Prepared by: Ma. Abegail F.

Bunao MPA I
Strategies PRINCIPLES/ AUTHOR/PROPONENT WHERE IS IT PRACTICE IN THE
CONCEPTS GOVERNMENT
To reduce 1. “Profession of 1. Military officers were 1. In the present, military
corruption Management” the first public officers’ functions as public
administrators administrators most certainly
(Shafritz, J., et. al, in times of martial law as
2017). Section 18, Article VII of the
1987 Phil. Consti. states that
“The President shall be the
Commander-in-Chief of all
armed forces of the
Philippines and whenever it
becomes necessary, he may
call out such armed forces to
prevent or suppress lawless
violence, invasion or
rebellion.

2. “Politics- 2. Administration shall 2. An argument made for

Administration be separated from the calling administrative agenci
dichotomy” domains of Politics es a "fourth branch" of
(Wilson, 1887). government is the fact that
such agencies typically
exercise all three
constitutionally divided
powers within a single
bureaucratic body. In the
structure of government in
 the Philippines,
administrative agencies are
given separate functions and
is govern by administrative
law.

3. Portions of an 3. This is manifested through

3. “PODSCORB executive’s workload the creation of RA. 7610 or
Theory” may be delegated, also known as local
- the and that some of the government code. Through
acronym POSD elements can be this, tasks are delegated by
CORB, stands organized as the national government to
for Planning, subdivisions of the the local government units
Organizing, executive depending and barangays so that public
Staffing, on the size and service shall be easier and
Directing, complexity of the faster.
Coordinating, enterprise (Gullick
Reporting and and Urwick, 1937).
Budgeting.

To achieve 1. “Classical Public 1. It is an administration 1. As regards administrative

seamless Management” under the control of policies, the executive
service delivery the political branch takes the lead.
leadership, based on The President of the
a strictly hierarchical Republic designs his/her
model of bureaucracy, platform of government or
 staffed by permanent, his vision for the country.
neutral and On the basis of his
anonymous officials, platform or reform
motivated only by the agenda, national policies
public interests and programs are
serving and governing designed. The National
party equally, and not Economic Development
contributing to policy Authority (NEDA) Board
but merely is the country’s premier
administering those social and economic
policies decided by development planning
the politicians and policy coordinating
(Bihasa, 2015). body.

2. “Traditional Public 2. In the traditional 2. Section 27, Article VI of

Administration” model of public the 1987 Philippine
administration Constitution states that
fundamental controls “Bills passed in the
lies in the laws Congress, before it
enacted by the becomes a law, shall be
legislature and their presented to the
faithful execution by President. This implies
the executive that even if the legislature
authority. In its is vested with the power
hierarchical system of to make laws, the
order, it follows the hierarchical system of
 instructions issued by government also gives
the executive’s power to the executive to
political leaders review policies.
(Shafritz, J., et. al,
2017).

3. Group Theory in
3. “Group Theory” classical management 3. This is manifested in the
control is exercised by government through
policy, rules, benchmarking and
regulations and trainings conducted by
oversight. In group different agencies. One
theory, the effective example is in the National
group will develop Economic and
shared goals and Development Authority
values, norms (NEDA), wherein they
behavior, customs, implement program such
and traditions as “From Plan to Action”
(Homans, 1950; which aims to Expand
Shaw, 1981 in economic opportunities
Frederickson et al, and accelerate human
2012).  Effective capital development.
management in this
context nurtures,
cultivates, and
supports group goals
and norms that are
compatible with and
 supportive of the
institution’s purposes
and goals (as cited by
Fu, 2012).

To enhance 1. “New Public 1. The ideas of “new public 1. Under NPM, public
administrative Management management” and managers have incentive-
governance Model” “reinventing government” based motivation such as
were essentially born out pay-for-performance, and
of the continuing search clear performance targets
for solutions to economic are often set, which are
problems in 1970s and to assessed by
produce a government using performance
that works better but evaluations. This is
costs less (Brillantes, manifested in through the
1996). implementation of the
Performance-Based
Incentive System (PBIS) is a
new system of incentives for
government employees that
is being introduced. Under
this new system, employees
may receive two incentives:
the Performance-Based
Bonus (PBB) and the
Productivity Enhancement
 Incentive (PEI).

2. The first-generation 2. The current fiscal

2. “Fiscal Federalism” theory (FGT) of fiscal decentralization in the
federalism is associated Philippines is based on the
with decentralization of Local Government Code,
expenditure Republic Act 7160, enacted
responsibilities and in 1991. The
centralization of revenue decentralization transferred
responsibilities for the various responsibilities and
purpose of achieving authorities held by the
‘efficiency’ and ‘equity’ in central government to local
the federation. It governments.
emphasizes the
importance of transfers
for addressing the
problems of vertical and
horizontal imbalances
(Chandra, 2012).

3. “New Institutional 3. Incorporates a theory 3. This is manifested through

Economics and of institutions into econo the process of collection of
Development mics. It builds on, taxes. Local government
Theory” modifies, and extends units (LGUs) also have their
neoclassical theory. It way of collecting taxes to
retains and builds on the generate their own revenues
fundamental assumption in order to perform functions
of scarcity and hence faster.
 competition - the basis of
the choice theoretic
approach that underlies
microeconomics
(Bardhan, 1989).
To fully engage 1. “Progressive 1. A concept referring to the 1. The Department of Labor
and power discipline” initial use of the least and Employment follows
citizenry severe measure of such progressive
disciplinary action disciplinary action
needed to correct through applying the
unacceptable behavior. Labor Code. For
Progressive discipline instance, under article
provides for an increase 297 of the Labor Code an
in the penalty with each employer cannot just
subsequent offense terminate an employee
(Hughes, 2016). without just cause.

2. “Leadership” 2. A leader should be close 2. This is actually

enough to relate but far manifested in almost all
enough ahead to agencies and sector of
motivate (Maxwell, n.d.). the government. Heads
of different offices serves
as the leader that
motivates their
colleagues.

3. “Human Resource 3. According to Maslow, 3. This is manifested in the

Management needs must be met at rationale behind the age
Theory” each level before limit for President, Vice-
 employees can move President, Senators,
higher along the triangle. Justices and heads in the
Therefore, an employee different agencies, this is
who fears for his job, or done because of the
is often concerned about reason that they are more
making ends meet, can't competent and be able to
focus on high- perform bigger tasks.
performance goals. Over
time, this can depress
performance and may
affect office morale. This
can result in the most
competent employees
leaving an unhappy
workplace, leaving the
less competent behind.
Human resource policies
that value workers can
be seen as investments
in the business itself (as
cited by Rowe, 2019).

To strengthen 1. “Social Contract 1. People were born with 1. These are seen in the
civil service Theory” certain rights and application of Article III of the
freedoms that could not 1987 Philippine Constitution
be taken away without or also known as Bill of
that person saying so, or Rights. The Bill of Rights
giving consent. Then as a consists of guarantees of
 result of a social contract, civil liberties and checks by
people transfer some of the citizens on state power.
their rights to the
government in order to be
treated fairly and to
improve the quality of
their lives (Locke, 1632).

2. “State of Nature” 2. Everyone has a natural 2. This principle is applied in

right to everything and is the principle of separation of
naturally free to do powers between the
whatever he pleases, in Executive, Legislative and
order to survive. If there Judicial Branch of the
were no rules or laws or Government. The three
anyone to enforce them, branches are supreme in
there will be no peace their own umbrella of
(Hughes, 2016). functions. The Legislative
branch makes laws, the
Executive implements and
the Judicial branch
interprets.

3. “Absolute and 3. According to Jean Bodin, 3. The 1987 Phil. Constitution

Undivided the government cannot sets limitations on the
Sovereignty” tax their subjects without exercise of the power to tax.
their consent (as cited by In addition to national taxes,
Andrew, n.d.). the Constitution provides
local government taxation.
 But no such taxes, fees or
charges shall be imposed
without public hearing having
been held prior to the
enactment of the ordinance.

References:

Andrew, E. (n.d.). Jean Bodin on sovereignty. ARCADE. https://arcade.stanford.edu/rofl/jean-bodin-sovereignty

Bardhan, P. (1989). The new institutional economics and development theory: A brief critical assessment. World
Development, 17(9),
1389–1395. doi:10.1016/0305-750x(89)90080-6 
Chandra, J. (2012). Theory of Fiscal Federalism: An Analysis. CORE – Aggregating the world’s open access research
papers. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/211605121.pdf
Hughes, O. (2016). Public management or public administration? Academia.edu - Share
research. https://www.academia.edu/15157168/PUBLIC_MANAGEMENT_OR_PUBLIC_ADMINISTRATION
Janse, L. (2019, August 6). Managerialism theory. toolshero. https://www.toolshero.com/management/managerialism-
theory/
Fu, K. (2012). The interaction of politics and management in public leadership: Measuring public political skill and
assessing its

effects. (The Florida State University). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 132. Retrieved

from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1095719509?accountid=15099. (1095719509).
Rowe, R. (2019). Organizational behavior & human resource theories. Small Business -

Chron.com. https://smallbusiness.chron.com/organizational-behavior-human-resource-theories-74260.html

Shafritz, J., & Hyde, A. (2017). Early Voices and the First Quarter Century-Ancient Times to 1920s. Classics of Public
Administration, Eight Edition (pp. 19-76). Retrieved from https://books.google.com.ph/books?
id=vHYcCgAAQBAJ&printsec  

Vignieri, V. (2020). Old Public Administration, New Public Management and Public Governance: Shifts in dominant modes
of Public Administration. Italy: Perspective On. Retrieved September 01, 2020, from
https://www.vincenzovignieri.com/old-public-administration-new-public- management-and-public-governance-
shifts-in-dominant-modes-of-public-administration/