Lifelines and Lanyards

A Lanyard that:
+ Automatically limits free-fall distance to less than two feet.
+ Must be designed, constructed and tested according to the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI) or other approved testing agencies.

4. Lanyard –
– A lanyard is an approved device located between the fall arrestor and the worker's
safety harness.
– Lanyard must incorporate a shock absorber and be fitted with double action devices.
–
5. Shock absorber –
– This is a device that limits the force applied to the user when a fall occurs.
– It is designed to absorb the kinetic energy of the fall as the worker is stopped. The
shock absorber prevents both injuries to the worker and the amount of force
transferred to the lifeline and anchor.
– A shock absorber may be a separate device or built into the lanyard design.

What is a Lanyard?
A flexible line made of nylon rope, wire or nylon strap with a locking type small hooks at each end for
connecting the body harness to a lifeline or anchorage point to stop the employee in the event of a fall.

Lanyard Guidelines

A Lanyard must:
+ Be inspected prior to use.
+ Be protected against being cut or abraded.
+ Have a minimum breaking strength of 5,000 lbs.
+ Be the appropriate length.

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 + Be attached to an anchorage point, not to itself, unless it is an approved Tie-Back Lanyard.

6. Full body safety harness –

– This is a device designed to contain the torso and pelvic area of a worker and to
support the worker during and after a fall.
– Body type harnesses of the parachute type should be used.
– The harness should be connected to the lanyard or lifeline at the dorsal (back) position.
– If a lifeline and rope-grab device is used on steeply sloping surfaces, the user needs to
have the device located in front.
– This will allow safe manual operation of the mechanism

What is a Full Body Harness?

Harness straps secured about the employee in a manner that distributes the fall arrest forces
throughout the body.

Guidelines for a Full Body Harness

+ The attachment point of a body harness is located in the center of the wearer’s back near
shoulder level.
+ Snap hooks shall be a double locking-type.
+ Body belts are not allowed on site.

7. Fall Containment Systems

• Safety Net –
– Where it is impractical to provide a fixed barrier or fall arrest system, an alternate
solution is the provision of safety nets.
– Safety nets are used most often where it is difficult or impossible to arrange for
guardrailing or to provide a proper anchoring and lifeline system for fall arrest.
– The most common applications for safety nets are bridge work and structural steel
erection.

Safety nets requirements include:

• It must be constructed of materials of sufficient strength to catch a falling person or debris.
• There is sufficient tension and clearance to prevent a falling person against contacting any
surface or structure below the net.
• It shall be installed so that it extends 2.5 m. (8 ft.) beyond the edge of the work area & not
further than 7.5 m. (25 ft.) below the working surface.
• No welding or oxy cutting is performed above safety nets.
• Nets are inspected after installation, relocation or repair.
• Perimeter safety nets are in position before any work is commenced.

Specifications for a Fall Arrest System

• Safety Mesh
– Safety mesh, which is securely fixed, provides fall protection for roof installers and
– offers long term protection against falling for maintenance and repair works.
– Safety mesh should be used in conjunction with appropriate edge protection, guardrails
or fall arrest systems and devices.
– It should not be used for access to or egress from a work area or as a working
platform.

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 • Note: When installing safety net or safety mesh, elevating work platforms, scaffolding or fall
arrest systems should be used.

Fall Protection Devices and Systems

Inspection of a Fall Arrest System

+ Hold the harness by the back dee-ring, grasp a strap and run your hand along the entire length
checking for cuts or damaged fibers. (Use this procedure for all webbing and straps)
+ Check Dee-Rings and their metal or plastic wear pad for any distortion or cracks. The dee-ring
should pivot freely.
+ Inspect all hardware looking for any loose grommets, distortion, cracking or sharp edges.
+ Attachments of Buckles and Dee-rings: Look for any unusual wear, frayed or cut fibers, or
distortion of hardware.
+ Inspect for Frayed or Broken Strands; see chart below for damage to webbing.
+ Friction and Mating Buckles: inspect for distortion, the outer and center bars must be straight.
+ Lanyard Inspection: begin at one end and work to the opposite, slowly rotate the lanyard so
the entire circumference is checked; look for knots, burrs, cut or fraying material.
+ Shock Absorbing Lanyard; ensure that the stitching along the top and the bottom of the shock
absorber is intact
+ Hardware: Look for distortions, cracks, corrosion, or pitted surfaces in Snaps and Thimbles.
Ensure that the snap hook is properly opening and closing.

Care for the Fall Arrest System

+ After a fall arrest, equipment subjected to a fall will be removed from use to ensure that it
cannot be reused.
+ Clean equipment after use with mild soap and water. Do not use harsh chemicals or solvents.
Rinse with fresh water.
+ Hang equipment in a cool, dry area that is dark and well ventilated. (UV light and excessive
heat will cause failure in the equipment.

Ladder Safety
Why is this Ladder Positioning Unsafe?
“No matter how quickly a job can be done, there is always time to fall.”

Why Ladder Safety Training?

Each year in the U.S, accidents involving ladders cause an estimated 300 deaths and 130,000 injuries
requiring emergency medical attention. Note: Figures taken from U.S. National Safety Council

Types of Ladders
Most portable ladders are designed as “one-person” equipment with proper strength to support the
worker and his tools and materials. There are 3 types:
+ Type 1 Industrial - Heavy-duty with a load capacity not more than 250 pounds. This type is
used at Intel.
+ Type 2 Commercial - Medium-duty with a load capacity not more than 225 pounds.
+ Type 3 Household - Light-duty with a load capacity of 200 pounds.

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5 Basic Rules of Ladder Safety
Rule # 1: Select the right ladder for the job.
+ Choose the type and size of ladder for your intended specific purpose.
+ Regardless of the type, the ladder must have a label certifying that it complies with
specifications of ANSI or other approved inspection agencies, as per the Intel Corporate Fall
Protection Guideline.

Rule # 2: Inspect the ladder before you use it.

+ Make sure the ladder is rated to hold your weight.
+ Check for loose or damaged rungs, vertical support rails or braces.
+ Check for loose screws, bolts, hinges and other hardware.
+ Make sure the ladder rungs have non-skid footing for stability to reduce slippage while you
work.
+ Check the ladder rungs for grease and dirt which could cause slipping.
+ If the ladder has any type of defect, it must be repaired or replaced. Never use a defective
ladder.
Rule # 3: Set up the ladder with care.
+ If you must set the ladder in a high traffic area, use a barricade, cones or an attendant to
prevent collisions.
+ Post notifications or block any nearby door that opens towards you.
+ The area around the base should be kept uncluttered, and the ladder should be set on a solid,
level surface.
+ The locking device on some ladders may present a pinching hazard, so keep fingers clear
when setting up the ladder.
+ Make certain the spreaders on stepladders are locked in place.

Rule # 4: Climb and descend ladders cautiously.

+ Use both hands, and face the ladder.
+ Keep your belt buckle centered between the vertical support rails at all times (Belt Buckle
Rule).
+ If you need tools, carry them in a tool belt or raise and lower them with a hand line.
+ To avoid slipping, always check the bottoms of your shoes for slippery substances.
+ In the event of Clean Room work, booties should be tightly secured to the feet so they do not
snag, slip, or fold under and present tripping or slipping hazards.

Rule # 5: Sensible ladder safety.

+ Always maintain the center line of your body between the ladder’s vertical support rails while
working.
+ Never climb higher than the second rung from the top of a stepladder without fall protection
equipment.
+ No matter what kind of ladder you are using, never leave an open ladder unattended. It could
fall unexpectedly and injure someone.
+ While working on the 2nd rung, keep 3 points of contact on the ladder at all times.
+ When working safely from the 3rd rung or below, 2 points of contact are allowed.

When is Fall Protection Required with Ladders?

When using a stepladder to access an elevated location, you can use the 1st rung ONLY:
+ With a full body harness and lanyard that is tied-off to an approved anchorage point.

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 + With a buddy stabilizing the ladder at all times.
+ If the work activity causes imbalance or requires pushing, pulling or lifting, a full body harness
and lanyard must be used and attached to an approved anchor point.
+ If an approved anchorage point in not available and the work being performed is over 6 feet,
the buddy system must be used.

Ladder Transportation: 2 Person Carry Rule

+ Use two people to carry ladders that are greater than 8 feet long.
+ Carry the ladder close to your body at elbow height and be aware of your surroundings.
+ If one person is carrying an 8 foot ladder, the travel distance cannot be more than 50 yards and
only on the same floor level in areas not crowded.

Ladder Storage Area

+ Store ladders in well-ventilated areas and laying down sideways to prevent sagging and
warping.
+ Secure ladders to wall brackets or chain them to the wall in a closed position.
+ In construction areas, store ladders away from high traffic and in a closed position.
+ All ladders must be inspected before each use. All hardware, bracing, rungs and vertical
support rails must be in good working condition before using.
+ All ladders must be thoroughly inspected on an annual basis.

Administrative Controls

Retraining Requirements for Fall Protection and Ladder Safety

Retraining is required when changes in:
+ The workplace renders previous training obsolete.
+ The fall protection and ladder safety or equipment to be used renders previous training
obsolete.
+ The employee’s use indicates a need to retrain.
+ Codes and/or regulations render previous training obsolete.

Work Hazard Analysis

+ Sites must provide assessment methodology for determining risk potential for tasks requiring
fall protection.
+ Prior to any task involving work at heights, a visual assessment of the work area must be done
to identify hazards involved and precautions necessary to complete the work safely.
The site must use pre-task planning which identifies free fall distances and/or swing fall hazard, length
of lanyards appropriate for the job, etc.

IX. TEMPORARY STRUCTURES

BARRICADES & SCAFFOLDS

Barricades - To isolate or protect an unsafe work area from other workers, pedestrian or vehicle traffic.

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Road Construction Barricade
Three types of road construction barricades:

• Heavy - used to close streets, provide buffer zones, and mark work area obstructions.
An optional light may be attached.

• Light - used to mark the work area. An optional light may

be attached.

• A-Frame - may be used to channel traffic and mark the work

area. An optional light maybe attached.

Barricades should be made of reflective materials and they must

never be placed in the line of traffic without warning.

• Heavy

• Light • A-Frame

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Barricade Tapes

BARRICADING BY HAZARD CATEGORY

Hazard
Color of Tape Action Example
Classification

64
 Occupational Do not cross until hazard is Overhead work
Hazard identified and safe Trip hazard
Yellow passage/access is assured.
(Caution) Use to identify the presence
of a possible hazard
High/Imminent Never cross. Energized Electrical Work
Danger If access is required, Overhead suspended load
Red
Fatality Prevention coordinate with contact Critical high pressure test
(Red)
person identified on Chemical introduction
barricade signage Fall exposure

What Is a Scaffold?

o Scaffold - is defined as an elevated, temporary work platform. There are three basic
types of scaffolds. 1. Supported, 2. Suspended, 3. Others: Man lifts etc.
o Common Hazards Associated With All Scaffolds
o Falls from elevation, due to lack of fall protection;
o Collapse of the scaffold, caused by instability or overloading;
o Being struck by falling tools, work materials, or debris; and
o Electrocution, principally due to proximity of the scaffold to overhead power
lines.

Classification of scaffolds

65
 Scaffolds
A temporary working
platform erected for
the convenience of
workers.

Types of Scaffolds

Fabricated or Frame scaffolds

o The most common type of scaffold because they are versatile, economical, and
easy to use.
o These are frequently used by residential & building contractors. Their modular
frames can also be stacked several stories high for use on large scale
construction jobs.

Types of scaffolds

66
 Types of scaffolds

Arial Lift

Training
o Scaffold erectors must be trained by a 3rd party training center & fall protection trained.
Competent person
o Qualified, trained and authorized to stop unsafe activity
o Must have the ability to identify and anticipate hazards
o Must understand the concepts of fall protection, scaffold inspection, assembly & disassembly
o Required to be on the job site when scaffold is erected, dismantled or altered

Types of Scaffolds
Interior hung scaffold

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 o A suspension scaffold consisting of a platform suspended from the ceiling or roof
structure by fixed length supports.
o The best scaffold to use inside Intel’s interstitial areas.
Falling object protection
o Nothing that can cause tripping, fall or slip is allowed to accumulate on the platform.
o Protect employees by using
o Hardhats
o Debris nets
o Canopy
Toe boards
o 4 inches high
o Withstand force of 50 lbs.
o Gaps not more than 1/4 inch and fastened above platform

Guardrail systems
o Shall be 2” X 4” or the equivalent (2” nominal diameter for tubular scaffolds
o Top rail – 39 to 45 inches
o Withstand force of 200 lbs
o Mid rail – installed halfway between the toprail and platform
o Withstand force of 150 lbs

Access
o Safe access needed at 2 ft. above or below an access point.
o OSHA & Intel forbids climbing cross bracing as a means of access.

Stairway type ladder:

o Bottom step is not more than 24 inches above scaffold.
o Has rest platform at maximum interval of 12 feet.
o Minimum step width of 16 inches.

Attachable & Built in ladder:

o Rest platform at 35-ft interval
o Intel – 20 ft interval

Platform

Planking

Scaffold platforms can be either sawn or laminated lumber planks or prefabricated aluminum
and plywood platforms.

o Must be fully decked or planked

o No gaps greater than 1 inch between platform & uprights.
o Maximum opening of 9 1\2 inches
o Platforms & walkways must be at least 18 inches wide.
o Makeshift devices but not limited to barrels, boxes, hollow blocks shall not be used on scaffold
to increase the working level.

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Classification of scaffolds

I. Supported Scaffolds
Supported scaffolds are platforms supported by legs, outrigger beams, brackets, poles,
uprights, posts, frames, or similar rigid support.

II. Suspended Scaffolds

A suspension scaffold contains one or more platforms suspended by ropes or other
non-rigid means from an overhead structure.

III. Other Scaffolds

Man lift, etc..

Tube and Coupler

Tube and coupler scaffolds are

so-named because they are
built from tubing connected by
coupling devices. Due to their
strength, they are frequently
used where heavy loads need
to be carried, or where multiple
platforms must reach several
stories high.

SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS
AND REQUIREMENTS
1. Foundation
a. Scaffold shall be
capable of supporting
without failure at least 4
times the maximum
intended load.

b. Timber sills at least 23

cm wide by 3.8 cm thick
will be required to
spread the load. A sill
shall extend under at
least two post.

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 SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS
AND REQUIREMENTS
c. Where scaffolding is
erected on a solid
bearing such as rock or
concrete, small timber
pads may be used in
place of sills and nailed
to prevent the base
plates sliding off.
d. If used to compensate
variations in ground
levels, the screw jacks
shall not be adjusted
more than two-thirds of
the total length of the
thread.

SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS
AND REQUIREMENTS
2. Post
a. Posts shall be pitched
on 15 cm (6 in.) by 15
cm (6 in.) steel and at
least 0.64 cm (1/4in.)
thick. All post shall be
vertical.

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SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS
AND REQUIREMENTS
b. The inner row posts
shall be placed as
closed as possible to
the face of the building
structure. The outer row
shall be positioned
depending on the load
requirements of the
scaffold.
3. Runners
a. Runners shall be
securely fixed to post
with standard couplers
and shall be horizontal.

SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS
AND REQUIREMENTS
b. Runners shall be
vertically spaced no
more than 2.0 meters
(6 ft. 6in.) to give
adequate headroom
along the platform.

4. Bearers
a. Bearers should be
installed between post
and securely fixed to the
post with standard
couplers.

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SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS
AND REQUIREMENTS

4. Bearers
a. Bearers should be
installed between post
and securely fixed to the
post with standard
couplers.

SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS
AND REQUIREMENTS
5. Board Bearers
a. Board bearers shall be
installed between
bearers to accommodate
differences in planks
length.

6. Bracing
a. Longitudinal diagonal
bracing shall be
installed at approx 45˚
angle from near the
base of the first outer
post upward to the
extreme top of the
scaffold.

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 SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS
AND REQUIREMENTS
7. Ties
a. All supported scaffolds
except tower and mobile
shall be securely tied to
a building or structure
throughout their length
ts
9.1 m and height to prevent
movement of the
scaffold.
b. Ties shall occur at the
7.9 mts top of the scaffold and
at least every 7.9 mts
(26 ft.) vertically and 9.1
mts (30 ft.) horizontally
and at each end of the
scaffold.

SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS
AND REQUIREMENTS
8. Flatform Unit
a. All platform units shall be
closed planked for the
full width of the scaffold
structure.

b. Planks shall be extend

over their end supports
by not less than 15 cm
(6 in. and not more than
30.5 cm (12in.).

b. Planks shall be secured

in position to prevent
displacement by strong
winds.

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SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS
AND REQUIREMENTS
9. Guardrail and
Toe board system

a. Guardrail shall be
installed at open sides
and ends of all scaffold
to prevent fall.

b. Top rails shall no less

than 0.91 meters (39 in.)
and no more than 1.14
meters (45 in.) above the
working surface and can
withstand force of 200
lbs.

SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS
AND REQUIREMENTS
c. Mid rails must be
installed halfway
between the top rail and
platform and can
withstand force of 150
lbs.

d. Toe boards shall not be

less than 10 cm. (4in.) in
height by 2.5 cm (in.)
thick.

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SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS
AND REQUIREMENTS
10. Access
a. Access to a working
platform is best achieved
by providing a separate
ladder tower or a
cantilevered access
platform so as not to
obstruct the working
platform and to minimize
the risk of persons falling
through gaps in the
guardrail system or
platform units. Access
should be provided to
working platforms.

SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS
AND REQUIREMENTS
11. Scaffold Ladders
a. Scaffold ladders provide
the means of access and
egress for scaffolds.
(Straight and extension
ladders)

12. Workmanship
a. Scaffolding shall be
erected, altered and
dismantled by
experienced men working
under the direction of a
competent supervisor.

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 SCAFFOLDING COMPONENTS
AND REQUIREMENTS
13. Inspections
a. All scaffolds shall be
inspected by a
competent supervisor,
safety officers, and/or
civil engineers before it
is used and after
adjustments,
modifications, adverse
weather conditions, etc.,
to measure that is safe.
If safe to use, attach the
Green Scaffolding Tag, if
unsafe to use, attach the
Red Tag.

General Requirements

o All scaffolding will be erected and maintained in accordance with state and federal OSHA
standards (Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 1926, Subpart L) & International Scaffold
Sign-off Guideline.
o Scaffolds shall be erected, moved, dismantled, or altered only under the supervision and
direction of a competent person qualified in scaffold erection, moving, dismantling or alteration.
Such activities shall be performed only by experienced and trained employees selected for
such work by the competent person.
o Scaffolds and scaffold components shall be capable of supporting, without failure, its own
weight and at least 4 times the maximum intended load.
o Scaffold products from different manufactures shall not be mixed on a scaffold, unless they are
specifically designed to be used together.
o Guardrails, midrails, and toe boards shall be installed on all open sides and ends of platforms 6
ft. above the working surface (floor).
o Guardrails shall be 2” X 4” or the equivalent (2” nominal diameter for tubular scaffolds)
approximately 42” in ht. with a midrail. Supports shall be at intervals not to exceed 8 ft.
o Toe boards shall be of 4” in height.
o Scaffold planks shall extend over their end supports not less than 6 inches or more than 12
inches.
o Any scaffold including accessories such as braces, brackets, trusses, screw legs, ladders, etc.
damaged or weakened from any cause shall be immediately repaired or replaced.
o Timber planking is allowed for the scaffold and shall have a minimum of 1,500 fiber (stress
grade) construction grade lumber.
o Scaffold erectors will be required to be certified by the third party trainer and to follow Intel Fall
Protection procedures. Any exception will be discussed with EHS.
o Never erect a scaffold within 10 feet of power lines.
o Use of a scaffold by multiple contractors must be approved by the EHS. Each contractor will be
responsible to inspect and ensure the scaffold is in safe condition prior to any employee
working on the scaffold. These types of systems should be inspected daily by EHS.

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o Any scaffold that exceeds 12 feet requires a scaffold plan or drawing be submitted to the EHS
prior to erection. The plan must be on company letterhead and signed by the scaffold
designer.
o Do not ride on rolling scaffold.
o Scaffolding will be inspected for safe conditions on a daily basis. The contractor responsible
will maintain a daily inspection permit and must conform to the requirements on the project site.
o Straight access ladder attached to scaffolding should not exceed 20 feet without a break or
offset that would limit a potential fall exposure. Access ladder that exceed 20 feet from the
ground level should be place inside the scaffolds frame with trap door conditions at access
levels.
o Ladders shall not be used on scaffolds to increase the working level height of employees,
except on large area scaffolds where employees have satisfied some reasonable criteria.
o Makeshift devices, such as but not limited to boxes and barrels, shall not be use on top of
scaffold platforms to increase the working level height of employees.
o Scaffold tower, single-section, or rolling scaffolds must not exceed a 4:1 base-to-height ratio
without structural bracing. Nor shall any section of the scaffold exceed a 4:1 ratio without
structural bracing.
o Cantilevered or outrigger scaffolds must have documentation to demonstrate safe loading
conditions.
o All suspended scaffolds require independent safety lines for each employee. Employees must
use a full body harness when working from any suspended scaffold.
o Personal fall arrest system used on scaffolds shall be attached by a lanyard to a vertical lifeline,
horizontal lifeline, or scaffold structural member.

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 C O S H – CONSTRUCTION TRAINING
DAY 3
X. ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
Industrial Hygiene Defined:
• That science and art devoted to the ANTICIPATION, RECOGNITION, EVALUATON and
CONTROL of environmental factors or stresses arising in or from the workplace
– which may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being or
– significant discomfort among workers or among the citizens of the community.

Basic Concept of Industrial Hygiene

[Link] - to identify potential or actual workplace health hazards or stresses
[Link] – to determine the magnitude or environmental factors and stresses arising in the
workplace through qualitative and quantitative measurement
[Link] – to apply corrective measures by either reducing or eliminating the exposure.
Who are the industrial hygienists?
• Industrial hygienists are persons having a degree or degrees in engineering, chemistry,
physics, medicine and other related sciences and by virtue of experience, special training or
further studies have the competence, to:
– Recognize the environment factors and stresses and understand their effects on
humans and their well-being;
• Evaluate, on the basis of experience and with the aid of quantitative measurement techniques,
the magnitude of these stresses in terms of ability to impair health and well-being; and
• Prescribe methods to eliminate, control or reduce such stresses

Recognition of Environment Factors and

Stresses/Hazards Identification

Classification of Hazards:
• Chemical Hazards
– Any chemical that has been classified as hazardous or for which relevant information
exists to indicate that it is hazardous.
– Arise from excessive airborne concentration of chemicals in the form of gases,
vapours, mists, dust and fumes.

a. Gas - a substance, such as oxygen, nitrogen or carbon dioxide, which is in the gaseous state at
room temperature and pressure.

b. Vapour- the gaseous form of a liquid at room temperature and pressure. Liquids emits vapours, the
quantity depending on their volatility. Substances with a low boiling point are more volatile than those
with a higher one.

c. Mists - the dispersion of liquid particles in air. Mists are normally generated in processes such as
electroplating and spraying where liquids are sprayed, splashed or foamed into fine particles.

d. Dust - refers to the suspension of solid particles in the air. These dust particles are generated by
handling, grinding, drilling and crushing operations where solid materials are broken down.

78
e. Fumes- solid particles formed from condensation of substances from the vapour state. Fumes are
normally associated with molten metals where the vapours from the metal are condensed into solid
particles in the space above the molten metal.

• Physical Hazards
– Problem relating to such thing as noise, vibration, temperature extremes, radiation,
illumination and pressure extremes.

a. Noise – any unwanted sound

b. Vibration- an oscillation motion about an equilibrium position produced by a disturbing force

c. Temperature Extremes- low or high temperatures

d. Radiation – Ionizing radiation

- Non-ionizing radiation
e. Illumination- is the measure of stream of light falling on a surface
f. Pressure extremes- below or greater than normal atmospheric pressure
• Biological Hazards
– Any virus, bacteria, fungus, parasite, or any living organism that can cause a disease
in human beings. They can be a part of the total environment or associated with certain
occupations.

• Ergonomic Hazards
– Ergonomics is a multidisciplinary activity dealing with interactions between man and
his total working environment plus stresses related to such environmental elements as
atmosphere, heat, light and sound as well as all tools and equipment in the workplace.
– Example : MSD, RSI,
Ergonomics hazards include:
a. improperly designed tools or work areas
b. improper lifting
c. poor visual condition
d. repeated motions in awkward positions
• Recognition of the different hazards can be accomplished by:
– Walk-through Survey/Ocular Inspection
– Reviewing Processes Involved
– Knowing the raw materials used, products and by-products
– Gathering of Worker’s Complaints
– Chemical Safety Data Sheet
Material Safety Data Sheet (CSDS)
• MSDS is a summary of the important health, safety and toxicological information on the
chemical or the mixture ingredients.
– Identification – Name of the substance or preparation
– Name, address and telephone number of the company/ supplier
– Composition and information on ingredients
– Hazards identification
– First-aid measures

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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
– Fire-fighting measures
– Accidental release measures
– Handling and storage
– Exposure controls and personal protection
– Physical and chemical properties
– Stability and reactivity
– Toxicological information
– Ecological information
– Disposal consideration
– Transport information
– National regulations and references
– Other information
Evaluation
A. Determine the magnitude or level of hazards with the use of industrial hygiene
equipment.
• Work Environment Measurement refers to the determination of environmental stresses and
their hazardous effects on worker’s health through direct measurement of hazards using IH
equipment.

Purposes:
– Determine the magnitude of harmful environmental agents;
– Physically check the environment through measurement;
– Predict harmfulness of new facilities, raw materials, production processes and working
methods;
– Monitor worker’s exposure to harmful substances;
– Evaluate the effectiveness of environmental control measures adopted to improve the
workplace; and
– Maintain favorable environment conditions.

• Types of Environmental Monitoring

– Personal Monitoring
– Area/Environmental Sampling
– Biological Monitoring
A. Examples of Industrial Hygiene Equipment used in Conducting WEM:
Instrument Hazard
• Luxmeter - Poor illumination
• Sound level meter - Excessive noise
• Anemometer - air velocity
• Globe,
Welt-Bulb and
Dry-Bulb Thermometers - Extreme heat
• Gas Detector - different gases
• Low Volume Sampler - dust and fumes
• High Volume Sampler - total suspended particles
B. Analysis of Samples
Analytical Equipment Type of Sample
• Gas Chromatograph - organic solvents
• High Performance Liquid Chromatograph - inorganic chemicals

80
 • Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer - heavy metals
• X-Ray Diffractometer - mineral dusts, asbestos fibers
• UV-Vis Spectrophotometer - acids and other chemicals
C. Comparison of Result of Measurement with Standards:
• Threshold Limit Values (TLV) are exposure guidelines that have been established for
airborne concentration of many chemical compounds.
(TLV) Categories:
• Time-Weighted Average (TLV-TWA)
– TLV-TWA is the time-weighted average concentration for a normal 8 hour workday
– or 40 hour workweek to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after
day, without adverse health effects.
• Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL)
– TLV-STEL is the maximum concentration to which workers can be exposed
continuously for 15 minutes without suffering from any of the following:
a. irritation
b. chronic or irreversible tissue damage
c. narcosis of sufficient degree to increase the likelihood of accidental injury, impair
d. self-rescue or materially reduce work efficiency.
Ceiling (TLV-C)
• TLV-C is the concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the working
exposure. The degree of hazard from exposure to harmful environment factors or stresses
would depend on the following:
– Nature of the material or energy involved
– Intensity of exposure
– Duration of exposure
– Individual susceptibility

III. CONTROL MEASURES

A. Administrative Control
– Reduction of work periods
– Adjusting work schedules
– Job rotation
– Education of supervisors
– Emergency response training and education
– Employee information and training
– Housekeeping and maintenance

B. Engineering Control
– It is the primary and most effective control measure recommended for the minimization
of hazards which includes:
1. Replacement of Materials Used/Substitution
2. Modifications in the process and/or Equipment
3. Isolation
4. Wet Methods
5. Industrial Ventilation

C. Personal Protective Equipment

– The use of personal protective equipment is a control direct to the receiver. This
control is considered as the last resort and is temporarily used while pertinent
engineering control is ongoing or in not yet implemented. Examples are:

81
 1. Dust/Gas Respirators
2. Safety Goggles/Spectacles
3. Face Shield
4. Gloves
5. Aprons
6. Safety Shoes

XI. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

Objectives:
After the module the participants will be able to:
✓ Identify Occupational Health Principles.
✓ Enumerate Occupational Health Hazards.
✓ Be familiar with Control measures for Occupational Health Hazards.

Occupational Health

➢ Occupational Health is the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical,
mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations

➢ Promote and maintain to the highest degree the physical, mental and social well-being of
workers of all occupations;
➢ Prevent workers from early departures due to health problems caused by their working
conditions;
➢ Protect workers in their employment from hazards and risks from factors adverse to health;
➢ Place and maintain worker in an occupational environment adapted to his/her physiological
ability.

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Types of Occupational Health Hazards

1. Physical

• Harmful / unwanted Sound

• Harmful/Excessive Vibration

• Inadequate Illumination

83
• Extreme Temperature

• Extreme Pressure

• Radiation

84
2. Chemical

3. Ergonomics

4. Biological
• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Insects/Pests
• Parasites
• Virus

85
 5. Psychosocial

XII. COVID-19

What is COVID-19?

Corona Virus Disease 2019

➢ Is a highly transmissible respiratory illness that can spread from person to person
➢ The virus that causes the coronavirus is a novel coronavirus that was first identified during an
investigation into an outbreak in Wuhan, China.

How does it spread?

➢ The virus is thought to spread mainly from person-to-person
➢ The virus spreads by droplets made when people with the
coronavirus cough, sneeze or when people interact with each
other through close proximity.
• Can be inhaled
• Land on surfaces that other may come into contact with

Covid-19 at Philippines

Enhanced Community Quarantine

PRRD ordered strict community quarantine from March 15 onwards,

suspending all classes and work in the entire Luzon.

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Symptoms

Most Common Less Common Symptoms Serious Symptoms

Symptoms
• fever • aches and pains • difficulty breathing or
• dry cough • sore throat shortness of breath
• tiredness • diarrhea • chest pain or pressure
• conjunctivitis • loss of speech or
• headache movement
• loss of taste or smell
• a rash on skin, or discoloration of
fingers or toes
Note: Symptoms of COVID19 may appear in as few as 2 days or as long as 14 days after exposure.

Prevention
1. Stay at Home
• Avoiding contact with others will protect them from possible COVID-19 and other
viruses.
2. Avoid Touching your face
• Hands touch many surfaces and can pick up viruses. Once contaminated, hands can
transfer the virus to your eyes, nose or mouth. From there, the virus can enter your
body and infect you.
3. Cover your mouth and nose
• Droplets spread virus. By following good respiratory hygiene, you protect the people
around you from viruses such as cold, flu and COVID-19.
4. Practice proper hygiene
5. Keep Social Distancing
• Maintain at least 1-meter (3 feet) distance between yourself and others.
• When someone coughs, sneezes, or speaks they spray small liquid droplets from their
nose or mouth which may contain virus. If you are too close, you can breathe in the
droplets, including the COVID-19 virus if the person has the disease.
6. Clean your hands frequently and thoroughly
• Use alcohol-based hand sanitizer or wash your hands with soap and water. If you use
an alcohol-based hand sanitizer, make sure you use and store it carefully.
7. Disinfect things
• First, clean the surfaces, removing any contaminants, dust, or debris. You can do this
by wiping them with soapy water (or a cleaning spray) and a hand towel.
• Then apply a surface-appropriate disinfectant. The quickest and easiest way to do this
is with disinfecting wipes or disinfectant spray.
8. Consult your health care provider
• If you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, seek medical attention, but call by
telephone in advance if possible and follow the directions of your local health
authority.
9. Be updated
• Keep up to date on the latest information from trusted sources, such as WHO or your
local and national health authorities

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XIII: PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

What is PPE?
Equipment worn by an employee that is designed to prevent injury or illness from a specific hazard.

Personal Protective Equipment in the Past

People have used PPE for
centuries to protect themselves
while they work.
For example:
- Medieval knights had armor
- Blacksmiths have always used a leather
apron
- Cowboys wear leather chaps
- Eskimos wear a heavy parka, gloves, and
boots
- Firemen wear heavy coats and special
helmets

Personal protective equipment today, as in

the past, makes working safer and you more
productive.
7

INTRODUCTION
1. When a hazard is identified in the workplace, every effort should be made to eliminate it so that
employees are not harmed.

2. It can be done by isolation, substitution, administrative and engineering controls.

3. However, if this cannot be done since employees will always be around, the use of Personal
Protective Equipment (PPE) is necessary.

4. PPE can also provide that added protection to the employee even when the hazard is being
controlled by other means.

Personal Protective Equipment

Introduction:
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is required for the safety of the workers and should be
considered an important aspect of the safety program in order to avoid injuries, accidents and job
related illness of the workers.

Hazard Control Measures

❖ Engineering

❖ Administrative

❖ PPE

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OSHS Rule1080 Personal Protective Equipment
• 1081 General Provision

1081.01 Every Employer:

“shall at his own expense furnish his workers with protective equipment for the eyes,
face, hands and feet, protective shields and barriers whenever necessary by reason of the
hazardous nature of the process or environment, chemical or radiological or other mechanical
irritants or hazards capable of causing injury or impairment in the function of any part of the
body through absorption, inhalation or physical contact”

1081.02

“All protective equipment shall be of approved design and construction appropriate for
the exposure and the work to be performed”

1081.03

“The employer shall be responsible for the adequacy and proper maintenance of
personal protective equipment used in his workplace”

1081.04

“No person shall be subjected or exposed to hazardous environmental condition

without protection”

Employer Responsibilities
Assessment
As part of the assessment, employers must also
determine the various Health Hazards that may be
present in your work area.
Health hazards include:

- Types of chemicals you could be exposed to;

- Sources of harmful dusts; and
- Sources of nuclear radiation.

16

Implementation Program to Introduce PPE’s

• Hazard Identification

• Initial PPE’s Requirement Evaluation

• Supplier’s Quotation

• Trial Order

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 • Final PPE’s Requirement Evaluation

• Purchase And Training

• Issuance And Replacement

• Continuous Monitoring

Employer Responsibilities
Selection of PPE

Once your area has been

assessed, your employer must
select, with your help, appropriate
personal protection equipment for
you to use while performing your
job.

18

Employee Responsibilities
Assess Potential Hazards
Before you start any job, assess the
real and potential hazards associated
with that job.

19

Hazards in the Workplace

• Mechanical
– Unguarded Machines

• Electrical
– Live Wire, Cable, Breakers, Panel

• Environmental
– Oil & Chemical Spill (Land & Sea)
– Air Pollution

• Physical
– Noise
– Temperature Extremes
– Ionizing/Non-Ionizing Radiation
– Vibration

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 – Fire
– Ergonomic
– Falling And Flying Materials

• Chemical
– Vapors
– Gases
– Dusts
– Fumes
– Mists
– Acids

• Biological
– Bacteria
– Virus
– Fungi
– Psychosocia

Employer Responsibilities
Providing PPE
Once your area has been assessed, your
employer must provide, at no cost to you,
appropriate personal protection equipment
that fits, for you to use while performing your
job.
NOTE: If you have your own personal
protective equipment, it must be approved by
your employer before you can use it on the
job. Check with your supervisor or safety
manager before using your own equipment.
21

Employer Responsibilities
Assessment -
Employers are required to
conduct an assessment to determine the
various Physical Hazards that may be present
in your work area.
Physical hazards include:
* Sources of motion;
* Sources of high and low temperatures;
* Sources of light radiation
- welding
- brazing
- heat treating
- high intensity lights;
* Sources of falling objects;
* Sources of sharp objects;
* Sources of rolling or pinching objects;
* Sources of electric hazards; and
* Floor conditions. 22

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 Assessment and Selection
• It is necessary to consider certain general guidelines for assessing the foot, head, eye and
face, and hand hazard situations that exist in an occupational operation or process, and to
match the protective devices to the particular hazard. It is the responsibility of the supervisor to
exercise common sense and appropriate expertise to accomplish these tasks.

Selection guidelines
• Become familiar with the potential hazards and the type of protective equipment that is
available, and what it can do; i.e.., splash protection, impact protection, etc.

• Compare the hazards associated with the environment; i.e.., impact velocities, masses,
projectile shape, radiation intensities, with the capabilities of the available protective equipment

• Select the protective equipment which ensures a level of protection greater than the minimum
required to protect employees from the hazards.

• Fit the user with the protective device and give instructions on care and use of the PPE.

Nine (9) Categories of PPE

• Head Protection
• Eye Protection
• Face Protection
• Ear Protection
• Respiratory Protection
• Hand Protection
• Body Protection
• Fall Protection
• Foot Protection

HEAD PROTECTION

1. ANSIZ89.1 defines helmet as a “ Device that

is worn to provide protection for the head or
portion thereof, against impact, flying
particles, electrical shock, or any combination
thereof and that includes a suitable harness.

2. ANSI Z89.1 – 1986 (Revised 1997) classifies helmets as follows:

a. Class A (G-General) Helmets are intended

to protect the head from the force of impact
of falling object and from electric shock
during impact with exposed low voltage
(2,200VAC) conductors.

b. Class B (E – Electrical) Helmets are intended to protect

the head from the force of impact of falling objects and from electric shock during contact with
high voltage (20,000 VAC) conductors.

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 c. Class C (C – Conductive) – No Test)

Helmets are intended to protect the head from the force of impact of
falling objects But DO NOT
protect you from electric
shocks.

3. Bump Caps

a. They are used only in confined spaces where the

hazard is limited to bumping the head on some obstruction.
[Link] should never be used on construction sites, shipyards or other locations
where more dangerous hazards are present.
[Link] substitute a bump cap for a hard hat.

4. Other head protection - hair nets, turbans

Classifications of Helmets According to ANSI Z89.1-1997

1. Type I Helmets provide limited impact and penetration protection to the top of the head.

2. Type II Helmets provide limited impact and penetration protection against front, side or rear (i.e.
“lateral”) blows.

3. Class G & E Helmets provide limited protection, as outlined in the ANSI Z89.1, 1997 standard.
Class G helmets are proof-tested to 2,200 Volts. Class E are proof-tested to 20,000 Volts, but
these should not be construed as safe contact voltages. Class C are not tested.

Safety Helmet Features

• Type and Materials

Hard outer shell

-Plastic (ABS, PE)
-Fiberglass
-Kevlar

▪ Accessories
▪ Liners/Suspension
▪ Chinstrap
▪ Brackets
▪ Slot adapters
▪ Goggle retainer

Maintenance and Care

• Helmets MUST be cleaned regularly for easy inspections and to help the wearer avoid skin
irritation.

• Clean with mild soap (no detergents) and warm water.

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• Never store helmet on the back shelf of an automobile - not only will it be exposed to sunlight
(leading to heat and UV damage), but it could become a secondary missile in the event of a
sudden stop.

• The helmet must be stored in a clean, dry area, not subject to extremes of heat, cold or
humidity.

• Recommended replacement schedule of helmets and suspension:

* Suspension – Replace after 12 months.

* Entire Helmet – Replace after 5 years.
In any case, ALWAYS replace the helmet after it has withstood impact or penetration.

Eye and Face Protection

Industrial operations expose the eyes to a variety of hazards, such as flying objects, splashes
of corrosive liquids or molten metals, dust, poisonous gases or fumes and harmful radiation.
Eye injuries not only disable a person but they can often disfigure the face. Flying objects such
as metal or stone chips, nails or abrasive grits cause most injuries.

Why Eye and Face Protection is Important

Thousands of people are

blinded each year from
work related eye injuries.
Injuries that could have
been prevented, if only
people would have used
eye or face protection.

36

FACE AND EYE PROTECTION:

1. Welding helmets

a. They protect the eyes and face against the splashes of molten metal and the radiation
produced by arc welding.

b. Helmets should have the proper filter glass to keep ultraviolet and
visible rays from harming the eyes.

2. Hand Shields .
a. A hand shield can be used where the protection of a helmet is not
needed, such as for inspection work, tack welding and other
operations requiring little or no welding by the user.

b. Frame and lens construction are similar to that of the helmet.

c. Welding goggles are available with filter glass shades up to No. 8. If
darker shades are required, then complete protection is needed
because of the danger of skin burns.

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 3 Safety Glasses. Safety glasses are equipped with side shields that give you protection from
hazards that may not be directly in front of you.

4. Face Shields. They offer you full face protection and are often used around operations which
expose you to molten metal, chemical splashes or flying particles.

5. Goggles. They give you more protection than safety glasses because they fit closer to your
face. Use them in situation where you might encounter splashing liquids, fumes, vapors,
powders, dusts and mists.

Types of Eye Protection

• Safety Glasses (Spectacles)

• Goggles (Chemical, Welding)

Maintenance & Care

• Eye Protector should be stored after use in clean dedicated environment away from excessive
heat and moisture.

• Storage Temperature : 0 deg C – 40 deg C

• Relative Humidity : 30% - 80%

• Ensure before use that the eye protector is undamaged. Scratched or damaged oculars should
be replaced ensuring that instructions for fitting which accompany replacement parts are
adhere.

Note: Spectacles only provide limited levels of protection

• Cleaning & Disinfection

– Eye protectors should be cleaned using a mild detergent or a suitable lens cleaner, DO
NOT use abrasive materials.

– Eye Protectors may also be sterilized using a mild solution of disinfectant

Types of Eye & Face Protection

• Face Shields or Visor w/ Headgear

• Hoods (Chemical, Dust)

• Welding Mask (Helmet-Type, Handshield, Open Type)

• Ear Protection

• Hazards
• Excessive noise exceeding 85-90dB on an 8-hour exposure.

• Types of Ear Protection

• Earplugs (Foam-type & Poly Mold)

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 • Earmuffs (Cap-mounted, Foldable, Fixed)

• Canal caps (Replaceable or non-replaceable caps)

HEARING PROTECTION:

1. Insert (earplug) protectors

a) They are inserted into the ear canals and vary considerably in design and
material.

b) Materials used are pliable rubber, soft or medium plastic, wax and cotton.

c) Because each person’s ear canal is shaped differently, these plugs

become the property of the individual to whom they were fitted.

d) These plugs must be fitted by a trained and qualified professional.

2. Ear Muffs
a) They cover the external ear and provide an acoustic barrier.

b) The effectiveness of these devices varies with the size, seal materials, shell
mass and suspension of the muff as well as with the size and shape
of workers’ heads.

c) Muffs are made in a universal type or in specific head, neck or chin sizes.
Hearing protection kits that can be used with hard helmets are also available.

Hearing Protector Selection

• Disposable Ear Plugs (foam-type), are intended to be used only once then thrown away, thus
avoiding the need for cleaning or maintenance.

• Reusable Earplugs (poly/rubber mold) plugs can be reused. The major precaution that must be
taken is the proper care and cleaning on a routine basis.

• Banded Or Canal Caps Earplug (Foam with Rubber Cover) is a semi-aural device that consists
of soft, flexible, conically shape pods that swivel to align with and enter the ear canal.

• Earmuffs are designed to cover the whole ear. A good fit for an earmuff is not dependent on the
shape of the ear canal but rather on the seal between the ear cushions and the head area
around the ear. Most earmuffs can be worn in three positions - over the head, under the chin,
or behind the head. Hat-mounted and foldable models are also available.

Maintenance and Care

• Reusable Earplugs - wash with soap and water; wipe dry with clean cloth.
• Earmuffs - clean cushions by washing with soap and water, then wipe with alcohol pad. If the
cushions become cracked due to use, they should be replaced as soon as possible. The foam
inserts can also attract dirt and can be cleaned with soap and water.

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WHAT IS NRR?

NRR or Noise Reduction Rating is a rating system set up by EPA as a guideline that
indicates the amount of potential protection that a hearing protection device will give in
a noisy environment.
1. The reduction actually achieved may be substantially less than that the labeled NRR

2. A safer and more realistic estimate of protection can be obtained by reducing the labeled NRR
by 50%.

Environmental Noise = 92 dB
Labeled NRR = 26 dB
Computation of Level of noise entering the ear is as follows = 26 / 2 =
13 = 92 dB –
13 = 79 dB
Noise Level that enters the ears : = 79 dB

FALL PROTECTION:
1. Fall arrest
a. Limits fall to six (6)
feet which reduces force by
decreasing fall distance.
b. Consist of a lanyard, anchorage point
and a full body harness
c. A lanyard is a device made of rope or
nylon strap used to tether the individual
to an anchorage point and stop the
individual in the event of a fall.
d. Anchorage point is used for attachment of personal fall arrest equipment and
shall be located above the employee’s waist.
e. A full body harness is designed to retain the user in the event of a fall and
distribute the impact forces throughout the thighs, chest and shoulder

Fall Protection
• Fall arrest reduces force by reducing fall distance. Fall arrest equipment is required for work at
heights of 6 feet or more. It consists of a full body harness, lanyard and anchorage point.

• Body belts are for positioning purposes only and should not be considered as fall arrest
equipment.

Occupational Protective Equipment System Components

• Fall Arrest System
• Positioning System
• Suspension System
• Retrieval System

Components of the System (OPE)

• Anchorage (Cross Arm Strap, Chain Cross Arm, Beam Clamp, Beam Trolley, Cable Anchors,
Etc.)

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 • Body Wear or Full Body Harness

• Connecting Devices (Web/Rope Lanyard with shock absorbing lanyard, rope grab, and self
retracting lifelines.

FALL PROTECTION

BODY BELTS (Work Belt)

It is used to restrain a person in a hazardous work position and to reduce the probability of
fall.
In the event of a fall, the forces are concentrated in the abdomen. The possibility of
internal organ damage significantly increases. Body belts should only be used as a
personal positioning device and must not be used for fall arrest.

Inspection and Maintenance

• To maintain their service life and high performance, harnesses should be inspected frequently.
Inspect the harness thoroughly before each use. Regular inspection by a competent person for
wear, damage or corrosion should be a part of your safety program. Inspect daily and replace if
found in defective conditions.

Harness Inspection

1. Webbing Strap - grasp webbing with your hands 6 to 8 inches apart. Bend the webbing in an inverted
U. The surface tension resulting makes damaged fibers or cuts easier to see. Follow procedure for the
entire length of the webbing. Inspect both sides of each strap. Watch for frayed edges, broken fibers,
pulled stitches, cuts, burns, and chemical damage.

2. D-Rings – Check D-rings for distortion, cracks, breaks, and rough or sharp edges. The D-ring should
pivot freely. Check the attachment point of the D-ring to make sure it is secure.

3. Buckles – On tongue buckles check that the roller and tongue move freely, and that the tongue
overlaps the buckle frame. Check outer and center bars on friction and mating buckles for distortion.

4. Stitching – Check all stitching for ripped or pulled stitches and to make sure the webbing joints are
not loose.

5. Pads/Lanyards – Check all pads on harness for damage. Look for any cracks or excessive wear.
Check for corrosion of lanyard D-rings.
Maintenance & Care

CLEANING
1. Proper storage and maintenance after use are as important as cleansing the equipment of dirt,
corrosives, or contaminants. Storage areas should be clean, dry and free of exposure to fumes
or corrosive elements. Wipe off all surface dirt with a sponge dampened in plain water.
Squeeze the sponge dry.

2. Dip the sponge in a mild solution of water and commercial soap or detergent. Work up a thick
lather with a vigorous back and forth motion. Then wipe dry with a clean cloth. Hang freely to
dry, but away from excessive heat, steam, or long period of sunlight.

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Respiratory Protection
• Hazards
– Dust & Mist
– Vapors (Organic/Inorganic)
– Insufficient Oxygen Supply
– Gases
– Smoke
– Fumes
– Acids
– Temperature Extremes

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION:
1. Air Purifying Devices.
a. Removes contaminants from air as it is being breathed.
b. They can be used only in environment containing sufficient oxygen
to sustain life.
c. They must never be used where contaminant level exceed the respirators accepted
protection factor.

Types of Respiratory Protection

• Air Purifying Respirators

• Mechanical Filter Respirators
• Chemical Cartridge Respirators
• Gas Mask With Canister

Self Contained Breathing Apparatus

a. The wearer is independent of the surrounding atmosphere; therefore this kind of respiratory
protective equipment must be used in environments where contaminants are immediately
harmful to life.

b. This equipment is frequently used in mine rescue work and in fire fighting

Air Supplied Respirators

a. They deliver breathing air through a hose connected to the wearer’s facepiece.
b. The air source used is monitored frequently to make sure it does not become
contaminated, say carbon monoxide.
c. The air-line respirator can be used in atmosphere not immediately dangerous to life
or health

Types of Respiratory Protection

• Air Supplied Respirators

• Airline Respirator & EEBA
• SCBA (Industrial & Fire Fighting)

Types of Respiratory Protection

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 • Air Supplied Respirator (cont’d.)
• Sandblasting
• Hose Mask

Selection of Filters for Air Purifying Respirators

Filter Descriptions:
• N - Not resistant to oil

• R - Resistant to oil

• P - Oil-proof

→ Selection of filter efficiency (95%, 99% 0r 99.7% depends on how much filter leakage can
be accepted. Higher filter efficiency means lower filter leakage.

• If no oil particles are present in the work environment, use a filter of any series (N-,R-, or P-
series)

• If oil particles (lubricants, cutting fluids, glycerin) are present, use an R- or P- series filter. Note:
N- series filters cannot be used if oil particles are present.

• If oil particles are present and the filter is to be used for more than one work shift, use only a P-
series filter.

Respirator Fit Test

• Respirator fit tests are explained fully in the American National Standard For Respiratory
Protection, ANSI Z88.2, which is published by the American National Standards Institute.

• A qualitative or quantitative respirator fit test must be carried out for each wearer of the
respirator to determine the amount of protection it will provide.

Maintenance and Care

• The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) require that respirators be
regularly cleaned and disinfected. Respirators used by more than one worker should be
thoroughly cleaned and disinfected after each use. In some situations this can often be
accomplished by simply wiping the sealing area of the mask with respirator wipe. Do not use
alcohol or solvents to clean the mask. This will affect the integrity of the face piece, which
might go unnoticed. Solvents will damage the lens and lens coating.

• Disinfection:

• If required, the face piece can be disinfected and sterilized using household chlorine
bleach. A diluted solution of 25ml bleach in one gallon water is recommended by the
center disease control.

• Storage:

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 • All respirator protection products must be stored away from the contaminated
atmosphere. Cleaned and ready to use respirators can be stored in their original
packaging. Do not store facepiece, cartridge and filters in direct sunlight, high
temperatures, high humidity or any contaminated areas.

Hand Protection
Fingers and hands are exposed to cuts, scratches, bruises and burns. Although fingers are hard to
protect because they are needed for practically all work, they can be shielded from common injuries.

ARMS, HANDS, FINGERS

1. Heat-resistant gloves are used to protect against burns and is comfort when the hands are
exposed to sustained conductive heat.

2. Metal mesh gloves are used by those who work constantly with knives to protect them against cuts
and blows from sharp or rough objects.

3. Rubber gloves are worn by electricians. They must be tested regularly for dielectric strength.

4. Natural rubber provides flexibility and resistance to a wide variety of acids, caustics, salts,
detergents and alcohols.

5. Nitrile gloves are excellent general duty glove and they provide protection from a wide variety of
solvents, oils, petroleum products and some corrosives. Excellent resistance to cuts, snags, punctures
and abrasions.

6. Neoprene provides moderate abrasion resistance but good tensile strength and heat resistance.
Compatible with many acids, caustics and oils.

7. Vinyl gloves are particularly useful when petroleum products are handled.

8. Leather gloves are able to resist sparks, moderate heat, chips and rough objects. They provide
some cushioning against blows. They are generally used for heavy duty work. Chrome-tanned leather
or horsehide gloves are used by welders.

9. Chrome-tanned cowhide leather gloves with steel-stapled leather patches or steel staples on
palms and fingers are often used in foundries and steel mills.

10. Cotton fabric gloves are suitable for protection against dirt, slivers, chafing or abrasion. They are
not heavy enough to use in handling rough, sharp or heavy materials.

11. Heated gloves are designed for use in cold environments, such as deep freezers and can be
part of a heated-clothing system

Types of Gloves
• Heat Resistant (Aluminized, Kevlar)
• Cut Resistant (Kevlar, Leather, Metal Mesh)
• Lineman’s (Rubber)
• Working (Knitted Cotton, Leather, Combination Leather, Maong and Cotton)

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 • Welding (Leather)
• Chemical (Neoprene, Nitrile, Butyl, Vinyl, Latex)

Body Protection (Protective Clothing)

• Hazards
✓ Heat
✓ Splashes from hot metal
✓ Impacts
✓ Cuts
✓ Chemicals
✓ Radiation

Types of Body Protection (Protective Clothing)

• Vest (traffic, life)
• Jackets (welding, working, thermal)
• Aprons (chemical, working)
• Coveralls (chemical, working, thermal)
• Full-body Suits (fire, heat temperature)

PROTECTING EXTREMITIES

FEETS AND LEGS

About a quarter of a million disabling occupational foot injuries take place each year. These points to
the need for foot protection in most industries and the need for supervisors to see that their workers
wear this gear. All safety shoes have toes reinforced with a steel toe cap.

Types of Foot Protection

• Safety Shoes with Steel Toe and Midsole
• PVC Rubber Boots (chemical, working)
• Metal-free Shoes
• Gaiters or Leggings
• Fireman’s Boots
• Thermal (Cold) Boots
• Lineman’s Boots

PROTECTING EXTREMITIES

FEETS AND LEGS

WET WORK

Conditions in dairies and breweries, rubber boots and shoes, leather shoes with wood soles or wood-
soled sandals are effective.
Wood soles have been so commonly used by workers handling hot asphalt that they are sometimes
called “paver’s sandals”.

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FEET AND LEGS

All safety shoes have toes reinforced with a toe cap. The minimum requirements for safety toe shoes
for men are as follows:

Classification Compression Impact Foot Clearance

Pounds Pounds Inches
75 2,500 75 16/32
50 1,750 50 16/32
30 1,000 30 16/32

PROTECTING EXTREMITIES

FEETS AND LEGS

Safety shoes are selected on the basis of hazards involved and are properly fitted.
These safety shoes are classified according to hazards:
They are available for use where there are specific electrical hazards or fire and explosion hazards.

Protection Test of Safety Footwear

1. Impact-Resistance:
a). ANSI Z41: 2005
Class 1-75 ft-lbs, 1-50 ft-lbs, 1-30 ft-lbs
b). CE EN345-1
Class 200 Joules
2. Compression Test:
a). ANSI: Z41: 2005
Compressive Load: 1,136.4 kgf
b). CE EWN345-1
Compressive Load: 15,000 Newton’s
3. Electrical Resistance Test:
a). ANSI Z41: 2005
Test Voltage: 14,000V for one minute showing no leakage current in excess of 5.0 mA
b). CE EN345-1
Conductive maximum resistance: 100K

Types of Foot Protection

1. Must be regularly cleaned and treated with good proprietary cleaning products.
2. Do not use any caustic cleaning agents.
3. Always wear safety shoes dry, never wet.
4. Wear safety shoes in the correct working environment

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 Employer Responsibilities

Employer Responsibilities
Training
Your employer must also provide you with
training. Your training must include:

- When PPE is necessary;

- What PPE is necessary;
- How to properly use your PPE;
- How to care for your PPE; and
- How to store your PPE.

100

Employee Responsibilities
Listen and Follow Directions

Listen and follow the directions that you may

be given by your supervisor or safety
manager. They want you to return home
today, and everyday, safe and sound to your
family and friends.

102

Employee Responsibilities
Follow ALL Warnings and Precautions
Take time to read any and all warnings and
precautions that may appear on tools,
equipment, chemicals, MSDSs, and
personal protective equipment.

101

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PROGRAM TO INTRODUCE PPE:

1. Write a policy on usage of the PPE and communicate to the employees as needed.
2. Select the proper type of equipment.
3. Implement a thorough training program.
4. Make certain employees knew the correct usage and maintenance of the equipment.

TRAINING PROGRAM TO INCLUDE:

1. Describe what hazard and/or condition is in

the work environment.
2 Tell what has/can be/ cannot be done about it.
3. Explain why a certain type of PPE been selected.
4. Discuss the capabilities and limitations, re-PPE
5. Demonstrate how to use, adjust, or fit the PPE.
6. Practice using the PPE.
7. Explain company policy, its enforcement.
8. Discuss how to deal with emergency.
9. Discuss how to maintain the PPE.
EXPENSIVE VS. CHEAP PPE?

The rule to follow when specifying or buying safety equipment is to insist on the best and to deal only
with reputable firms.
Don’t take a chance on inferior items just because they may be less expensive.
PPE should conform to established standards.

PPE RESISTANCE

Expect resistance in implementing a PPE program:

Overcoming Objections.
One of the biggest problems that supervisors face is overcoming the objections of some workers who
have to wear such protective equipment.
Try to be objective and see the entire picture. Workers have common concern regarding PPE:
✓ Proper fit and comfort are important. No one wants to wear something if he does not
feel comfortable.
✓ Appearance should be considered.
✓ Workers will want to know how easily PPE can be cleaned and maintained.

Objections are overcome by using common sense, empathizing, and understanding basic principles
about protective equipment.

Expect resistance in implementing a PPE program:

Selling the need for PPE.

If people can be made to see the need for such protection, the job will be much easier. When looking
at PPE, picture the vulnerability to injuries of the human body.

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PPE RESISTANCE
Expect resistance in implementing a PPE program:
Cost of Equipment.
Companies differ in their policies on PPE. Some sell on a shared-cost basis with employees. Others
supply them free.
Bottom line remains the same; there is still no substitute for safety.

PROGRAM TO INTRODUCE PPE

✓ Write a policy on usage of the PPE and communicate to the employees as needed.
✓ Select the proper type of equipment.
✓ Implement a thorough PPE training program.
✓ Make certain employees know the correct usage and maintenance of the equipment.

Training Program for PPE’s

➢ Use
➢ Type
➢ Fit
➢ Limitations
➢ Maintenance
➢ Useful Life
➢ Disposal

TRAINING PROGRAM FOR PPE

Describe the hazard and / or condition in the work environment.
Tell what has been / can be / cannot be done about it.
Explain why a certain type of PPE was selected.
Discuss the capabilities and limitations of the PPE.
Demonstrate how to use, adjust and fit the PPE.
Practice using the PPE.
Explain company policy on its enforcement.
Discuss how to deal with emergency.
Discuss how to maintain the PPE.

Controlling Hazards
• PPE devices alone should not be relied on to provide protection against hazards, but should
be used in conjunction with guards, engineering controls, and sound work practices.
• Selection Note
• It is very important that end users be made aware of all warning labels for and limitations of
their PPE

Reassessment of hazards
It is the responsibility of the supervisor to reassess the workplace hazard situation as necessary, by
identifying and evaluating new equipment and processes, reviewing accident records, and re-evaluating
the suitability of previously selected PPE.

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XIV: DEMOLITION AND EXPLOSIVES
Demolition is complete or partial dismantling of a building or structure by pre-planned and controlled
methods or procedures

SAFE DEMOLITION REQUIRES ADEQUATE PLANNING

• Why Plan?
– Identify the hazards
– Meet Legislative Requirements
– Ensure Appropriate Equipment
– Ensure Safe Disposal of Materials
– Determine Appropriate Methods of Demolition
– Determine Cost of Demolition
• Key Areas for Planning
– Type of Construction
– Type of Structure (Ht., Use)
– State of Structure
– Structure Hazards
– Hazardous Substances
– Location of Services
– General Conditions of Adjoining Structures
– Access and Egress
– Suitability of Site for Equipment
• Demolition Technique
– Sequential – gradual reduction of height in reverse order to its construction
– Induced – key structural members are weakened or removed, causing the whole part
of the structure to collapse
• Methods of Demolition
✓ Manual – use of hand held tools
✓ Mechanical – use of heavy equipment, wires and chain, power shear, etc
✓ Explosives – use of explosives
• Work plan
– Technique and Method of Demolition
– Sequence of Work Operation
– Estimate of Time of Completion
– Equipment to be Used
– Proposed Access and Egress
– Public Protection
– Bracing and Shoring
– Disconnection of Services
– Methods of Handing/Disposal of Demolished Materials
– PPE Requirements
– Demolition Personnel and Supervisor

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 • Procedure
❑ Manual Demolition
✓ All utilities shut off
✓ All glasses removed
✓ Shoring or other measures implemented
✓ Protection of workers from fall
✓ Stairs to be demolished last
• Equipment
✓ Cranes
✓ Bulldozers
✓ Excavators
✓ Work Platform
✓ Wrecking Ball
• Hazards Associated with Demolition
– Falls
– Being Hit/Trapped/Crushed by Objects
– Manual Handling
– Hazardous Substances and Dangerous Goods
– Noise and Vibration
– Electric Shock
– Fires and Explosions
– Equipment damage
❑ Fall
– Falling through fragile roofing material
– Falling through openings
– Falling from open edges
– Falling out of elevating work platforms
– Failure of equipment
– Falling from roof or other elevated area
– Lift shafts
– Collapse of flooring
– Collapse of ground
– Tripping over debr

• Being Hit/Trapped/Crushed by Objects

– Falling debris (from service ducts and lift shafts)
– Accidental/uncontrolled collapse of a structure
– Use of equipment (crane lifting loads)
– Failure of structural members (load bearing steelwork)

• Manual Handling

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 – Using equipment
– Operating equipment
– Manual demolition
– Lifting material
– Clearing up
– Loading trucks/bins
• Hazardous Substances
– Lead
✓ lead based paint, tanks containing lead based petrol
– Asbestos
✓ sprayed coatings, insulation materials, fire resistant walls/partitions, cement
sheets, flooring materials
– PCBs
✓ Transformer oils

❑ Dangerous Goods
➢ Flammable liquids/vapors and sludge from industrial process and confined space

❑ Noise and Vibration

➢ Equipment
➢ Falling debris
➢ Explosives

❑ Electric Shocks
– Live wires from structures

❑ Fires and Explosions

– Flammable materials
– Welding or cutting
– Leaks of explosives gases from accident damage of pipes
– Arson especially when the site is unattended

❑ Equipment
– Electrocution
– Plant failure
– Dropping material
– Equipment striking persons
– Noise and Vibration
– Noise and vibration
– Flying particles
– Dust and other airborne hazards

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 – Falling objects onto operators
– Structural collapse of floors
– Welding and cutting hazards
– Falls
❑ Hierarchy of Control
– Elimination
– Substitution
– Isolation
– Engineering Control
– Administrative Control
– Personal Protective Equipment
❑ Elimination
– Disconnect service to the demolition site
– Ensure there are no sparks or ignition sources where there is risk of fire or explosion
– Ensure separation between the public and demolition activities

❑ Substitution
– Use power shears, in place of grinding or oxy-acetylene cutting, where there is a risk of
fire

❑ Isolation
– Install screens on equipment to protect from dust and noise
– Install barriers and fences
– Mark off hazardous areas

❑ Engineering Control
– Install safe working platforms (scaffolds and elevating work platforms)
– Install edge protection to open edges of landings, stairways and fixed platforms
– Use shoring and bracing to support loads
– Modify tools or equipment
– Provide guarding to machinery or equipment
– Provide shatterproof/guarded windscreens on equipment
– Install anchor points for fall arrest systems
– Spray water to suppress dust
– Use chutes for dropping debris

– Use cranes for lowering loads

– Install vehicle buffers where equipment is exposed to an open edge
– Provide flash arresters on gauges and hoses of welding equipment
❑ Administrative Control
– Limit the amount of time a person is exposed to a particular hazard

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 – Implement and document safe working procedures for all hazardous tasks
– Train and instruct all personnel
– Identify hazardous substances prior to work
– Implement procedures
– Implement safe procedures for handling hazardous substances
– Implement procedures
– For disconnecting service to the site
– Use lookouts at the site
– Implement confined space entry procedures
– Ensure all loads to be lifted are accurately calculated
❑ Personal Protective Equipment
✓ Safety Helmets
✓ Harnesses and lanyards
✓ Boots
✓ Gloves
✓ Respirators
✓ Hearing Protectors
❑ Storage
– All explosives must be accounted for
– Follow manufacturer’s instructions
– Detonators should be stored in a separate magazine
– Storage should be fire and bullet-resistant

❑ Proper Use
– Operation between Sunup & Sundown
– Precaution on the use of mobile radio transmitting equipment
– Suspension of operation during electrical storm

❑ Demolition
➢ Preparation
✓ Barricading of property (distance equal to 1 ½ times of height of structure)
✓ Protection of adjoining property
✓ Disconnect existing gas, electric and other service
✓ Removal of glass
Preparation for Operation

• Perform engineering survey

– Competent person
– Determine condition of framing, floors and walls
– Eliminate possibility of unplanned collapse
• Structures damaged by fire, flood, explosion, etc.

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 – Walls and floors shall be shored or braced
• Shut off, cap or control all
– Electric
– Gas
– Steam
– Sewer
• Always notify utility company in advance!!
• If needed for operation, temporarily relocate and protect them.
• Determine if any hazardous chemicals, gases, explosives have been used in pipes or
tanks.

• Test and purge prior to beginning demolition

• Remove glass if there is a chance of fragmentation!
• Start at top and work down!
• Employee entrances
– Sidewalk shed or canopy
– 8 feet out from building
– 2 feet wider than entrance
• Sustain a load of 150 pounds per square foot
• Protect wall openings to 42 inches

• Cover all unused floor openings

• Not using chutes?
– Protect area debris is dumped into
– 42 inches high
– At least 6 feet from edge
– Use warning signs at each level
Stairs, Passageways & Ladders
• Entirely close off unused access
• Periodically inspected
• Maintained in a clean and safe condition
• Properly illumin
Chutes
• Do not drop material outside exterior walls without protection!
• Chutes shall be
– Entirely enclosed
– No openings higher than 48 inches
– Openings below top floor must be kept closed when not in use

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 • Fall protection- substantial guardrail at 42 inches
• No spaces between openings in floor and edge of chute
• Substantial strength to prevent failure of chute
• Mechanical equipment or wheelbarrows require a toe board!

Removing Material Through Floor Openings

• No larger than 25% of floor area
• Weakened floors shall be shored to carry demolition load

Masonry, Wall and Chimney Removal

• Prevent from falling on building floors in amounts that exceed the safe carrying capacities of
the floor.
• Employees can not work on top of walls when weather conditions create a hazard
• Prevent from falling on building floors in amounts that exceed the safe carrying capacities of
the floor.
• Employees can not work on top of walls when weather conditions create a hazard
• Walls shall be left in stable condition at the end of each shift
• Wall sections higher than one story require lateral bracing
• Floor openings within 10 feet of wall shall be planked solid OR keep workers out of area
• Walkways or ladders shall be provided to enable employees to reach any scaffold or wall

Manual Removal of Floors

• Safe walkways must be provided
– At least 18 inches wide
– Formed of wood 2 inches thick
– Planks laid together over solid bearings
– Overlap ends at least one foot

Equipment Removal of Walls and Floors

• Be sure the floor can hold the equipment!

• Floor openings must have curbs or stop-logs to prevent rapid descent of equipment!!
• Equipment must comply with OSHA’s subpart N and O
– (Cranes, Derricks) (Motorized and Mechanical Equipment)

Storage

• Do not exceed allowable floor loads

• Do not allow falling material to endanger stability of structure
• Leave support beams in place!

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 • Block off storage area where material is being dropped whenever material is not being
physically removed.

Mechanical Demolition

• Keep workers out when balling or clamming operations commence!

• Wrecking balls may not exceed 50% of the cranes rated load
• Maximum angle of wrecking ball operations shall not exceed 25% of the nominal breaking
strength of the line
• Ball must be attached with a swivel-type connection
• Cut all steel members prior to pulling over walls
• Ornamental stonework and cornices shall be removed prior to pulling walls over
• Competent person must continuously inspect to detect hazards.
• Using explosives- use subpart U
• (Blasting and the Use of Explosives)

Safety Strikeout!

• An American company and a Japanese company once had a boat race.

Blasting and Explosives

General

• Handlers must be Authorized AND Qualified

• No smoking, matches, open flames, firearms or sparks!
• Cannot handle when under influence of liquor, narcotics or dangerous drugs
• Full accountability of explosives is required!
• Do not abandon explosives or blasting agents
• In case of fire, do not fight the fire, evacuate to a safe distance!
• Perform operations between sunup and sundown
• Use warning signs such as flags, barricades, visual and audible warning signs
• Damaged and deteriorated blasting supplies shall not be used

• Fiber boxes and packing material shall be burned in an appropriate burning area, not reused!
• Delivery shall be to and by authorized persons in approved areas
• Loading and firing shall be supervised by a competent person
• Blasting near overhead lines must be coordinated with their owners
• Blasting shall be fired electrically whenever possible

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 ❑ Explosives
– By Competent Person
❑ Precautions from:
– Smokes, matches & open flames
– Radio Frequency for Electrical Detonator
❑ Transport of Explosives
– Vehicles shall have tight floors covered w/ wood
– Explosives and Blasting implements shall not be transported with other materials
Blasting Caps

• Suspend operations during electrical storms

• Post signs too turn off radios 1,000 feet away
• Turn off and lock mobile radio transmitters which are less than 100 feet away

Blaster Qualifications

• Must be able to give and understand written and oral orders

• Must be qualified
– Training
– Knowledge
– Experience
• Knowledgeable in each type of blasting method used

Transporting Explosives

• Drivers must be physically fit and know transport regulations

• No smoking or carrying matches
• Don’t mix explosive and other cargo
• Vehicles must be in good condition
• Mark the vehicle with a sign reading “Explosives” in red letters
• No motor vehicle carrying explosives shall be left unattended

Underground Transportation

• Do not leave in transit explosives unattended

• Powder cars shall be pulled not pushed
• Trucks used underground require weekly electrical check
• Auxiliary lights hooked to electrical system on trucks is prohibited
• Hoist operators must be notified of the cargo
• Explosives only lifted in a powder car, no other materials in the car

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 • Powder car is specially constructed and marked with “Explosives” in four inch letters
• No person in the shaft while explosives are being carried

Loading of Explosives

• Establish procedures before loading is started

• Holes must freely admit the explosives
• Only tamp with wood or plastic
• No drilling until all holes are checked for unexploded charges
• No explosives shall be left unattended!
• Equipment shall not be operated within 50 feet of loaded holes
• Warning signs must be maintained at all approaches
• Blaster must keep an accurate, up to date record of explosives

Electric Blasting

• Do not use electric blasting caps around extraneous electricity!!

• Blaster must survey for extraneous electrical currents
• Caps must be of same style/function and manufacturer
• Connecting wires must be insulated single solid wire
• Insulation shall be adequate and in good condition
• Power circuit shall NOT be grounded
• Blasting machines shall be tested periodically
• Blaster is in charge of blasting machines, no one else may connect the wires!
• Immediately after firing- disconnect the wires!

Safety Fuse

• Use of hammered or injured fuse is forbidden

• Do not hang fuse on nails which may bend them
• Do not carry primers or detonators on the person
• No more than 12 fuses lit at a time
• No less than 30 inches of safety fuse
• “Drop fuse” technique is prohibited
• Always have sufficient time to get to safety

Detonation Cord

• Detonation cord is an explosive!

• Avoid damaging cord
• No loops, sharp kinks or angles

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 • Inspect all connections before firing
• Ready the blast…. THEN bring out the detonators
Firing the blast

• Station flagmen as needed

• The blaster shall determine the firing time
• Give a warning signal

Firing the blast- warning signals

• WARNING - A 1 minute series of blasts given 5 minutes prior to blast

• BLAST - A series of short blasts 1 minute prior to the blast
• ALL CLEAR- A prolonged blast following the inspection of blast area

❑ After Blasting
– Disconnect fining from blasting machine
– Allows dust and smoke to subside
– Inspect if all charges have been exploded

Inspection after Blasting

• After firing- immediately disconnect

• Allow 15 minutes in tunnels for smoke and fumes to dissipate
• Inspect to verify that all charges have been exploded

Misfires!!

• Get all employees out of danger zone

• Do not attempt to extract explosives
• Insert new primer- attempt to re-blast
• If re-firing is a hazard- remove explosive by washing out with water

Misfire- Cap & Fuse

• Stay clear of charge for one hour

• Only handle under the direction of the person in charge of blasting
• Search for unexploded munitions
• Trace all wires

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XV: CONSTRUCTION SITE SAFETY INSPECTION
Course Goal:

This course is designed to provide employees with the knowledge and skills needed:
+ for conducting safety audits / inspections ,
+ providing feedback,
+ for tracking results, and
+ for implementing corrective actions to maintain an injury-free workplace.

Construction Site SAFETY INSPECTION

• The most important step in identifying and eliminating hazards in the workplace is through
creating a systematic Safety Inspection.
• Safety inspections can reveal hazards and following through the necessary corrective actions,
will result in a safer workplace.

Safety Audit/Inspection

Definitions

Audit is a regular & critical examination of records & management performance

to program standards.

Inspection is the careful examination of man, machine, material and the mother nature (4M’s), the
close & critical scrutiny for comparison with standards.

Why do we conduct safety inspections?

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Workplace Inspection
• The workplace inspection addresses the work process and primarily considers aspects of the
work activity and how they compare with a set of predetermined standards.
• Workplace inspections must look at the relationships between the people, the equipment and
the procedures in determining if standards are being met and maintained.

Reasons for Workplace Inspections

• Identification of hazards.
• Assess the potential losses from these hazards.
• Select control measures designed to eliminate or reduce the hazards to an acceptable level.
• Monitor the effectiveness of control measures.
• Review compliance with established standards.

Importance of Safety Inspection

• Inspection is one of the principal means of locating potential causes of accidents and help in
determining what safeguards are necessary to correct hazardous conditions & acts that will
prevent the occurrence of accidents and personal injuries.
• Safety inspection promotes better public and employee relations.
• Safety inspection can be valuable in pointing out areas, operations, or methods which require
emphasis in supervisor or employee training.
• Safety inspections help sell the safety program to employees. Also, regular plant inspections
encourage individual employees inspect their immediate work areas.

The Workplace Inspection Team

• Members of the health and safety committee
• Supervisors and managers
• Safety staff or first aid people
• Government and workers representatives

Inspecting for Unsafe Conditions

• Provides a system of recognizing & correcting hazardous conditions quickly.
• Demonstrates management commitment to protecting employees and the environment.
• Provides an opportunity to involve employees in a health, safety & environmental activity.
• Helps management & employees maintain compliance with standards.

HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
• Biophysical hazards - those that affect the quality of the general work environment.
• Mechanical hazards - those associated with the operation of machinery.
• Electrical hazards - those associated with electrical circuits & components.
• Chemical hazards - those related to the storage, transfer, production or use of chemicals.

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 HAZARDOUS CONDITION

POINTS OF HUMAN
HOUSEKEEPING OPERATION WIRING CONTACT

- INJURY
POWER - ILLNESS
GROUNDING /
NOISE TRANSMISSION
BINDING
POINTS PROPERTY
DAMAGE
IN-RUNNING POWER
LIGHTING NIP POINTS PANELS FIRE
EXPLOSION

SPECIAL SHEAR OUTLETS / ENVIRONMENTAL

HAZARDS POINTS SWITCHES CONTAMINATION

- AIR
OTHER
- GROUND
MOVING PARTS
- WATER

What to Look for During Inspections

• Guarding and Protection Devices
• Structural Defects and Hazardous Conditions
• Functional Defects
• Work environment
• Material Storage and Personnel Exposure
• Practice and Procedures

Guarding and Protection Devices

• Missing or inadequate guards
• Lack of support, bracing or shoring.
• Faulty support or bracing
• Missing or faulty warning or signal device.
• Missing or faulty automatic control device.

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 • Missing or faulty safety device.

Functional Defects
• Susceptibility to breakage, collapse, etc.
• Susceptibility to tripping, falling, etc.
• Susceptibility to rolling, sliding, slipping, etc.
• Leakage of gases, fumes or fluids.
• Excessive heat, noise, vibration, fumes, sparking, etc.
• Failure to operate.
• Erratic, unpredictable performance.
• Lack of adequate electrical grounding.
• Operation that is too fast or too slow.
• Low voltage leaks.
• Signs of excessively high or low pressure.
• Throwing off of parts, particles, materials, etc.
• Indication of need for special attention.

Work Environment
• Noxious fumes or gases.
• Flammable or explosive fumes or gases.
• Insufficient illumination.
• Excessive glare from light source
• Hazardous dusts or atmospheric particles.
• Hazardous or uncomfortable temperature condition
• Excessive noise.

Material Storage and Personnel Exposure

• Unsafe storage that permits easy contact by persons with equipment.
• Unsafe exposure to heat, moisture, vibration, flame, sparks, chemical action, electric current,
etc.
• Congestion of traffic or working space.
• Unsafe attachment of object to agent.
• Unsafe placement of objects in agent.
• Unsafe distribution of objects around agent.
• Protruding objects.
• Use of unsafe storage containers.
• Faulty ventilation of stored materials.
• Unsafe traffic layout.
• Poor housekeeping.

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 • Improperly secured against sudden movement such as falling, slipping, rolling, tipping, sliding,
etc.

Practice and Procedures

• Correct use of plant, tools and equipment.
• Safety rules and safe operating procedures being followed.
• Correct use and maintenance of personal protective equipment.
• Relevant information available on hazardous materials.
• Employees aware of the need to report hazards.
• All workplace hazards clearly defined in written procedures.
• Employees provided with proper training for the job.

Structural Defects and Hazardous Conditions

• Sharp edges, jagged, splintery, etc., conditions.
• Worn, frayed, cracked, broken, etc., conditions.
• Slippery conditions (for gripping or walking).
• Dull, irregular, mutilated, etc., conditions.
• Uneven, rough, poked, or with holes.
• Decomposed or contaminated conditions.
• Flammable or explosive characteristics.
• Poisonous characteristics (by swallowing, breathing, or contacting).
• Corroded or eroded conditions.

Requisites for inspection:

• Sound knowledge of the plant / area – an inspector should be familiar with every corner and
nook of the place he will be inspecting. Knowledge of relevant standards, regulations and
codes –the inspector must have sound knowledge of relevant standards, regulations and
codes, be it of the government or of the company.
• Knowledge of systematic inspection steps – in order for the inspector to come up with
accurate findings of his inspection, he should be systematic with his rounds. Incomplete
inspection would mean leaving some areas or some points unnoticed and uncovered. This will
also give unfair and imbalanced results of inspection.
• Knowledge of a method for reporting, evaluating and using the data – the inspector
should always bear in mind that the product of his inspection is highly important. Inspection
results may not only for the supervisors guidance and the management compliance of
government regulations, but can sometimes be used for legal cases and court settlements.
The inspectors’ method of reporting and data evaluation, may bring destruction to the company
or to the accident victim, when not done properly.

Plan by being qualified

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Recommended safety courses:
+ HAZCOM
+ Basic Electrical Safety
+ Advanced Electrical Safety
+ Ergonomics
+ Office Safety.
+ Constructive Confrontation.
+ Control of Hazardous Energies.
+ Advanced Chemical Safety

Classification of Inspections
• Planned and
• unplanned inspections

2 TYPES OF PLANNED INSPECTION

➢ General Inspection
➢ Critical Part Inspection

Types of Inspection

• General inspections relate to checks on matters such as housekeeping, chemical use,

handling techniques, use of personal protective equipment, machine guarding and noise
exposure. General inspections tend to cast a wide net and require careful attention in defining
the scope of the inspection for the results of the inspection to be meaningful.
• Critical inspections are more specific and often of a more technical nature than general
inspections. A critical inspection would be used to check cranes, lifting devices, electrical
systems, noise levels from a particular source(s), explosives handling, chemical storage,
lighting levels around walkways and a wide range of other factors that have a direct influence
on the employees safety.

INSPECTION CHECKLISTS

• The checklist is a widely used instrument and is ideal as a starting point in workplace
inspections.
• The important criteria when using checklists is that they must be flexible enough to allow items
that are not listed on the check sheet to be considered.
• Checklists are only a guide to assist in the process of inspections; they must not set the
agenda, but rather be part of it.

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 • The checklist is beneficial in providing a means of measuring performance against a
predetermined standard. In order to achieve some reliability, there must be consistency.

Advantages of Using Safety Inspection Checklists

• Prevent overlooking hazards during an inspection.
• Ensure consistency of every inspection.
• Allow different people to conduct equally thorough inspections.
• Provide written documentation that an inspection was done and which hazards were
discovered.

We call these … CHECKLISTS

Creating Checklists:

1. Write down every potential hazard within the category that you know exists in your work area

2. Check the written sources you have available to add any hazards that you did not think of.

3. Examine the work area itself to see if you overlooked any conditions that need to be checked,
and note the locations of the hazards already listed.

4. Have employees review your list to make sure you have included all the hazards and identified
the locations of each one

Written records:

• Previous inspection reports

• JHA
• Maintenance records
• MSDS
• Accident investigation reports
• Work environment monitoring
A sketch or layout allows you to distinguish between
 similar pieces of equipment
 similar safety devices
 other checklist items

Scheduling

1. Determine how much time is required for each type of inspection

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 2. Inspect as often as possible.
• Daily
• Weekly
• Bi-weekly
• Monthly
3. Make sure each inspection is thorough
4. If conditions do not improve, or if hazards occur between inspections, increase the frequency.
5. If no hazardous conditions are found, do not decrease the frequency of inspections.
6. Stick to the schedule

Involving Employees

• Increases total manpower

• Increases the chance that the hazards are corrected quickly
• Increases the amount of attention to SHE conditions in the area
Conducting the Inspection
• Stay on the task
• Take notes – Fill Up your checklist
• Complete and specific remarks
• Make your inspection efforts useful in the future as a health and safety resource

Recommending Corrective Actions

• Aimed toward reducing or eliminating the hazard
• Priority-based

Hazard Classification

Class “A” Hazard - A condition or practice with the potential for permanent disability, loss of life or
body part, and/or extensive loss of structure, equipment or material.

Example 1 - barrier guard missing on a large press brake for metal shearing operation.
Example 2 - maintenance worker observed servicing large sump pump in unventilated deep pit with
gasoline motor running

Class “B” Hazard - A condition or practice with the potential of serious injury or illness (resulting in
temporary disability) or property damage that is disruptive, but less severe than Class “A”.

Example 1 - Slippery oil condition observed in main aisle way.

Example 2 -Broken treads at bottom of office stairs.

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Class “C” Hazard - A condition or practice with the potential for minor (non-disabling) injury or illness
or non-disruptive property damage.
Example 1 -Carpenter observed handling rough lumber without gloves.
Example 2 -Strong rancid odor from cutting oil circulating in bed of large lathe.

Steps for Conducting an Audit:

Ê Observe the area, the people and their activities.
Ë Interview employees; make audit interactive.
Ì Complete the Checklist forms.
Í Complete the follow-up procedures.

For Safe Acts and Conditions:

+ Praise the safe acts and conditions you observed and compliment the employee. Give personal
praise and thanks.
+ Engage the employee in a conversation about the job and its safety aspects, including any
safety concerns.
+ Be specific; consistent, match recognition to the accomplishment.
+ Listen to reactions.
+ Thank or reward the employee for his/her commitment to working safely.
+ Personalize the feedback

For Unsafe Conditions:

+ Ask questions to explore or clarify what you observe.
+ Discuss the possible consequences of the unsafe condition.
+ Identify safer ways to improve or repair the condition.
+ Call Action Line to have it fixed immediately.

For Unsafe Acts:

+ When it is safe to do so, stop the work immediately. Give it one-on-one.
+ Identify the observed at-risk behavior(s)
+ Ask questions to explore or clarify what you have observed.
+ Discuss the possible consequences, express concern for individual welfare.
+ Identify safe behavior. Help the observe identify a new method or solution. Offer suggestions,
if needed, and get agreement.

Review the form for your site or area and record:

+ The date, time, area observed, and the participants.
+ Safe acts, unsafe acts, and conditions observed.
+ Corrective actions required, owners, and estimated completion dates.
+ A tally of observations and deviations from the expected.

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THE INSPECTION REPORT
 Write clearly or, when possible, have the report type written.
 Coding of item is of benefit.
 Additional contacts frequently help.
 Simply follow-up reports.
 File report properly.
Keys to effective inspection
• Create checklists
• Schedule inspections
• Focus on one hazard at a time
• Modify checklists as needed
• Follow-up corrective actions
• Communicate & Involve Employees
• Acknowledge participation

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 C O S H – CONSTRUCTION TRAINING
DAY 4

XVI. SITE VISIT

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XVII. PRESENTATION OF INSPECTION RESULTS

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XVIII: JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION
❑ Every workingman has a right to know every possible hazard that exists or may exist in his
workplace. Thus, a need for means of identifying and controlling this.
– One of the most available tools that can really help is a Job Hazard Analysis (JHA).
– The process of determining the hazards associated with a job is commonly referred to
as job safety analysis. But considering the association of all the hazards with a job,
the risks they present not only to one’s safety, but also to one’s health and to the
environment as well, JHA is the more appropriate term.

Job Hazards Analysis

The breaking down into its component parts of any method or procedure to determine the hazards
connected with each key step and the requirements for performing it safely.
• Job means “task”
• (Changing a tire not auto mechanic)
• “key” steps
• too detailed becomes cumbersome
• not enough detail becomes useless
• Elements of a JHA
– Identifying the basic steps
– Determining any existing or potential hazards associated with each step
– recommending control measures for the identified or potential hazards.
• Basic Steps in Preparing a JHA
– Selecting a JHA Team
– Establishing JHA Priorities
– Performing a JHA
Selecting a JHA Team
Doing a task of JHA requires a team of people with expertise in this thing.
– They must have the technical know how and the experience in this job.
• Generally, this team should include the supervisor,
• the employee most familiar with how the job is done usually the operator,
• other employees who perform the job or relievers,
• and experts or specialists when necessary such as maintenance personnel,
ergonomists, design engineers, or industrial hygienists.
Establishing JHA Priorities

Any kind of job needs to be analyzed. Its simplicity or complexity is not sufficient to determine the risk it
may present to the worker. In most cases the priorities are based on the following criteria:
– Jobs with a high frequency of accidents or near misses

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 – Jobs that have a history of serious accidents or fatalities
– Severity Potential - jobs that have the potential for causing serious injury or harm
– New Jobs - Whenever a new job is introduced in your area..
– Priority should also be given to jobs that have undergone a change in procedure,
equipment or materials and jobs whose operation have been affected by new
regulation or standards.

Performing a JHA

JHA is a Three Step Process

1. list the basic steps necessary to perform the job from start to finish
2. identify any existing or potential hazard associated with each job step
3. develop recommendations for ways to eliminate or control each hazard
The form should be completed one column at a time. In other words, all of the basic job
– Steps should be listed before moving to the second column.
– List all potential or existing hazards identified before listing recommended solutions in
the third column.
Note: Concentrating on one column at a time helps ensure that the information in each column is
accurate and complete.

Identifying Basic Job Steps

✓ The best way to begin a JHA is giving a general discussion of how the job is performed.
• Once the team has the general familiarity with the operation, they are ready
with identifying the basic steps.
• The most effective way to do this is to watch an operator performs the entire
job. Then, as the operator performs, the individual steps are noted.
• The job steps should always be numbered to indicate order in which they
are performed.
✓ Two of the most common errors made during this stage are:
– describing the job in too much detail
– describing the job in too little detail
✓ Describing job steps in terms of what they are suppose to accomplish provides maximum
opportunity to explore alternative ways of performing the job in a safe, healthier manner.

Break job down into key steps

AVOID!!

• making the breakdown so detailed That an unnecessarily large number of steps results
• making the job breakdown so general that basic steps are not recorded

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Key Steps TOO MUCH Changing a Flat Tire

• Pull off road

• Put car in “park”
• Set brake
• Activate emergency flashers
• Open door
• Get out of car
• Walk to trunk
• Put key in lock
• Open trunk
• Remove jack
• Remove Spare tire

Key Steps NOT ENOUGH

Changing a Flat Tire

• Park car
• take off flat tire
• put on spare tire
• drive away
Determining Existing and Potential Hazards

❑ Beginning with the first job step, the team needs to identify all of the existing or potential
actions or conditions that could lead to the injury or illness, or harm to the environment.
❑ Each job step must be carefully examined for any hazardous behaviors or conditions that might
occur during the normal performance of that step.
❑ Since job steps are often a series of related actions and movements, it is sometimes difficult to
identify all of the associated hazards.
A technique to make sure that each step is examined thoroughly is to consider
four factors: 1. physical actions, 2. materials, 3. equipment, 4. conditions.
❑ Many jobs require the operator to perform a specific physical activity that, if done incorrectly,
can result in an injury or illness.
❑ Other jobs that present the possibility of injury or illness include those that require the operator
to work in an awkward or unstable body positions or use excessive force.
❑ Whenever materials are considered, hazardous chemicals or toxic substances are surely
involved in a job step, presenting the possibility of injury, illness, or environment harm.
❑ Sometimes, the equipment used during a particular job step can expose employees to
mechanical hazards such as nip-points, shear points or other hazards associated with
unguarded moving parts.

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 ❑ The JHA team should examine the job steps for ways, employees might possibly caught in, or
by any part of the equipment, and to see if any electrical or other energy source hazards are
present that post a risk.
❑ The JHA team also needs to consider whether there are any environmental conditions that
could threaten an employee’s health or safety. These could include poor housekeeping; too
much or too little light; hazardous noise levels; exposure to extreme temperature; and adverse
weather.
❑ carry the process of identifying a step further by asking some “what ifs” questions.
❑ “What if “questions allow the team to anticipate hazardous situations that might occur
in normal operating conditions or if a job step is performed incorrectly or out of
sequence.
❑ For example, the team might want to ask questions such as:
❑ what happens if the operator tried to save time by skipping a job step or bypassing a
safety device?
❑ what if the wrong size or type of material is used

Recommending Corrective Measures

❑ The third phase of a JHA process involves recommending ways to eliminate, or control the
hazards associated with each of the job steps.
✓ It is always best to work through possible solutions at a job site. This allows the
JHA team to check the feasibility of changes as they proposed, in order to avoid
making recommendations that will not work or that may interfere with other jobs.
✓ For the existing hazards, the JHA team needs to make certain that each
recommendation adequately explains what corrective measures is supposed to be
carried out.
✓ For potential hazards, proactive recommendations must also be developed.
✓ Preventive measures should be specified.

Corrective Actions May Be:

✓ It may be possible to substitute a less hazardous material.

✓ When equipment hazard exists, recommendations for corrective measures can include
engineering control such as isolation or the use of machine guarding.
✓ For work area conditions, recommendation may include housekeeping procedures and
engineering control measures.
✓ For all types of hazards associated in a job, administrative control measure may be applied if
engineering control is not feasible.

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 ✓ And for those extreme cases where it can no longer be controlled, the least that can be
recommended is the use of PPE to at least reduce the exposure of the worker to the hazard
present.

Use of Job Hazard Analysis

The information obtained from a JHA can be used in several ways.

✓ It can be an excellent foundation for creating or improving the standard
operating procedures for a job.
✓ It can also be used as a guide during performance evaluation of employees.
✓ JHA can also be a basis in identifying hazardous conditions that may need to
be included in inspection checklists.
✓ In an event of an accident, a JHA can provide a valuable investigation tool.

A JHA allows one to focus on especially hazardous steps to ensure that the employee is
performing according to SOP.

Other Values of JHA:

Completed JHA are especially

✓ useful for training employees to ensure that they are aware of any hazards that may be
present and know how to protect themselves from getting hurt.
✓ It allows the employees in developing a system of preventing accidents.
✓ create a culture among the workforce towards Zero Accident / injury free environment
Job Hazard Plan
Project Name: ______________ Start Date: _______________ Finish Date: __________

Steps To Take To Complete Hazards Required Actions To Eliminate Or

Task (Mga Panganib) Control The Hazards
(Mga Hakbang Upang Makompleto ang (Mga Action Upnag Maalis o Makontrol ang
Gawain Panganib)

Key Job Steps JUST RIGHT

Changing a Flat tire 21

• Park car, set brake

• remove jack & tire from trunk

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 • loosen log nuts
• jack up car
• remove tire
• set new tire
• jack down car
• tighten lug nuts
• store tire & jack

Hazards

• Parking Car
– Struck by Traffic
• Removing tire & jack
– Back Strain
– bang head on trunk
• Loosen lug nuts
– back/arm strain
– slip & fall
• Jacking up car
– car could fall off jack
• Setting new tire
– fingers pinched
– back strain
• Tighten nuts
– back strain
– slip & fall

Work Observation
• Select experienced worker(s) who will cooperate and participate in the JHA process.
• Explain purpose of JHA
• Observe the employee perform the job and write down basic steps
• Completely describe each step
• Note deviations (Very Important!)

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 Job Hazards Analysis

KEY STEP

HAZARD HAZARD

PROTECTION PROTECTION PROTECTION

Identify Hazards & Potential Accidents

• Search for Hazards
• Produced by Work
• Produced by Environment
• Repeat job observation as many times as necessary to identify all hazards
Develop Solutions
• Find a new way to do job
• Change physical conditions that create hazards
• Change the work procedure
• Reduce frequency
New way to do job
• Determine the work goal of the job, and then analyze the various ways of reaching this goal to
see which way is safest.
• Consider work saving tools and equipment.
Change in physical conditions
• Tools, materials, equipment layout or location
• Study change carefully for other benefits (costs, time savings)
Change in work procedures
• should the worker do to eliminate the hazard
• How should it be done?
• Document changes in detail
Reduce frequency
• What can be done to reduce the frequency of the job??
• Identify parts that cause frequent repairs - change

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 • Reduce vibration save machine parts
What effects??
• A job that has been redesigned may affect other jobs or work processes.
• Check or reobserve the new process once it has been redesigned
IMPLEMENTING THE JHA
• REQUIREMENTS WHILE WORKING YOUR JHA
– Employees conduct work according to the established sequential order spelled out in
their JHA
– Employees remain aware of hazards identified in their JHA
– Employees implement mitigating steps identified in their JHA
– Re-perform JHA if conditions change enough to where
• continuing to work presents an unsafe condition not planned for
• prior plan cannot be fully followed and adhered to
• or if deviation from plan is necessary

Remember:
If it cannot be done safely, don’t do it at all

XIX: ACCIDENT / INJURY INVESTIGATION

Overview
 Purpose of Investigation
 Managing the Accident Scene
 Steps in Conducting Investigation

Investigations are conducted to:

1 Prevent recurrence
1 Comply with policies and regulatory requirements
1 Improve supervisory management approach
1 Maintain employee awareness

ACCIDENT
An undesired event that results in harm to people, damage to property, or loss to process

ILO Accident Report

• Accidents - 250 M/year or 685 T/day or 475/minute or 8/second
• Working children - 12 M (recorded), 12,000 are fatal

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 • Working Adults - 3,000/day = 2/min.

Types of Accident
1. Personal injury or illness
2. Property damage
3. Combination of items 1 & 2
4. Near-miss (actually an incident)

Accidents are the result of:

M Unsafe Acts
M Unsafe Conditions
…. Which came first?

UNSAFE ACTS

Behaviors which could permit the occurrence of an accident or incident

Deviation from standard procedures or practices
Circumstances which could permit the occurrence of an accident or incident
Deviation from standard conditions (equipment, materials, or environment)

Prevention is the reason for conducting an Accident Investigation

Unless the unsafe acts/conditions are:

t Identified and
t Eliminated or controlled similar mishaps will occur
All accidents must be investigated:
â LTI
â Non-LTI
â Near Miss
â Chemical Spill
â Property Damage
â Fire and Explosion

Accident Investigations are usually considered a Supervisor’s responsibility !!!

Advantages of Supervisors over other investigators:

ä More familiar with the people involved
ä Better understanding of the operations
ä Personal interest in investigations

Team Effort

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All employees should understand:
Û What to report
Û How to report

What to Report
â LTI
â Non-LTI
â Near Misses
â Property Damage
â Chemical Spill
â Fire or Explosion

Whom to Report to:

9 Medical
9 Safety
9 Environmental Control
9 Management

Managing the Accident Scene

Two Priorities:
M Care & treatment of the injured
M Elimination or control of remaining hazards

Care & Treatment of Injured

Supervisors can increase their ability to respond to Medical Emergencies by:

+ Training in First Aid

+ Drills under normal and abnormal conditions
+ Liaison with hospitals

Controlling Remaining Hazards

If a hazardous environment or toxic materials exist:

â Notify necessary personnel
â Provide PPE to potentially exposed
â Refer to MSDS

Isolate the site

é To protect people from further injury
é To preserve evidence and valuable clues

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Successful investigation is done...
 Immediately
 Completely
 Thoroughly

Investigate immediately, because:

L Operations are disrupted
L Memories fade
L Employees are at risk

Conducting the Investigation

 Gather information
 Analyze the facts
 Make recommendations

ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

Guidelines:
1. Investigate immediately
2. Ensure immediate treatment
3. Secure the area
4. Record details of event (photo, sketch, etc.)
5. Collect physical evidence
6. Review other sources (victim’s record, friends, etc.)
7. Interview witnesses (5Ws + 1H)
8. Write causal factors (man, machine, material, method)
9. Make recommendations (effective/reliable results)

Gathering Information

Preliminary Facts:
❖ NOI, POI, DOI, TOI
❖ personnel involved
❖ property damage
❖ environmental harm

THE EIGHT KEY FACTS OF ACCIDENT

1. The investigation should identify certain facts about each injury and accident that produced it.
2. Record these facts using the DOLE/BWC/OHSD/IP-6

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 3. For complete recording of an injury, each key fact should be selected.
4. An accident investigation is not complete until a report is prepared and submitted to proper
authorities.

THE EIGHT KEY FACTS OF ACCIDENT

1. Nature of Injury
2. Part of the Body
3. Source of Injury
4. Accident Type
5. Unsafe Condition
6. Agency of Accident
7. Agency of Accident Part
8. Unsafe Act

THE EIGHT KEY FACTS OF ACCIDENT

1. NATURE OF INJURY- The type of physical injury incurred.
Foreign Body in the Eye, Strain & Sprain, Amputation, Cut, Laceration,
Avulsion, Fracture, Puncture wounds, Abrasions, Burns (Hot, Cold,
Chemical, Scald) Electric Shock, Electrocuted, Hernia, Dermatitis,
Contusions, Suffocation, Drowning.
2. PART OF THE BODY – the part of the injured person’s body directly affected by
the injury.
a. Head and Neck: Scalp, Eyes, Ears, Skull, Face, Nape.
b. Upper Extremities: Shoulder, Upper Arm, Elbow, Forearm, Wrist, Hand, Fingers & Thumbs.
c. Torso: Back Muscles, Chest, Abdomen, Groin.
d. Lower Extremities: Hips, Buttocks, Thigh, Legs, Knee, Ankle, Feet, Toes.
3. SOURCE OF INJURY – the object, substance, exposure, or bodily motion
which directly produced or inflicted the injury.
4. ACCIDENT TYPE – the event which directly resulted in the injury.
a. Fall on Same Level
b. Fall to Below
c. Struck By
d. Contact with a source of energy beyond the threshold limit of the body or
Structure.
e. Overexertion
5. UNSAFE CONDITIONS- the physical condition or circumstance which
permitted the occurrence of the accident.
a. Improperly guarded equipment/materials.
b. Defective equipment/materials.
c. Hazardous arrangement/procedures.
d. Improper Loading.

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 e. Unsafe dress or apparel (PPE).
f. Improper Ventilation.

6. AGENCY OF ACCIDENT - the object, substance, or part of the premises in

which the hazardous condition existed.
7. AGENCY OF ACCIDENT PART – the specific part of the agency of accident that inflicted the injury.
8. UNSAFE ACTS – the violation committed by the injured of the commonly
accepted safe procedure which directly permitted the occurrence
of the accident.
✓ Operating equipment without authority.
✓ Failure to warn or secure.
✓ Making safety devices inoperative.
✓ Using unsafe equipment.
✓ Improper loading.
✓ Taking unsafe position
✓ Working on moving or dangerous equipment.
✓ Failure to use PPE.
✓ Horseplay

Accident Investigation Equipment

 Report form
 Notebook or pad of paper
 Tape recorder
 Camera (instant or digital)
 Measuring equipment

Sources of Information
 Witnesses
 Physical evidence at the scene
 Existing records

Witnesses
. Victim and onlookers
. Those who heard what happened
. Saw area prior to incident
. Others with info about involve individuals, equipment or circumstances

1. Reassure the witness

2. Let the witness tell the story
3. Begin with open-ended questions
4. Don’t ask leading questions

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 5. Summarize
6. Ask for recommendations
7. Get written statements
8. Close on a positive note

ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

Questions for reporting: WHO

- was injured?
- saw the accident?
- was working with the injured?
- had instructed/assigned the job to the injured?
- else was involved?
- has the information of events prior to the accidents?

Questions for reporting: WHAT

✓ ..is the injury?
✓ ..is the damage or loss?
✓ ..was the injured doing?
✓ ..had the injured been instructed to do?
✓ ..tools/equipment/machinery were being used?
✓ ..did the injured & any witnesses saw?
✓ ..training had been given?
✓ ..were the contributory causes of the accident?
✓ ..communication system was used?
✓ ..is the state of health of the injured?
✓ ..safety rules were violated?
✓ ..safety system and procedures were there?

Questions for reporting: WHEN

- did the accident occur?
- did the damage become evident?
- did the injured start the job?
- was the explanation of hazard given?
- did the supervisor last see the injured?
- did the persons involved last have food & rest?

Questions for reporting: WHY

✓ ..did the injury occur?
✓ ..did the communication fail?
✓ ..was the training not given?

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 ✓ ..were the unsafe condition permitted?
✓ ..was the hazard not spotted at previous inspection?
✓ ..was PPE not provided?
✓ ..was PPE not used?
✓ ..was there no safe system of work?
✓ ..was there no safety instruction given?
✓ ..was the supervisor not consulted when things started go wrong?
✓ ..was the supervisor not there at the time?

Questions for reporting: WHERE

- did the accident occur?
- did the damage occur?
- was the supervisor at that time?
- was the witnesses at that time?

Questions for reporting: HOW

- did the injury occur?
- could the accident have been avoided?
- could have been the injury avoided?
- could the supervisor have prevented the accident?
- could better design help?

Physical Evidence

Provides information about an accident that witnesses may overlook or take for granted

Sketches

To record important details at the accident site for later study

Include everything that could be important:

þ Floor plan from overhead view
þ Location of involved man, machine, tool
þ Size and location of transient evidences (spills, dust, footprints, skid marks)

Photographs
\ detail
\ color differences
\ complex shapes difficult to recall
\ General area
\ Detailed shots

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 \ Show scale on small objects
\ Indicate reference point
\ Better to take too many than too few

Machines & Tools

t Physical condition
t Position of switches/levers
t Reading of gauges
t Safeguards
t Warning devices

Material

Position and condition can indicate

\ Misuse
\ Abuse
\ Disuse
\ Improper handling
\ Damage

Material - Chemical
If chemicals are involved:
J correct item used
J correct concentration
J expired
J contaminated
J MSDS availability

If items have to be removed from the scene for detailed examination:

s Log and label
s Secure storage & transport
s Avoid contamination
s Guard against tampering and loss
s Appropriate HSE warnings

Environment (Work)
b Weather condition
b Illumination
b Noise
b Housekeeping

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Existing Records

T Employee records
T Equipment records
T Job or Task records
T Previous Accident Investigation reports

Analyzing the Facts

ï Cause Analysis (root)

ï Change analysis

Immediate and Basic Causes

ACCIDENT / ILLNESS

HAZARDOUS HAZARDOUS
ACTS CONDITIONS

UNAWARE UNNOTICED
UNABLE UNCORRECTED
UNMOTIVATED
61

* Look beyond the direct causes of the accident …

* Find out what can be done to eliminate the underlying reason for the hazardous behaviors and
conditions that led to the mishap

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 Direct
Causes

Basic
(root)Causes

63

Direct Causes
• caught in, between, or under
• struck against or struck by
• fall from or fall on
• overexertion or stress

Recommending Corrective Actions

Specific

Measurable

Attainable

Realistic

Time-bound

Follow-up

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It’s the best way to ensure that recommendations are carried out

Report forms require four basic types of information

_ General information
_ A Summary
_ An Analysis
_ Recommendations

Reports should be

; Clear
; Detailed
; Neat
; Legible

Management Approach

Ô Training
Ô Inspections
Ô Hazard analysis
Ô Safety Meetings

Accident Investigation...

Not just for incidents involving serious injury, it’s for ANY occurrence that has the POTENTIAL of
causing harm

Review

 Purpose of Investigation

 Managing the Accident Scene

 Steps in Conducting Investigation

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 ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
(General Process Flow)

Gather
Ensure facts
immediate Secure
the area about the
medical accident:
treatment witnesses

Identify Document
the root the facts:
Follow- Corrective
cause hard
up action
(causal evidence,
factors) witness
72

Case Analysis:

NARRATIVE OF INCIDENT:

At approximately 2:10 pm, Monday, May 8th, a contract employee working at the ABC Makati site
collapsed while performing welding operations in the AWN area. Other contract employees in the
immediate vicinity noticed that the worker was unconscious, extracted him from the area he was
working in and began administering CPR. The individual was taken to the site clinic where a contract
physician and nursing staff continued to perform CPR. Vital signs were not restored and the individual
was transported to the Makati Medical Center Emergency Room where he was pronounced dead by
presiding emergency medical staff.

An autopsy was performed and the cause of death was determined to be an acute myocardial
infarction. Although the autopsy did not determine the cause of the myocardial infarction, it may have
been caused when the victim came into contact with a section of metallic conduit that was energized to
117 Volts. This conduit was part of the building lighting wiring system and had been pulled off of the
concrete wall and tied to the bottom of a recently installed PVC pipe in such a way that this section of

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conduit was no longer grounded. Strain on the affected wires is believed to have caused the insulation
to fail and for one conductor to come in contact with the ungrounded conduit.

WRITE THE KEY FACTS OF THE ACCIDENT:

1. Nature of the injury

2. Part of the body
3. Source of injury
4. Accident type
5. Unsafe condition
6. Agency of the accident
7. Agency of the accident part
8. Unsafe act
9. Root Cause of the Accident
10. Recommendation to avert repetition

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 C O S H – CONSTRUCTION TRAINING
DAY 5
XX: ROLES OF THE SAFETY MAN

I. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURING OF SAFETY

✓ Centralized
• Active management and control of a company safety program may be vested in the chief
executive, the general manager, or an experienced and qualified foreman who has both
authority and status
• There are several advantages to safety inherent in small-scale operations,
– such as closer contact with the working force,
– more general acquaintance with the problems of the whole plant, and,
– frequently, less labor turnover.
• The safety manager does have special problems with engineering and medical services.
– He or she is not likely to be in a position to hire full-time safety professionals or a full-
time physician and/or nurse.
✓ Decentralized
– Organizations with scattered operations resulting relatively few employees, such as
scattered construction sites, face special problems of organization.
– Their operations may be seasonal or intermittent, and there may not be a sufficiently
stable working force to operate committees effectively. The local manager may need to
adapt the safety program to local conditions, which may be quite variable.
Staff Versus Line Positions
• The safety program is usually assigned to persons holding line positions in a small plant, and
staff positions in a large plant.
• The exact determination of the set up of the safety staff must be decided by each firm in terms
of its own operational problems, policies, and hazards.

Authority Versus Responsibility

• Sometimes the safety professional is given authority that is usually limited to line officials.
– This authority is necessary to meet the responsibilities associated with the safety
professional’s position.
– Without the authority to act, the safety professional might not be able to fulfill-his or her
responsibilities.
– On fast moving and rapidly changing operations or those on which delayed action
would endanger the lives of workers or other, it is not uncommon for the safety director
to have authority to order immediate changes.

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Examples include construction and demolition work, fumigation, some phases of explosives
manufacturing, and emergency work. Such authority, whenever and wherever granted, must be used
with discretion, since the safety professional will be accountable for errors in judgment.

Matrix Versus Traditional Structure

• Matrix organization (also called project management and program management) is most often
used when a new product must be developed

• Example, an organization must begin pilot production of a new type of engine, while
maintaining production of existing models.

• The primary advantage of a matrix organization, which is ordinarily a temporary supplement to

a tradition structure, is that an objective can be achieved without expending the money and
time required to develop a totally new organization without seriously impairing its efficiency.

• The safety director with the dual responsibilities of both the traditional parent organization and
the matrix appendage must understand the nature of matrix management to effectively perform
the entire scope of his or her safety responsibilities.

TEAM UP FOR SAFETY

❑ Influencing People

• The human relations movement has as its primary focus the handling (treatment) of employees
as human beings.
• Recent studies indicate that organizations that are most considerate of the feelings and
concerns of their employees have the lowest accident frequency and accident severity rates.
• It is in the mutual best interests of companies and their employees to have supervisors who are
skilled in the creation of organizational climates that conducive to employee self-motivation.
• This level of supervisory skill is achieved through a judicious blend of training and experience.
• People are strongly influenced by the attitudes and actions of their supervisors.
• Studies indicate that some employees react negatively to even the most positive actions by
their supervisors. One of the responsibilities of leadership is the enforcement of discipline.
• No matter how well qualified supervisors may be, their fitness to lead is severely limited by their
ability and willingness to impose necessary discipline on a timely basis.
• Remember, discipline is not just punishment, it is the creation of an organizational structure
wherein all members knows exactly where and how they fit and precisely what is expected of
them by both supervisors and peers.
• Most supervisors require extensive training to provide a high caliber of organizational
discipline.

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Supervision
The responsibilities of the first-line supervisors are many. Direction of the work force includes the
following supervisory functions:
1. Setting goals
2. Improving present work method
3. Delegation work
4. Allocating manpower
5. Meeting deadlines
6. Controlling expenditures
7. Following progress of work
8. Evaluating employee performance
9. Forecasting manpower requirements
10. Supervising on-the-job training
11. Reviewing employee performance
12. Handling employee complaints
13. Enforcing rules
14. Conducting meetings, and last, but not least
15. Increasing safety awareness

• Organizations that expect their supervisors to offer a high quality of leadership to their
employees must provide appropriate training and experiential opportunities to current
supervisors and supervisory trainees alike.
• For the purpose of administrating a safety program and ensuring its continuity, top
management will usually place the administration of the program in the hands of a safety
professional, the personnel manager, or a line supervisor usually from an allied area such as
industrial engineering.
• Assuming that a plant or company is large enough in size or in volume of business to hire a
safety engineer, what are his or her duties and responsibilities, and to who is he or she
accountable?
• Following is a descriptive guide to the safety engineer’s duties in a typical industrial
plant regardless of its size.

SAFETY OFFICER/PROFESSIONAL

❑ Position Concept
• The site safety engineer is responsible to site manager, the employee relations manager, or the
personnel manager for:
• Developing and executing an effective program of safety engineering and
industrial hygiene within the plant, with the appropriate procedures.
• Developing and directing safety engineering and safety inspection personnel
associated with the plant

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 • Developing and directing safety training programs and procedures within the
plant.

❑ Duties and Responsibilities

• Within the limits of authorized objectives, policies, and procedures, the plant safety engineer is
responsible for and has the authority for:
– Discharging the company’s statement of policy, as outlined in its organizational
manual.
– Implementing and administrating the company’s statement of policy for a safe plant.
This encompasses safety policies and practices, safety standards, and industrial
hygiene
– Propagating and promulgating safety and industrial hygiene instructions, procedures,
and standards, and following up on these when necessary so that employees and
visitors will not injure themselves or others.
– Personally maintaining a constant audit of all existing, planned, and proposed
installations, processes, and procedures for unsafe conditions or acts before they
result in injury or damage.
– Developing and presenting training programs for all supervisors so that they will have
the knowledge and tools to present accidents.
– Conducting monthly meetings of the executive safety committee and attending monthly
departmental supervisory safety meetings for the person or persons responsible.
– Maintaining statistical records and reporting these to management. Such reports would
cover (a) accidents and near-accidents; (b) frequency and severity of major and minor
injuries; (c) costs of accidents-general and specific, actual and potential.
– Compiling, editing, publishing, and distributing monthly or bi-weekly safety publications
to all employees in an effort to prevent injuries on and off the job.
– Obtaining and presenting audiovisual aids to all employees to prevent injuries on and
off the job
– Testing new safety devices on the job
– Operating and maintaining a dispensary for safety shoes, to reduce costly foot injuries
and to improve efficiency.

• Relationship Inside the Company

The Safety Engineer will establish and maintain the following relationships
within the company.
– With the site manager. The safety engineer is accountable to this executive for the
proper interpretation and fulfillment of the duties and responsibilities of this position
and related authority, in concurrence with the dictates of the corporate manager of
safety and hygiene (if such a position exists within the corporation)

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 – With department heads and supervisors. The safety engineer is responsible for
providing advice and guidance about safety and industrial hygiene appropriate to their
processes, installations, and procedures of the plant.
– With employees. The safety engineer is responsible for providing advice and
guidance about any employee’s specific job work area in the interest of preventing
accidents and controlling property damage.
– With unions. The safety engineer is responsible for fulfilling his contractual obligations
regarding matters of safety and health.

• Outside the Company. The safety engineer must establish appropriate relationships with
professional and organizational groups.

• Accountability
The safety engineer is accountable to the plant manager for his or her actions
and their consequences. Performance will be judged on the following criteria:
– Reduction of the frequency and severity of accidents.
• The same criteria for measurement must be consistently used throughout the
company.
– Reduction of costs stemming from accidents. “Weightings” must be used to correct for
dissimilarities between operations in different areas of the company.
– The efficiency and smoothness of a department’s operations within operations of the
plant as a whole.

• Need for Safety Professionals

– It should be noted that the number of people employed in a plant should not be the
only factor determining whether the safety program should be in the hands of full-time
safety professional.
– The nature of the operation should indicate what the need should be.
– The trend is to employ full-time safety professionals for any or all of the following
reasons:
– Compliance to Rule 1047 of the OSHS.
– The high degree of union involvement now developing in safety and environmental
health
– Challenges in machine design and plant layout; product safety
– the great need for fire prevention and security; and
– The way people think about the profit motives of a company.
IV. RULE 1047: DUTIES OF THE SAFETY MAN
• The principal functions of the Safety Man is to act as the employers’ principal assistant and
consultant in the application of programs to remove the hazards from the workplace and
to correct unsafe work practices. For this purpose, the Safety Man has the following duties:

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 • Serve as Secretary to the Health and Safety Committee. As such, he shall
– Prepare minutes meeting
– Report status of recommendations made;
– Notify members of the meetings; and
– Submit to the employer a report of the activities of the committee, including
recommendations made.
– Act in an advisory capacity on all matters pertaining to health and safety for the
guidance of the employer and the workers
– Conducts investigation of accidents as member of Health and Safety committee and
submits his separate report and analysis of accident to the employer
– Coordinates all health and safety training program for the employees and employer
– Conduct health and safety inspection as member of the committee
– Maintains or helps in the maintenance if an efficient accident record system and
coordinates actions taken by supervisors to eliminate accident causes.
– Provides assistance to government agencies in the conduct of safety and health
inspection, accident investigation or any other related programs.

XXI. TOOLBOX MEETING

Objectives

After the module the participants will be able to:

• Appreciate the importance of TOOL BOX MEETING.

• Know the General Requirements in the conduct of TOOL BOX MEETING.
• Inform their co-workers the regularity of the Tool Box meeting.

TOOL BOX MEETING

• A 10-15 minute on-the-job safety and health awareness meeting focusing usually on the
current activities of the group.
• To keep everybody informed and alert on work-related accidents and illnesses and their
causes.
Benefits

• Addresses actual safety and health concerns on the job or in the site
• Contributes to the training and education of workers
• Prevents the recurrence of previous accidents
• Proven technique in inculcating safe work habit
• Provides good opportunity for supervisors to know the mental and physical conditions of
workers

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 • Provides good opportunity for management to communicate its commitment to safety

How to Conduct?

• Hold the meeting in a conducive area

• Read your material ahead of time
• Be careful asking another person to read the material – they may not read well
• Conduct the meeting at the beginning of the shift, after lunch, or after a break
• Choose your topic carefully. It should pertain to your work environment.
• However, you can cover one specific hand tool in a short meeting.

XXII. EMERGENCY RESPONSE AND PREPAREDNESS

Objectives

After the module the participants will be able to:

• Explain the various emergencies and disasters

• Explain the benefits participating in emergency and disaster plan.
• Know how to respond in workplace emergencies and participate during conduct of emergency
drills

Emergency
➢ any unplanned event that can cause death, or significant injuries to employees and to the
public.
➢ may arise at the least expected time
Disaster
➢ a natural or man-made hazard resulting to tragic events bringing great damage, destruction,
loss of life and drastic change to environment.
➢ may or may not be preceded by a state of emergency

DESIGN PLANS

1. Communications
EXTERNAL Telephone
Mobile phones
INTERNAL Two way radio
Warning System
Personal contact

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2. General Emergencies

➢ Warning from Outside Agencies

➢ Warning from within
➢ PAP (Personnel/Pre-designated Assembly Point)
➢ Education and Training
➢ Special Duties (Delegation of Duties)
➢ Employees

3. Evacuation Procedures

➢ Windows are closed (those near them)

➢ Instruct those in CR to evacuate (PAP)
➢ Employees do not take anything
➢ Employees closest to the door leave first
➢ Employees move quickly and safely
➢ Keep calm and listen for information
➢ Go to alternate exit if primary is blocked
➢ Head accounts for employees
➢ If fire is outside room, block all gaps until move can be decided

4. Emergency Operations

➢ Direction and Control (ERT)

➢ Emergency Information (Activation Procedure)
➢ Facility Shutdown (Condition for shutdown)
➢ Communication (Main and back up)
➢ Emergency Services (utility shutoff, traffic control, fire equipment storage, damage reports,
emergency medical support, water supply)

EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

Stages of Emergency
1. Preliminary Action
• Plan tailored for specific requirement (information and updating)
2. Action When Emergency Is Imminent
• Procedures for assembly of Key personnel, Advance warning and Testing of systems
3. Action During Emergency
• Variations in actions with precise and rapid judgements to ensure appropriate actions.
4. Ending Emergency
• Procedure for declaring area safe for re-occupation of premises.

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GENERAL RESPONSE PROCEDURES

First Aid Provision

Objectives
Alleviate Suffering
Prevent added injury
Prolong life
Emergency Action Principle
Survey Scene
Primary Victim Survey
Medical assistance
Secondary Victim Survey

Earthquake

Fire

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Bomb Threat

• Do not hang up, remain calm as possible.

• Be kind and courteous to the caller.
• Obtain as much information as possible
• Notify your area/floor warden while the call is still ongoing.
• Or after the call, immediately call emergency Hotline number and
report the details of the bomb threat call, give your full name,
position, department, where the call was received

Volcanic Eruption Typhoon/ Flooding

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Pandemic

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XXIII. EMPLOYEES COMPENSATION PROGRAM
Objectives

At the end of the module, the participants would be able to:

• Describe reasons for ECP.
• Identify or recognize the government agencies required to provide the program.
• Know the process for ECP.

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XXIV. OSH LEGISLATION

INTRODUCTION

The Way Things Were

• First half of the 20th century one fatality was factored for every $1M in construction.
• Labor was readily available and the injured were replaced on the spot.
• Safety was for wimps. Risk taking was expected and rewarded by more work.
• Unions were first to drive focus on workplace safety.

Flawed Mindset – 1930’s

• The Golden Gate Bridge

o One fatality per $1 million dollars was acceptable.
o Cost to build the bridge was &35 million which allowed for 35 fatalities.
o Since only 11 people died during the construction project, it was considered a
breakthrough in regards to employee safety.
o Project came in “below budget” in terms of deaths.

PHASES OF PERSONAL SAFETY

Where are YOU?

• Phase 1: I don’t have time for Safety. It slows me down!

• Phase 2: Safety is OK, but Management places to much emphasis on it because “things
happen.”
• Phase 3: I believe in safety and work safe whenever I can.
• Phase 4: Safety is a value to me. I try to prevent injuries and incidents from occurring.
• Phase 5: Safety is instinctive to me. I am dedicated to the prevention of all incident and
injuries.

LIFE VISION

The LIFE Vision is for each individual to go home, each and everyday, in the same or better condition
than they left!

To achieve this Vision, a LIFE culture must be created that is dedicated to eliminating all:

Injuries!

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 Incidents!
Near Misses!

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS

The Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) are mandatory rules on occupational Safety
and health promulgated pursuant to Article 162, book IV of the Labor Code of the Philippines. It is a
codified compilation of updated safety and health rules aimed at protecting Man against the dangers of
injury and health thru safe working conditions.

The Standards provide the legal framework for all safety and health programs of the Department of
Labor and Employment imposing a responsibility on the employer and a corresponding duty on all
workers to observe safety and health measures at the enterprise level.

ADMINISTATION & ENFORCEMENT

The Standards are administered and enforced by the Department of Labor and Employment. Its
enforcement is carried out by the fourteen (14) Regional Labor Offices and their district offices
nationwide. However, local governments may be authorized by the Secretary of Labor to enforce the
Standards within their respective jurisdictions where they have adequate facilities and personnel for the
purpose, as determined by and subject to national standards prescribed by the DOLE

Rule 1000 – General Provisions

1001 Purpose and Scope:
1. The objective of this Standards is to protect every working man against the dangers of injury,
sickness or death through safe and health working conditions, thereby assuring the
conservation of valuable manpower resources and the prevention of loss or damage to lives
and properties, consistent with national development goals and with the state commitment for
the total development of every worker as a complete human being.
2. This Standards shall apply to all places of employment except as otherwise provided.

Duties of Employers, Workers and other Persons:

1. Each Employer covered by the provisions of this Standards shall:
a. Furnish his workers a place of employment free from hazardous conditions that are
causing or likely to cause death, illness or physical harm to his workers;
b. Give complete job safety instructions to all his workers, especially to those entering the
job for the first time, including those relating to the familiarization with their work
environment, hazards to which the workers are exposed and steps taken in case of
emergency;
c. Comply with the requirements of the standards; and,

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 d. Use only the approved devices and equipment in his workplace.
2. Every worker shall cooperate with the employer in carrying out the provisions of the standards
and shall report to his supervisor any work hazard that may be discovered in his workplace.
3. Every worker shall make proper use of all safeguards and devices furnished for his protection
and that of others, and shall follow all instructions given by the employer.

4. Any person, including any builder, contractor, enforcement agent, who visits, builds, renovates,
install devices, or conducts business in any establishment or workplace shall comply with the
provisions of the Standards and all regulations of the employer, as well as other subsequent
issuances of the Secretary.
Other Safety Rules:

Imminent Danger Defined:

It is a condition or practice that could cause death or serious physical harm before abatement under the
enforcement procedure can be accomplished.

How an Imminent Danger is Corrected:

1. An inspection Officer informs the affected employer and the workers of the danger and that he
is recommending to the Regional Director the issuance of an order for the stoppage of
operation.
2. The Regional Director shall determine if really the danger exists to warrant the issuance of a
stoppage order or other appropriate actions.
3. The Order shall require specific measures that are necessary to avoid, correct or remove the
imminent danger
4. The Secretary of Labor is informed of the Order and given full details and shall review the
Order. Within 5 working days, a final Order (either lifting or sustaining the Order) is issued.
5. The Order shall remain in effect until the danger is corrected.

Hazardous Workplaces
1. Where the nature of work exposes the workers to dangerous environment elements,
contaminants or work conditions including ionizing radiation, chemical, fire, flammable
substances, noxious components and the like.
2. Where workers are engaged in construction work, logging, fire fighting, mining and quarrying,
blasting, stevedoring, dock work, deep sea fishing, mechanized farming.
3. Where workers are engaged in the manufacture or handling of explosives and other
pyrotechnic products.
4. Where workers use or are exposed to power drive or explosive power actuated tools.
5. Where the workers are exposed to biological agent such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa,
nematodes and other parasites.

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Rule 1030 – DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 16
TRAINING AND ACCREDITATION OF PERSONNEL ON OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

General Provisions:
1. The Bureau, either directly or through accredited organization or the OSHC or other Institutions
authorized by law shall conduct continuing program to increase the supply and competence of
personnel qualified to carry out the provision of these Standards.
2. The Bureau shall prescribe the required training program which shall, in consultation with the
OSHC or other institutions authorized by law and other technical societies contain provisions
requiring the incorporation into the training programs of the latest trends, practices and
technology in occupational safety and health.

Definitions:

“Safety Officer” refers to any employee / workers trained and tasked to implement occupational safety
and health programs in the workplace in accordance with the provisions of the Standards and shall be
synonymous to the term “Safety Man” as used in these Standards.

“Occupational Safety and Health Personnel” refers to Physician, Nurse, Dentist, Chemist,
Engineers, Safety and health service as required by the Standards

“Practitioner in Occupational Safety and Health” refers to any qualified person as assessed and
duly-accredited by the Bureau to practice and render occupational safety and health service in a
defined and specific scope or core competency.

“Occupational Safety and Health Consultant” refers to any practitioner in occupational safety and
health or group of persons or organization duly-accredited by the Bureau to practice, perform and / or
render consultative and / or advisory service on occupational safety and health in at least two (2) fields
of specialization as enumerated on Annex “A”.

“Trainer” refers to a person who facilitates learning situation in one or more topics in an occupational
safety and health training

“Training Organization” refers to an institution accredited or authorized by law to conduct training in a

particular field or a combination of fields on occupational safety and health.

“ Hazardous Establishment” refers to establishment where work operations or practice performed by

a worker in the establishment or workplace in conjunction with our as an incident to such operations or
practices and which expose the employee or worker to hazards likely to cause disabling injury, illness,
death or physical or psychological harm.

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“Highly Hazardous Establishment” is one where potential hazard within the company may affect the
safety and / or health of workers not only within but also persons outside the premises of the workplace.
The following are workplaces commonly associated with potentially high hazardous activities:

✓ Petrochemical work and refineries

✓ Chemical work and chemical production plants;
✓ LPG storage and materials;
✓ Stores and distribution center for toxic / hazardous chemicals;
✓ Large fertilizer stores;
✓ Explosives factories;
✓ Work in which chlorine is used in bulk;
✓ Activities closely similar to the activities enumerated above; and
✓ Activities as determined by the Bureau in accordance with existing issuances related to
classification of establishments.

Occupational Safety and Health Training Organization

1. A Bureau-prescribed and/ or approved course of study shall be used or followed by accredited

organizations. Any deviation from the prescribed training must be with the previous approval of
the Bureau.
2. The organization must provide adequate training facilities that include safety and health-related
equipment, manual and modules, library, training rooms, audio-visual and other training
resources and paraphernalia.

3. Trainers must be composed of persons with the following qualifications Must have completed
the 40- hour basis occupational safety and health training course.
• Must have completed at least 24 hours of a Training of Trainers course; and
• Must have at least three (3) years of experience in the design, conduct and evaluation
of any OSH training program.

4. The applicant must submit certified true copies of business registration, license, and permit to
operate.
5. Submission of the organization’s profile.

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Duties and responsibilities of practitioners in Occupational Safety and Health

Practitioners in Occupational Safety and Health

1. To develop, implement and promote occupational safety and health program in the workplace.
2. To advise and assist the employer in complying with the provisions of the Standards, especially
in the submission of the reporting requirements.
3. To perform at least a quarterly appraisal/ assessment of the implementation of occupational
safety and health programs in the workplace.
4. To prepare an annual report of safety and health program of establishments.
5. To be present during the scheduled safety inspections by authorized government agents and
as requested during regular health and safety committee meeting.
6. For Occupational Health Personnel, the duties shall be in accordance with Rule 1960.

Occupational Safety and Health Consultants/ Consulting Organizations

1. To assist, advice or guide the employer in complying with the provision of these Standards, or
including the development of health and safety program.
2. To make at least a quarterly appraisal of program and safety performance of the establishment,
including the activities of the health and safety program.
3. In the absence of a Safety Officer, to be present during scheduled safety inspections by
authorized government agents and as requested during regular health and safety committee
meeting and to render at least six (6) hours of service a week in the establishment in the
performance of these activities.
4. To advice and assist the employer in complying with the reporting requirements of the
Standards.

Suspension / cancellation /of Accreditation:

Accreditation of OSH practitioner/ consultant/ consulting/ Training Organization may be suspended or
cancelled by the Secretary after due process and upon the recommendation of the Director for any of
the following reason.

Suspension
1. Inactive as Occupational Safety and Health practitioners/consultant/training/consulting
organization for three (3) consecutive years.
2. Failure to renew accreditation with the Bureau on or before the anniversary date of the original
accreditation.
3. Non-compliance with the provision or other requirement of this rule.

Cancellation
1. Convicted for criminal offense involving moral turpitude.
2. Violation of professional ethics.

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 3. Two consecutive suspensions.

Reactivation:
An appeal for reactivation of suspension of suspended accreditation shall be filed with the Bureau for
consideration.

Prohibition in the practice of Occupational Safety and Health

1. No person or organization shall be allowed, hired or otherwise employed as a
practitioner/Consultant in the practice of occupation safety and health unless the requirements
of this Rule are complied with.
2. Foreign nationals may be issued accreditation upon compliance with the provision of this Rule
and subjects to the requirement of existing Philippines Laws and Regulations.

All policy issuances, rules and regulations or part/s thereof inconsistent with any provision of this Order
is hereby repealed, superseded or amended accordingly

Duties of the Health and Safety Committee

✓ Plans and develops accident prevention programs
✓ Directs the accident prevention efforts of the company
✓ Review report related to safety and health
✓ Submits reports to the manager on its meetings and activities
✓ Provides necessary assistance to government inspecting authorities
✓ Initiates and supervises safety training for employees.
✓ Develops and maintains a disaster contingency plan

Duties of employers:
✓ Establishes and adopts in writing administrative policies on safety and health
✓ Report to the enforcing authority the policies adopted and required reporting forms
✓ Acts on the recommendation of the Health and Safety Committee, and in case of non-adoption,
to inform the committee of the reason.

Duties of the Workers

✓ Works in accordance with accepted safety practices and standards establishing the employer
in compliance with the provisions of the Standards.
✓ Reports unsafe condition and practice to the supervisor by making suggestions for correction or
removal of hazards.
✓ Serve as members of the Health and Safety Committee.
✓ Cooperates with the Health and Safety Committee
✓ Assists government agencies in the conduct of health and safety inspection or other program.

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Rule 1050 – Notification & Keeping of Records of Accident/Occupational Illnesses:
1054 : Keeping of Records

The employer shall maintain and keep an accident or illness record which shall be at all times ready for
inspection to authorized personnel containing the following minimum data.
- Data of accident or illness
- Name of injured or ill employee, sex, age
- Occupation at the time of accident / illness
- Assigned cause of accident / illness
- Extent and nature of disability
- Period of disability ( actual or charged )
- If accident involved damaged to materials, equipment or machinery, kind and extent or
damage, including estimated or actual cost.

Rule 1050 – Notification & Keeping of Records of Accident/Occupational Illnesses:

The employer shall accomplish an Annual Work Accident Exposure Data report in duplicate using the
prescribed from DOLE / BWC / HSD- IP-6b which shall be submitted to the Bureau or Regional Office
or duly authorized representative having jurisdiction on or before the 30th day of the month following
the end of each calendar year.

1055 : Evaluation of Disability

1055.01 : Charges

1. Death resulting from accident shall be assigned a time charge of 6,000 days.
2. Permanent Total Disability (PTD)- shall be assigned a time charge of 6,000 days and shall
mean any injury or sickness other than death which permanently and totally incapacitates an
employee from engaging in any gainful occupation or which results in the loss or complete loss
of use of any of the following in one accident.
- Both eyes;
- One eye and one hand, or arm, or leg, or foot;
- Any two of the following not in the same limb, hand, arm, foot, leg;
- Permanent complete paralysis of two limbs;
- Brain injury resulting in incurable imbecility or insanity.
3. Permanent Partial Disability- shall mean any injury other than death or permanent Partial
disability which resulting in the loss or loss of use of any member or part of a member of the
body function.

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 4. Temporary Total Disability- shall mean injury or illness which does not result in death or
permanent total or permanent partial disability but which result in disability from work for a day
or more. The day or injury or illness and the day on which the employee was able to return to
full-time employment shall not be counted as days of disability but all intervening period or
calendar days subsequent to the day of injury or illness shall be counted as days of disability.
5. Medical Treatment Injury- shall mean an injury which does not result in a disability injury but
which requires first-aid and medical treatment of any kind.

DEFINITIONS
Disability Injury- shall mean a work injury which results in death, permanent total, permanent partial or
temporary total disability.

Total Days Lost- shall mean the combined total, for all injuries or illnesses of all days of disabling
resulting from temporary total injuries; and /or all scheduled charges assigned to fatal, permanent total
and permanent partial injuries.

Scheduled Charge- shall mean the specific charge (in full days ) assigned to a permanent partial,
permanent total, or fatal injury or illness.

Exposure- shall mean the total number of employee-hours worked by all employees of the reporting
establishment or unit.

Disability Injury Frequency Rate- is the number of disability injuries per 1,000,000 employee hours of
exposure rounded to the nearest two (2) decimal places.

Disability Injury Severity Rate- is the number of days lost per 1,000,000 employee hours of exposure
rounded to the nearest whole number.

Rule 1960 – Occupational Health Service

Every employer is required to provide in his workplace, medical and dental services, emergency
medicine and dental facilities.

Coverage: All establishments whether for profit or not, government and its political subdivision,
government owned or controlled corporations.

Service to be provided are:

• Preventive Health Services
• Emergency Health Services
• Training of OH Personnel
• OH Program at the Workplace

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 • Preventive Health Services- are activities which are preventive in nature and are entrusted to
employers, workers and their representative for the purpose of maintaining safe and health
working environment that will optimize physical and health, and adapting work to the
capabilities of workers.
• Emergency Health Service- mean the hiring of occupational health personnel and the
provision of emergency medicines and facilities as required by the Standards. Training of OH
Personnel- hiring of Oh personnel with the required and mandated training in OSH and having
passed the licensure board examination.
• OH Program – maintaining of healthful work environment by requiring OH personnel to
conduct regular appraisal of sanitary conditions, periodic inspection of premises and planning
for Oh programs that will improve the health status of the workers.

XXV. OSH Programming

• A safety program is a plan or outline of activities conducted to promote consciousness among

management and workers in workplaces
– in order to eliminate or minimize accidents and/or illness to the lowest reducible level.
• Safety program organization is the method employed by management to assign
responsibility for accident prevention and
– To ensure performances under that responsibilities.

BASIC ELEMENTS OF A SAFETY PROGRAM

1. Management Leadership
(Declaration of Policy - Assumption of Responsibility)
2. Assignment of Responsibility
(Top operating officials - safety directors - supervisors - committees)
3. Maintenance of Safe Working Condition
(Inspectors - Engineering Revisions - Purchasing - Supervisors)
4. Establishment of Safety Training
(For Supervisors -For workers)
5. An Accident / Investigation /Record Systems
(Accident Analysis - Reports on Injuries – Measurement of results)
6. Medical and First Aid Systems
(Placement examinations - treatment of injuries - first aid services– Periodic Health
Examinations)
7. Acceptance of Responsibility by Employees
(Training - Maintenance of interest)

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8. Safety Inspection Program
9. Reward and Recognition Program
10. Emergency Preparedness Program

There are seven basic elements for a successful safety program:

1. Management Leadership (assumption of responsibility, declaration of policy) - There is a need
for the management to make a written statement of its attitude toward safety in the workplace.
These can be set forth in a policy, which must be brief and clearly defined management
attitude.
– Enforce safe practices and conditions
– Comply with company policy
– Follow safe instructions
– Obtain good preventive maintenance of equipment or selection of proper equipment
when purchased.

Safety Starts at the TOP or it doesn’t begin at ALL – Management Commitment

Obtain top management’s support before developing the safety program. Without their support
and involvement, the program cannot be successful. Sell management on the need for a program
based on:
▪ Contribution of safety and health on the competitiveness of the company in terms of
the following elements: productivity, cost, quality, response time, service and image.
▪ Cost of accident/catastrophe
▪ Legal requirement
▪ Moral obligation

Four Key Elements of a Successful Safety Implementation

➢ Supportive leadership
➢ Written, strong Safety Manual
➢ Personal commitment to safety
➢ Free and open lines of communication

How to Start a Safety Program

Management initiative and Leadership

❑ Top management assumes responsibility for health and safety and takes the lead in starting a
health and safety program.
❑ Safety Starts at the top or it doesn’t start at all
❑ Be the Role Model

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What it takes to be a Role Model?
• It’s all about walking the talk…
– Lead by example
– Take time to get involved
• Ask questions, engage the workers
– Express your personal goals for safety
– Recognize our people for good safe acts

Setting up the Staff

Top management writes the company health and safety policy and declares it through
meetings among the supervisory staff or through letters, bulletins, and announcements and other
forum. A health and safety policy should be brief but should clearly define management attitude and
desires. Answers to the following must be clearly explained:
– What does management want
– Does the policy pertain to on-the-job health and safety, off-the-job health and safety,
property damage, fire, and/or product safety?
– Who is to be responsible for what
– Where and how is it fixed
– How does it fit into the organization
– What will the committee do
– Who has the right to correct and determine courses of action
– What rules will the company live by.

Policy Statement
• An organization’s health and safety policy should be a clear statement of principles, which
serves as a guide to action. Senior management must be totally committed to ensuring that the
policy is carried out with no exceptions. Health and safety policy must be and be seen to be, on
a par with all other organizational policies.

Safety Policy Structure

A Safety Policy should basically state that;
– The safety of employees, the public and the company operations are paramount.
– Safety will take precedence over expediency or shortcuts.
– Every attempt will be made to reduce the possibility of accident occurrence and,
– The company intends to comply with all safety laws and ordinances
As with health and safety programs, no one policy is suitable for all organizations. The policy statement
can be brief, but should mention:
– the objectives of the program
– the organization’s basic health and safety philosophy
– the general responsibilities of all employees
– the ways employees can participate in health and safety activities.

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 – Stated in clear and concise terms.
– Signed by the incumbent Chief Executive Officer
– Kept up to date
– Communicated to each employee
– Adhered to in all work activities.

SAFETY POLICY
We are committed to achieve the highest environmental, safety and health standards and to meet or
exceed compliance with all applicable regulatory requirements. We strive for a healthy and safe
workplace, free of occupational injury and illness. We emphasize individual responsibility for safety for
all contractors and workers. We also expect all contractors and workers to actively work in the
elimination of environmental, health and safety issues in our workplaces.

We will act as responsible members of the communities in which we work and work with clients to
insure the development and protection of the environment.
We will promote a culture in which all Quest-Air Technology employees and workers share this
commitment.

We will establish appropriate controls including self-assessments to insure continuous improvements

and compliance to this policy

2. Assignment of Responsibility ( to operating officials, safety directors, supervisors and health and
safety committees)
– When a safety policy has been set, the management delegates the everyday task of
carrying out said policy to the supervisors, foremen, foreladies, and /or safe and health
committee.
– The head of the operating unit can set the example for placing health and safety in
equal emphasis and weight in matters of production, cost and quality by:

1. Actively supporting the company’s health and safety policy.

2. The establishment of a health and safety committee which is an excellent means of developing
implementing and maintaining safety and accident prevention measures in the workplace.
3. Each of her/his employees (workers) understand the chemical and physical properties of the
materials stored, handled or used by him/her
4. The necessary precautions are observed when using equipment, including the use of proper
safeguards and PPE.

RESPONSIBILITIES FOR SAFETY:

1. Chief Operating Officer / General Manager:
a. Initiate the company’s safety program.
b. Administer the policy himself or appoint a senior staff to do so.

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 c. Know the requirements of the Employee’s Compensation Commission and ensure that
they are observed.
d. Ensure that all supervisors are qualified and that they receive adequate and appropriate
training.
e. Make sure that a safety budget is allotted for the purchase of suitable and sufficient safety
equipment to enable the job to be done with minimum risk to personnel.
f. Coordinate safety activities with other department through the Safety Central Committee
2. Loss Prevention Engineer:
a. Advise management on:
i. Legal and contractual requirements affecting safety, health and the environment.
ii. Potential hazards before work starts
iii. Provision and use of personal protective equipment.
iv. Ways to improve work methods.
b. Determine the cause of any accident a recommend measures to prevent recurrence of
same.
c. Carry out survey to see that safe work method, health and safety requirements are being
observed and welfare and first aid facilities are adequate and properly maintained.
d. Record, analyze and collate data on injuries, damage to property and assess accident trends
to determine overall safety performance.
e. In collaboration with training, to conduct safety training for employees and supervisors.
f. Develop employee safety education program.
g. Act as secretary to the Central Safety Committee.
h. Prepare a monthly accident statistics report and submit a copy to the Bureau of Working
Conditions.
i. Set a personal example.

3. Supervisors / Foremen:
a. Inspect for compliance with safe work practices and safety rules.
b. Train his men to work safely.
c. Responsible for the maintenance of a safe workplace, housekeeping and enforce wearing
of personal protective equipment and clothing
d. Investigate and report all accidents and
Correct causes.
e. Conduct safety meetings among his men
f. Responsible for obtaining prompt first aid to the injured.
g. The Front Line Supervisor is responsible to see that employees:
- Understand the hazards associated with their work and the protective
measures they must observe
- Observe necessary precaution when using machine and equipment including
safeguards and PPE;

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 - Understand and follow established work procedures and practices for their
safety.
h. Set a personal example.
4. Workers:
a. Uses the correct tools and personal protective equipment for the job.
b. Do nothing to endanger self or work mates.
c. Keep tools in good working condition
d. Refrain from horseplay and abuse of safety devices, equipment and welfare facilities.
e. Report any accident, near misses or hazardous condition to immediate supervisor.
f. Work safely for your own good and that of your family.
g. Obey all posted warning signs.
3. Maintenance of Safe Working Conditions (inspectors, engineering revisions, purchasing and
supervisors)
Some protective measures to maintain safe working conditions within the plant are:
– Operational methods revision to eliminate risks
– Mechanical guarding
– Isolation of operation or storage
– Use of PPE
– Proper ventilation
– Proper use and maintenance of tools and equipment
- Sufficient and proper lighting
– Sanitation
– Fire control measures

Maintenance of Safe Working Conditions

The plant’s health and safety conditions can be appraised by keeping tract of the following:
– Regular routine inspection
– Special inspection
– Follow-ups, to see if recommendations for health and safety maintenance are met or
carried out.

4. Establishment of Safety Training

Conduct of training course should be both for supervisors and employees. These are the different kinds
of training courses like:
– For new employees – to orient and/or familiarize newly hired personnel.
– On-the-job training – for those already under the service of the company for some time.
– Refresher service to reacquaint “old” personnel
– Supervisory training
– Participation in safety works
– Off the job.

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 – Conferences
– Workshops

Six (6) Musts in Training:

– Tell the employee “WHAT” the safety program is.
– Encourage them to learn, teach and practice safety every “WHERE” in the plant and off
the job.
– Answer questions so they will know “WHY” safety pays.
– Teach “WHEN” you know they need training
– Make them conscious of “WHO” benefits all the way.
– Show them “HOW” to do things the safe way.

ESTABLISHMENT OF SAFETY TRAINING:

1. General Safety Awareness (Induction):

a. Safety Rules and Regulations
b. Safety Program
c. Personal Protective Equipment
d. Fire Protection Equipment its use, care and maintenance.

2. Task Oriented Training (Supervisors):

a. Job Instructions
b. Job Safety Analysis
c. Safety Supervisory Course

3. Safety Engineer:
a. Occupational Safety and Health Seminar
b. Loss Control Mgmt. Seminar

c. Safety Auditing Course

d. Fire Brigade Training Course
e. Tag and Lockout Procedure
f. First Aid / CPR
g. Others

5. An Accident Record System (accident analysis reports on injuries – measurement of records)

Records are written account of accidents:

– They provide the Safety Director with the means for an objective evaluation of his
Program
– They identify high injury rate to plants or departments

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 – They provide information on the causes of accidents, which contribute to high injury
rates.

• RULE 1050 of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards states that establishments are
required to submit reports of work accidents and occupational illness, which resulted in disabling
injuries. The form DOLE/BWC/OSHD (Employer’s Report of Accident/Illness) should be
accomplished and submitted to the Regional Labor Office, copy furnished the Bureau of Working
Conditions. The form is a comprehensive tool covering pertinent data in recording and reporting
occupational accident/illnesses.

ACCIDENT RECORDS & REPORTS

1. It is recognized that statistics prepared in analytical form are of fundamental importance in directing
an efficient safety campaign.
2. They indicate information regarding WHERE, WHEN, HOW, and to WHOM injuries are
occurring.
3. Every supervisor should investigate accident as they occur in his area of responsibility. Injuries are
warning signs

FR = No. of LTA x 200,000

Total Man hours Worked

SR = Total Lost Workdays x 200,000

Total Man hours Worked

6. Medical and First Aid System (placement examinations, treatment of injuries, first aid services and
periodic health examinations)

The medical department of a company is tasked with the following pertinent activities:
– Conducts pre-employment physical examination for proper physical check-up and
proper placement of workers.
– Conducts periodic physical examination of workers exposed to harmful toxic
substances.
– Arrange surveys of new operations or processes to know what exposures are
determined to health that may be present.
– Establishes a system for assigning injured workers on the kind of job they can handle
in spite of their condition.

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7. Acceptance of Personal Responsibility of Employees (training and maintenance of interest)-
Employees too must have obligations for a Safety Program to succeed:

– They must observe safe practices and procedures

– Have regard at all times to safety of fellow employees
– Use his knowledge and influence to prevent accidents
– Report to proper authorities any unsafe conditions that may call his attention.
– Contribute his ideas, suggestions, recommendations for the improvement of working
conditions to achieve maximum safety

Aside from training, the management has means at its disposal to maintain a high interest in safety.
• Such promotional methods include:

- Safety meetings of which there are four types:

a. executive and supervisor’s meeting to formulate policies, initiate safety programs or plan special
safety activities
b. Mass meeting for special purposes
c. Departmental meeting to discuss special problems, and plan campaigns or analyze accidents.
Small group meeting to plan the day’s work so that it is done safely

d. Safety contests. For example:

• injury rate contests
• Inter-departmental contests
• Inter-group contest
• intra-plant or inter departmental contest
– non-injury rate contest – safety slogans, posters, housekeeping, community contest
• use posters, bulletin boards, display or publicize safety
– others like safety campaigns, safety courses and demonstrations, public address
systems, publications and suggestion systems – awareness campaigns to elicit safety
consciousness

8. Safety Inspection Program

✓ To effectively maintain safe conditions, employee work practices as well as every portion of
your physical plant, equipment, and machinery, regular inspection must be conducted.
✓ These inspections should be both formal and informal and include both employees and
supervisors.

9. Incentive Programs – Reward and Recognition:

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 ❑ This can be an effective tool in maintaining employees’ interest in the safety program. The
following are possible elements in an incentive program:
✓ Safety as part of the job
✓ The impact of Cost of Accident to the worker and company
✓ Recognition of Good Safety Practices
✓ Consideration of safety activities in overall performance evaluation of the individual

10. EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS PROGRAM

✓ An emergency is a potentially life-threatening situation, usually occurring suddenly and
unexpectedly. Emergencies may be the result of natural and/or human causes. When an
emergency occurs, immediate reaction is essential.
✓ Companies should be prepared for any emergency that may arise and be able to protect its
workforce and properties and be able to continue its operations by having an effective program
on emergency preparedness,

ELEMENTS OF SUCCESSFUL SAFETY PROGRAMS

Based on the study by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) of five noted
firms with very successful safety programs, the following are the basic elements common among these
firms:
✓ Management encourage employees’ participation:
✓ Reporting of hazards
✓ Contributing to safety management solution
✓ Hazard identification program and JSA performed
✓ Well organized facilities with PM programs
✓ Noise, dust and fumes controlled and periodically evaluated
✓ Line management performs daily inspection
✓ Management/workers groups/committees formally inspect work areas on a
monthly/quarterly basis
✓ Annual plant audits are formally conducted by trained auditors
✓ Safety training is firmly based on job hazard analysis
✓ Safety training and retraining is done on a continuing basis for management,
supervisors, and employees.

Ingredients to a successful safety program:

a. Get support from senior management.
b. Generate open communication and involvement from all employees
c. Form a volunteer safety committee
d. Implement a recognition program
e. Communicate often

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 • Studying of Plant’s Accident History and Operation
– A study of the plant’s operation and accident history is conducted as the basis for the
preparation of a safety program.
• Preparation of a Safety and Health Program
– Prepare the safety program built around the basic elements and continuous
improvement model outlining the details such as targets, monitoring systems, awards,
appraisal factors, etc. and implement it.

Detailed Study of Accident Statistics

– Evaluate the effects on the internal and external set up of the plant or factory
– Was there an increase in production at lesser cost?
– How did the Frequency Rate (FR) and Severity Rate (SR) compare with
_______________?
• ( periodic comparisons – last year, two years ago, etc.)
– Were the employee’s morale boosted?
– Did you have better public relations?

Involvement of the different departments (in case of large establishments)

• Medical Department
– conducts pre-employment physical examination for proper physical check-up and
proper placement of worker
– periodic physical examination of workers exposed to harmful or toxic substances
– arrange surveys of new operations or processes to know what exposures are
detrimental to health that maybe present.
– Establish a system assigning injured workers on the kind of job they can handle in
spite of their condition
• Personnel Department: Keeps records of lost time, accidents and sickness arising from work;
– Collaborates with medical, employment and safety department relative to the
placement of employees on the job;
– arranges for cooperation and assistance in rehabilitation of injured employees;
– and establishes cross – file controls to prevent unfit employees to work on job not
approved for them.
Engineering Department
Expedites safety work request, particularly referring to correction of critic al hazards;
– Consults with the safety department before any new operation is started or new
installations or changes to existing buildings, processes, operations of equipment are
put up.
Purchasing Department

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 Coordinates with the safety department on all purchases of equipment, tools, materials,
and PPE’s.
– Requisitions for hazardous substances and materials should be referred to safety
department for proper investigation and clearance.

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