COURSE OBJECTIVE:

To be familiar with detection of different gases using different methods, detectors and
Multi gas detectors, to find flammable index of coal dust and understand the rescue and
recovery operations using different rescue apparatus.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
INDEX:
S.no Name of Experiment Page
no
1.a Determination of O2, and H2S etc…by multi gas detectors 06
1.b b) Determination of CO and CH4 etc… by multi gas detectors. 11

2. Detection of different gases by Gas – Chromatograph. 15

3. Detection of Methane by Different types of 20
a) Methanometers;&
b) Flame safety lamp.
4. Determination of humidity of mine air by Whirling Hygrometer. 26
5. Determination of air quantity by Vane Anemometer. 30

6. Determination of fan characteristics for axial flow fan. 33

7. Determination of fan characteristics for centrifugal fan. 37
8. Determination of cooling power by Kata Thermometer 41
9. Determination of air pressure (Mine & Duct) by Inclined 44
Manometer / Pitot tube.
10. Preparation of ventilation models – stopings, regulators, fans, 47
Board & Pillar and Long wall mining ventilation system.
1|Page
 Additional Experiments
11. Determination of CO in exhaust gas from Vehicles. 51
12. Determination of relative humidity of Atmospheric air by 53
Whirling Hygrometer
13. Determination of O2 deficiency by Flame Safety Lamp. 55

COURSE OUTCOME:
The student will familiar with rescue and recovery operation from different disasters in mines.

Description Subject Teaching Methodology L T P C

Name of the MINE ENVIRONMENTAL 0 0 3 2
Course ENGINEERING LABORATORY
Course Code 14160512
Knowledge of theoretical and experimental properties of
Prerequisite (s) Different gases and their detection by different types of
detectors and Flame safety lamp.

List of experiments as in the syllabus

1.
a. Determination of O2 and H2S by multi gas detectors.
b. Determination of CO and CH 4 by multi gas detectors.
2. Detection of different gases by Gas-Chromatograph.
3. Detection of methane by Methanometer and Flame safety lamp.
4. Determination of humidity of mine air by Whirling Hygrometer.
5. Determination of air quantity by Vane Anemometer.
6. Determination of fan characteristics curve for Axial flow fan.
7. Determination of Fan characteristics curve for Centrifugal fan.
8. Determination of cooling power by Kata Thermometer.
9. Determination of air pressure (Mine & Duct) by Inclined tube Manometer / Pitot tube .
10. Preparation of ventilation models – stopings, regulator, fans, Board & Pillar method, and
Longwall ventilation systems.

2|Page
 Text Books:

1. Elements of mining Technology Vol-1&Vol -2 – D.J. Deshmukh

S.no Name of Experiment Page
2. Mine no
1.a Determination of O2, and H2S etc…by multi gas detectors 06
1.b b) Determination of CO and CH4 etc… by multi gas 11
detectors.
2. Detection of different gases by Gas – Chromatograph. 15
3. Detection of Methane by Different types of 20
a) Methanometers;&
b) Flame safety lamp.
4. Determination of humidity of mine air by Whirling 26
Hygrometer.
5. Determination of air quantity by Vane Anemometer. 30

6. Determination of fan characteristics for axial flow fan. 33

7. Determination of fan characteristics for centrifugal fan. 37
8. Determination of cooling power by Kata Thermometer 41
9. Determination of air pressure (Mine & Duct) by Inclined 44
Manometer / Pitot tube.
10. Preparation of ventilation models – stopings, regulators, fans, 47
Board & Pillar and Long wall mining ventilation system.
Ventilation – Dr. G.B. Mishra, Introductory Mining Engineering – Howard.L.Hartman

References:

1. www.nptel.com

2. https://www.researchgate.net/.../49181154_Mine_ventilation_and_air_conditioning

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS IN SYLLABUS

3|Page
 ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS

11. Determination of CO in exhaust gas from Vehicles. 51

12. Determination of relative humidity of Atmospheric air by 53
Whirling Hygrometer
13. Determination of O2 deficiency by Flame Safety Lamp. 55
Evaluation of Laboratory Marks for III Year (Internal Exams)
1. The internal lab examination schedules will be given by the ExaminationBranch.

2. During a semester there will be two lab exams and each exam will be
evaluated for 50 marks.
3. Average of two lab exams will be the final internal lab exammarks.

4. First laboratory exam will be conducted on First half of the total

4|Page
number of experiments, Second Laboratory Exam will be
conducted on the Second half of experiments.
The evaluation is asfollows
I. Continuous evaluation - 20marks

II. Internal Laboratory Exam - 30marks

I. Continuous Evaluation 20 marks

a) Day to dayevaluation: 15 marks
i. Attendance 2 out of15
ii. Experiments andobservation 5 out of15
iii. Result 3 out of15
iv. Record 5 out of15
b) Viva voice 5 marks
II. Internal Laboratory Exam 30 marks
a) Exam 15 marks
i. Experiments writeup 10 out of 15
ii. Result andGraphs 5 out of 15
b) Viva voice 5 marks
c) Lab knowledge Test (Quiz) 10 marks

I. Continuous evaluation - 20marks

a) Day to day evaluation - 15marks

Each experiment / program will be evaluated for 15 marks.

The splitting of marks is as follows
i) Attendance - 2marks

The student should attend the lab regularly; if he/she is absent

he/she will be losing 2 marks.
ii) Experiments andobservation
The student should complete the program within the
assigned time otherwise he / she will be losing 5
marks.
iii) Experiment result will carry 3marks.Record 5marks.
• Student must submit the record in the next lab session.
• Average marks of the Half of the experiments will be
considered for dayto day evaluation for 15 marks separately
for lab examination one andtwo.
5|Page
b) Viva Voce – 5marks

6|Page
Internal laboratory examination - 30marks
a) Exam - 15marks
The Splitting of marks as follows
i) Experiments write up - 10marks

ii) Result and Graphs - 5marks

b) Viva Voce - 5marks

c) Lab knowledge Test (Quiz) 10marks

A quiz will be conducted along with the internal lab exam and
schedule will be given separately.
The quiz will be conducted for 20 minutes. The quiz contains 20
questions oftype multiple choice. Each question carrying 0.5 marks
The internal lab examination duration - 2 hours
Every student will be given experiments in the internal lab exam. In case the
student wishes to change the experiments 5 marks will be deducted. A time slot of
45 minutes is given for write up of programs /experiments.
The student is expected to complete the assigned program /
experiment within 1 hour and the remaining 15 minutes will
be utilized for viva voce examination.
5. There shall be no supplementary exams in case the student fails to
attend internal lab and quiz exam as perschedule.

7|Page
EXPERIMENT NO. 1a
DETERMINATION OF O2, & H2S etc…BY
MULTIGAS DETECTOR

A. AIM:
Determination of O2 by Multi Gas Detector

APPARATUS:
MULTIGAS DETECTOR, MODEL-SP12C7

Fig.1 Multi gas detector

THEORY:
General Properties of O2
General properties of O2
• Oxygen is a colorless , odorless & tasteless
• Specific gravity = 1.1047 and molecular weight =32
• Threshold limit value should be greater than 19% of O2
• A miner exposed to moderate & extreme loads consumes 0.05
litres/ sec of O2&also a miner at rest consumes about 0.005 litres of
O2 / sec.

8
 • It is detected by electrochemical method, paramagnetic method or
flame safety lamp & with multigas detectors.
PROCEDURE:
(MULTI GAS DETECTOR)
• Power key is pressed for 3 seconds and the power is turned ON, displaying
1, 2, 3, 4, on the monitor.
• Gas measure mode indicates the percentage of Oxygen gas on LCD.
• Now the percentage of O2 is checked at face, keeping the detector at least
2 to 3 minutes. Then press the set key to read the % of O2 by keeping the
detector parallel to eyes.

• The above procedure is followed to check the percentage of O2 at 10 meters

away from face, in district intake and return airway.
• Finally the reading is noted 3 times and their average is taken.

Fig 2 District intake and return airway

9
OBSERVATIONS TABLE:
O2 (%)
S.no LOCATION READINGS Average
A B C Reading
1 At face
2 10 meters away
from face
3 District intake
airway
4 District return
airway

PRECAUTION:
1. Check for roof and sides for safety.
2. Check for noxious and toxic gases if present.
3. The percentage of oxygen should not be less than 18%.
RESULT:
Thus the percentage of O2 is measured by multi gas detector is…………….

10
B. AIM:
To determine the percentage of H2S
APPARATUS:
MULTI GAS DETECTOR
THEORY:
A. General Properties of H2S

1. H2S is a gas with sweetish taste and rotten egg smell

2. Specific gravity = 1.175 and is soluble in water
3. It is consumable and has a wide explosive range of 4.3 to 45.5 %
4. It is poisonous in nature than CO and allowable limits is up to 0.001%
(10 ppm)
PROCEDURE:
• Power key is pressed for 3 seconds and the power is turned ON, displaying
1,2, 3, 4, on the monitor.
• Gas measure mode indicates the Conc. of H2S in PPM on LCD.
• Now the concentration of H2S in PPM checked at face, keeping the
detector at least 2 to 3 minutes. Then press the set key to read the conc. Of
H2S by keeping the detector parallel to eyes.
• The above procedure is followed to check the Conc. of H2Sin PPM at 10
meters away from face, in district intake and return airway.
• Finally the reading is noted 3 times and their average is taken.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
H2S (IN PPM)
S.no. LOCATION READINGS AVERAGE
A B C READING
1 At face
2 10 meters away
from face
3 District return
airway
4 District intake
airway
11
PRECAUTION:
1. Check roof and sides of mine for safety.
2. Check for noxious gas and toxic gases if present.
3. The percentage of oxygen should not be less than 18%.

RESULT:
Thus the percentage of H2S observed………

12
EXPERIMENT NO 1b
DETERMINATION OF CO AND CH4 etc… BY MULTI GAS DETECTOR

A. AIM:
To determine the percentage of CH4
APPARATUS:
MULTI GAS DETECTOR
THEORY:
General properties of CH4
1. CH4 is colorless & odorless gas with specific gravity of 0.559
&molecular mass of 16
2. The ignition temperature of CH4 is 650 degrees approximately
3. Explosive range of CH4 is 5.4%-14.8%, max at 9.8%
4. It is slightly soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents like
alcohols and ethers
5. CH4 is inert as far as physiological action is concerned but when present
in large quantities in air can cause serious oxygen depletion

PROCEDURE:

• Power key is pressed for 3 seconds and the power is turned ON, displaying
1, 2, 3, 4, on the monitor.
• Gas measure mode indicates the percentage of CH4 gas on LCD.
• Now the percentage of CH4 is checked at face, keeping the detector at least
2 to 3 minutes. Then press the set key to read the % of CH4 by keeping the
detector parallel to eyes.

• The above procedure is followed to check the percentage of CH4 at 10

meters away from face, in district intake and return airway.
• Finally the reading is noted 3 times and their average is taken.

13
OBSERVATION TABLE:
CH4 (in %)
S.NO LOCATION READINGS AVERAGE
a B C READING
1 At face
2 10 meters away
from face
3 District intake
airway
4 District Return
airway
5 At LVC

PRECAUTION:
1. Check for roof and sides for safety.
2. Check for noxious and toxic gases if present.
3. The percentage of oxygen should not be less than 18%.
RESULT:
Thus percentage of CH4 observed………

14
B. AIM:
To determine the percentage of CO
APPARATUS:CO detector (GCO 2008)

Fig 3 CO detector

THEORY:
1. General properties of CO
1. CO is colorless & odorless gas, slightly lighter than air with specific gravity
of 0.972 and lightly soluble in water
2. It is a deadly poisonous gas with explosive range in air is 12.5% to 75% and
ignition temperature is 873k
3. CO concentration should not be allowed to exceed 0.005 % as per DGMS
4. It is produced by incomplete combustion of carbonaceous material and leads
to water gas.
PROCEDURE:
• Power on the meter by pressing the power button wait about 30 seconds
to worm up the meter.

• It will show the CO concentration in ppm at the upper position of

display and the temperature at lower position of display.
15
 • Now the concentration of CO in PPM checked at face, keeping the
detector at least 2 to 3 minutes. Then press the set key to read the conc.
of CO by keeping the detector parallel to eyes.
• The above procedure is followed to check the Conc. of CO in PPM at
10 meters away from face, in district intake and return airway.
• Finally the reading is noted 3 times and their average is taken.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
CO (in %)
S.NO LOCATION READINGS AVERAGE
a B C READINGS
1 At face
2 At 10 meters
away from face.
3 District intake
airway
4 District return
airway

Note: The gas is with in permissible limit at locationsmentioned above

RESULT:
Thus percentage of CO observed……….

16
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
DETECTION OF GASES BY GAS – CHROMATOGRAPH

AIM:
To study the detection of gases by gas chromatograph.
APPARATUS:
Gas Chromatograph, A chart paper for calculation purpose.
THEORY:
Gas chromatography (GC) can also be referred to as vapor-phase
chromatography (VPC) and even gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Usually the
technique, the instrument, and the chart recording of the data are all called GC.
The carrier gas is usually helium, though you can use nitrogen. You use a microliter
syringe to inject your sample into this gas stream through an injection port, then onto
the column. If your sample is a mixture, the compounds separate on the column and
reach the detector at different times. As each component hits the detector, the detector
generates an electric signal. Usually the signal goes through an attenuator network,
then out to a chart recorder to record the signal.
PROCEDURE:
The sample enters the GC at the injection port. You use a microliter syringe to
pierce the rubber septum and inject the sample onto the column. Don’t stab yourself
or anyone else with the needle. Remember, this is not dart night at the pub. Don’t
throw the syringe at the septum. There is a way to do this.

1. To load the sample, put the needle into your liquid sample and slowly pull the
plunger to draw it up. If you move too fast, and more air than sample gets in, you’ll
have to push the plunger back again and draw it up once more. Usually they give
you a 10-//1 syringe, and 1 maybe 2/Oil of sample is enough. Take the loaded
syringe out of the sample, and carefully, cautiously pull the plunger back so there is
no sample in the needle. You should see a bit of air at the very top, but not very
much. This way, you don’t run the risk of having your compound boil out of the
needle as it enters the injector oven just before you actually inject your sample.
That makes the sample broaden and reduces the resolution. In addition, the air acts
as an internal standard. Since air travels through the column almost as fast as the

17
carrier gas, the air peak that you get can signal the start of the chromatogram, much
like the notch at the start of a TLC plate. Ask your instructor.

2. Hold the syringe in two hands. There is no reason to practice being an M.D. in
the organic laboratory.

3. Bring the syringe to the level of the injection port, straight on. No
angles. Then let the needle touch the septum at the centre.

4. The real tricky part is holding the barrel and, without injecting, pushing the
needle through the septum. This is easier to write about than it is to do the first
time.

5. Now quickly and smoothly push on the plunger to inject the sample, and pull
the syringe needle out of the septum and injection port.

After a while, the septum gets full of holes and begins to leak. Usually, you can tell
you have a leaky septum when the pen on the chart recorder wanders about
aimlessly without any sample injected.

18
METHOD OF INJECTING GASES:

Fig.4 Method of injecting helium gas

19
DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH:

20
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sl.no Injection amount Height of Retention Gases/ %
observing time observed
gases
1
2
3
4

PRECAUTION:
Helium gas should be injected properly in the testing chamber of gas
chromatograph.
RESULT:
Thus the experiment is conducted and the gas percentages are observed.
CO % =
CO2 % =
CH4 % =
And other gases %=

21
 EXPERIMENT NO. 3
DETERMINATION OF METHANE BY METHANOMETER AND
FLAME SAFETY LAMP

AIM:
To determine the methane percentage using methanometer and Flame safety
lamp.
APPARATUS:
1. Methanometer; and
2. Flame safety Lamp.
THEORY:
1. Methanometer:
This is a hand held instrument. It weights around 0.47 kg. This makes it suitable for
taking spot concentrations of methane in the range of 0 – 5%. It works on the
principle of wheat stone bridge. This enables to have provisions for adjustment of
resistances. It also has sensitive galvanometer which is directly calibrated for 0 –
5 % methane. A rechargeable battery is provided for operation of the circuit. All the
above mentioned components are enclosed in an anti-static plastic case with an
opening at the top for sample inlet.
Principle of methanometer:
This apparatus utilizes the principle of wheatstone bridge. It is well known that the
resistance of a wire will increase on heating by combustion of methane. Thus a
balanced wheat stone bridge circuit becomes unbalanced.

Therefore it starts passing current through the galvanometer. The amount of current
flow is calibrated against percentage of methane present in air. Now, let us have a
look at. Air sample is drawn in the detector chamber (D) and compensatory
chamber (C) using the aspirator bulb.
The detector filament is made of activated platinum and hence methane burns by
the heated filament. The compensatory filament on the other hand is made of de-

22
activated platinum. The amount of unbalance is indicated by the current flow in the
galvanometer which is directly calibrated against methane percentage.

Fig.6 Wheat stone bridge circuit

2. Flame safety lamp:

• In methane air mixture, the flame safety lamp burns with a flame having blue
colored cap. The height of the cap is dependent on the methane
concentration.
• At lower concentration of methane, the heat produced by flame is not
enough to ignite the gas beyond a certain limit.
• As the concentration of methane increases, more heat is produced and it can
make the temperature higher than the ignition temperature of methane in
slightly larger vicinity, causing the height of cap to increase.

23
DIAGRAM FOR FLAME SAFETY LAMP:

Fig 7 Flame safety lamp

24
PROCEDURE:
1. Flame safety lamp:

Test for methane is usually done in two stages. The two stages are:

1. Accumulation test
2. Percentage test

1.1 Accumulation Test

It is carried out with a luminous flame of standard height. This test gives a better
indication of methane. This is because luminous-flame test produces more heat
inside the lamp which causes better lamp ventilation resulting in a larger quantity of
methane being drawn inside the lamp. Also for carrying out accumulation test it is
not necessary to create a dark surrounding. The test carried out indicates that the
flame spires/jump, if the percentage of methane in the air is 3% or more. It is
because of this reason that we have to raise the lamp to the roof very
slowly/cautiously so that we can see the behaviour of flame as well. If the flame
spires/jumps, it indicates that the methane content in the air is more than 3% and
percentage test is not necessary in this case.

1.2 Percentage Test

1. This test is also called cap test.

2. The surrounding is made dark, before carrying out this test.
3. This test is carried out with a reduced flame. The flame can be reduced with the
help of the regulating knob.
4. The flame should be reduced to an extent such that there appears a continuous
blue line just above a speck (a very small mark or shape) of white/yellow light.
5. The lamp is raised slowly to the roof and the percentage of methane is indicated
by the height of the cap produced. The height of the cap produced is dependent on
the following factors:

• Width of the wick: The wider the wick, the longer is the cap.
• Nature of fuel: Lesser is the boiling point of the fuel used, the longer is the
cap produced.
• Shape of the wick: Flat wick gives more accurate results compared to round
ones.
25
DIAGRAM FOR CAP FORMATION:

Fig 8 cap formation and their height obtained

26
2. Methanometers:
• Under normal conditions, the inlet port (sample inlet) is covered with a
plastic cap which is removed at the time of taking measurements.
• This is to see that the mine air can diffuse in the detector/sensing chamber.
There is also a provision for attaching a telescopic probe of 1.4 m length
which comes along with the instrument.
• This telescopic probe can be screwed on to the inlet port so that sample from
inaccessible points (like roof level, inside wide cracks, borehole end etc) can
be aspirated using an aspirated bulb so that air enters the instrument through
four holes at the end of the probe.
• The schematic diagram of MSA D6 methanometer is shown in Fig.

Fig 9 MSA d-6 methanometer

27
OBSERVATION TABLE:

a.) By Methanometer:

Sl.no Location Gas % observed by methanometer

1 At face
2 At 10 mts from face
3 District intake
airway
4 District return
airway
5 At LVC

b.) By Flame Safety Lamp:

Sl. No Location Gas% observed by Flame safety lamp
1 At face
2 At 10 mts from face
3 District intake
airway
4 District return
airway
5 At LVC

PRECAUTION:

- The lamp should be lowered down to floor and should allow fresh-air to enter.
This will cause the dilution of methane as fresh air near floor has very low methane
concentration.
- If the above step fails, the flame should be smothered by cutting off the oxygen
supply. It can be done by covering the gas inlet air holes using cloth.

RESULT:

Thus the experiment is conducted and the gases % observed:

a.) by methanometer: …………….

b.) by Flame safety lamp: ……………..

28
 EXPERIMENT NO. 4

DETERMINATION OF HUMIDITY OF MINE AIR BY WHIRLING

HYGROMETER
AIM:

To determine the humidity of mine air by Whirling Hygrometer

APPARATUS

Whirling Hygrometer.

THEORY:

• It is an instrument to determined relative humidity of air i.e. the extent to

which it is saturated with moisture is known as Hygrometer, a typical
example of which is the dry and wet bulb hygrometer
• Essentially it consists of two thermometers mounted side by side on suitable
frame.one thermometer has a dry bulb it indicates the actual temperature of
surrounding air. The other thermometer has its bulb covered with a moist cloth
which dips into a small bottle filled with water.

Fig 10 whirling Hygrometer

• Constant evaporation of moisture takes place from the wet bulb there by
cooling it and bringing down its temperature
• When the air is relatively dry i.e. it has low relative humidity, there is a large
difference between readings of dry bulb and wet bulb, when the air is nearly
saturated the two readings have hardly any difference. A hygrometer
convenient to carry underground is Whirling hygrometer.

29
 • Fill the cistern with distinct or clean rain water to avoid the wick become a
clogged with impurities.The wick should be changed regularly to ensure a
constant flow of moisture to the wet bulb.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.no: Location Dry bulb Wet bulb Depression Relative

temp.(AO) temp.(BO) (AO-BO) humidity

1. At face

2. In intake
airway

3. At return
airway

4. At LVC

PROCEDURE:

• Fan the bulb gently until the mercury columns remains steady.
• Take the readings of the wet and dry bulbs columns.
• Subtract the readings of the wet bulb column from that of the dry, thus
arriving the depression value.
• When the frame along with the thermometer is whirled at 200 RPM for about
a minute reading of dry and wet bulbs enable the operator to calculate the
relative humidity of air from tables.
• To take the relative humidity readings firstly, locate the readings of the dry
bulb and the depression value,given by the hygrometer and it intersection of
two columns,read of the percentage of humidity.

30
 • In case of temperature falling between those given on the table interpolation
is necessary.
• Interpolation should never made across the zigzag line but the required value
should be obtain by extrapolation downwards or upwards according as to
whether the wet bulb is water covered or ice covered
• The values of relative humidity above the wet bulb are coated with ice.

PRECAUTIONS:

• Handling of the instrument should be very careful.

• Readings should be note without parallax error.
• The level of mercury should be at its minimum value.

RESULT:

Thus the experiment is conducted and the wet – bulb temperature is observed and
also their relative humidity.

31
 EXPERIMENT NO. 5
DETERMINATION OF AIR QUANTITY BY VANE
ANEMOMETER.
AIM:

To determine the air velocity by using vane anemometer.

APPARTUS:

Digital Vane anemometer.

THEORY:

• It is an instrument to determine the velocity of air in a given time and is

used where the air velocities are between 60m/min and 1000m/min.
• One type of anemometer consists of a small fan having its vanes at 40o to
50o to the direction of air flow. The travelling air rotates the vanes and
through gearing arrangements the detector gives the direct reading of
velocity on digital display.

Fig 11 Vane anemometer

• The anemometer is taken at various locations like face, district intake and
return airways, Trunk airways etc… to record the readings.

32
MODEL CALCULATIONS:
Q = A×V;
Where, A = w × h; implies area of cross-section of gallery.
V = implies velocity of intake air from surface.
PROCEDURE:

• Select the off\on\hold switch, to on position. And the select the function
switch to the m/s, km/h, ft. /min, or knots ‘position according to the
measuring equipment.
• Hold the vane probe handle by hand and let the vane probe hand is opposite to
the measuring air flow source,then the display will show air velocities
directly.
• During the measurement, it will hold the display values if select the
“off/on/hold switch” to the hold position.
• When using the instrument in an underground roadway it should be held away
from the body of the observer and the rotation of the vanes should be as near
as normal to the direction of air flow.

Fig. 12 Typical traverse of vane anemometer for a rectangular cross section

roadway

33
 • To obtain reasonably accurate average velocity readings from the vane
anemometer it is desired to traverse the anemometer through the section of the
air way where air velocity as to be recorded.
• The traversing must be done keeping the anemometer perpendicular to the air
flow direction.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.NO: LOCATIONS READINGS AVG.

READING
READING READING READING
(1) (2) (3)
1. At working faces

2. 10 meters away
from face

3. District Intake
airways

4. District return
airways

PRECAUTIONS:

• Reset the digital values shown on display to zero.

• The instrument should not be held such that the air flow is not obstructed
by the observer.
• Instrument should be kept perpendicular to the air flow.

RESULT:
Thus the experiment is conducted and the velocity of air is observed ………..
34
EXPERIMENT NO. 6
DETERMINATION OF FAN CHARACTERISTICS FOR AXIAL FLOW
FAN

AIM:
To understand the fan characteristics curve for axial flow fan.
THEORY:
• In essence, an axial fan is simply a single stage compressor of low pressure
(and temperature) rise.
• Fans are used to move a large mass of gas or vapor without appreciable
change in pressure. Micro axial fans are used for cooling. The dimensions of
these fans are measured in millimeters; common sizes include 60 mm, 80 mm,
92 mm and 120 mm.
• Fans with a round frame are also available; these are usually designed so that
one may use a larger fan than the mounting holes would otherwise allow (i.e.,
a 120 mm fan with 90 mm holes).
• The amount of airflow which fans generate is typically measured in cubic feet
per minute (CFM), and the speed of rotation is measured in revolutions per
minute (RPM). Often, computer enthusiasts choose fans which have a higher
CFM rating, but produce less noise (measured in decibels, or dB), and some
fans come with an adjustable RPM rating to produce less noise when the
computer does not require additional airflow.
• Fan speeds may be controlled manually (a simple potentiometer control, for
example), thermally, or by the computer hardware or by software.
• It is also possible to run many 12V fans from the 5 V supply, at the expense
of airflow, but with reduced noise levels.
• These fans are used for cooling purpose in the cabinet of personal computers.
They draw air in to the case from outside, expel warm air from inside, or
move air across a heat sink to cool a particular component (like the processor
of mother board).
• These fans are used for active cooling.

35
FAN LAWS:

1. Volume flow:

2. Pressure:

3. Absorbed power:

4. Efficiency %:

Nomenclature for symbols used in this page:-

3
qv = volume flow of air, m /sec
n = rotational speed of fan
d = diameter of fan
P = pressure developed by the fan
3
p = density of air, kg/m
PR = power absorbed by the fan, kW

36
Fig. 13 axial flow fan

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
• Draw a neat sketch with all the major dimensions of the test rig and details of
all the instruments available on the test rig.

• Study the fan characteristics at various speed.

✓ Draw the fan performance curve i.e. Static Pressure vs air volume for
various regulated speeds.
✓ Draw the pressure Drop curves.
✓ Draw the Air flow vs temperature rise for various power transfer
levels.
✓ Repeat the whole process with different sets of enclosures.
• Study the various fans to understand the mine characteristics curves.

37
CHARACTERISTIC CURVE:

Fig 14 Characteristics curve for axial flow fan

From the graph, at 74% efficiency, air volume is 64%. And at 60% of air volume,
total pressure obtained is 84%.

RESULT:

Thus the experiment is conducted and the characteristics curve is observed.

38
 EXPERIMENT NO. 7

DETERMINATION OF CHARACTERISTICS CURVE FOR

CENTRIFUGAL FAN

AIM:

To study the characteristic curve for centrifugal fan installed in any concerned u/g
mine.

APPARATUS:

Centrifugal fan

THEORY:

Table 5.2 Fan Efficiencies

Type of fan Peak Efficiency Range
Centrifugal Fan
Airfoil, backward curved/inclined 79-83
Modified radial 72-79
Radial 69-75
Pressure blower 58-68
Forward curved 60-65
Axial fan
Vanaxial 78-85
Tubeaxial 67-72
Propeller 45-50

39
 FIG. 15 CENTRIFUGAL FAN

CENTRIFUGAL FAN: TYPES

The major types of centrifugal fan are: radial, forward curved and backward curved
as shown in figure below.

Radial fans are industrial workhorses because of their high static pressures (upto
1400 mm WC) and ability to handle heavily contaminated airstreams. Because of
their simple design, radial fans are well suited for high temperatures and medium
blade tip speeds.

Forward-curved fans are used in clean environments and operate at lower

temperatures. They are well suited for low tip speed and high-airflow work - they are
best suited for moving large volumes of air against relatively low pressures.

Backward-inclined fans are more efficient than forward-curved fans. Backward-

inclined fans reach their peak power consumption and then power demand drops off
well within their useable airflow range.

Backward-inclined fans are known as "non-overloading" because changes in static

pressure do not overload the motor.

40
TYPES OF BLADES USED IN CENTRIFUGAL FANS:

FIG. 16 BACKWARD BLADED

FIG.17 RADIAL BLADE FIG. 18 FORWARD BLADED

Fan Laws:
The fans operate under a predictable set of laws concerning speed, power and
pressure. A change in speed (RPM) of any fan will predictably change the pressure
rise and power necessary to operate it at the new RPM.

Flow ∞ Speed Pressure ∞ (Speed)

2
Power ∞ (Speed)
3

Varying the RPM by Reducing the RPM Reducing the RPM

10% decreases or by 10% decreases by 10% decreases
increases air delivery the static pressure by the power
by 10%. 19% and an increase requirement by 27%
in RPM by 10% and an increase in
increases the static RPM by 10%
pressure by 21%. increases the power
requirement by
33%.

41
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

Experimental Procedure/what you should aim at: -

• Draw a neat sketch with all the major dimensions of the test rig and details of
all the instruments available on the test rig.

• Study the fan characteristics at various speed.

✓ Draw the fan performance curve i.e. Static Pressure vs air volume for
various regulated speeds.
✓ Draw the pressure Drop curves.
✓ Draw the Air flow vs temperature rise for various power transfer
levels.
✓ Repeat the whole process with different sets of enclosures.
• Study the various fans to understand the mine characteristics curves
compared to fan characteristics.

FAN CHARACTERISTIC CURVE:

Fig 19 characteristics curve for centrifugal fan

RESULT:

Thus the experiment is conducted and the characteristic curve for centrifugal fan is
observed.

42
 EXPERIMENT NO. 8

DETERMINATION OF COOLING POWER BY KATA

THERMOMETER

AIM:

To determine specific cooling power of mine air.

APPARATUS:
• Kata thermometer;
• Flask containing hot water;
• Stop watch; and
• Flask containing normal water.
THEORY:

HEAT INDICES IN UNDERGROUND MINES:

Heat indices give an idea about the degree of comfort in terms of cooling power of
air. Many indices have been proposed from time to time, but most of them are not
capable of giving accurate results and have some limitations associated with them.
The reason being large number of variables involved, complex nature of human
thermoregulation system, whether the person is clothed or not, etc. We can classify
heat indices in three broad categories (Anon, 1993). They are:
1. Direct indices
2. Empirical indices
3. Rationally derived indices

PROCEDURE FOR TAKING READING:

• The larger bulb or reservoir is dipped in hot water until the thermometric
fluid rises and fills up the smaller bulb at the top of the stem.

• The bulb of the kata thermometer is taken out of the hot water and wiped
with cotton to remove any water drops/ layer on the bulb surface.

• The larger bulb or the reservoir is covered with wet muslin cloth to record
wet-kata thermometer reading and allowed to cool in the mine air.

43
 • To take dry-kata reading, it is allowed to cool in the mine air without
application of wet muslin cloth on the larger bulb/reservoir.
• Using a stopwatch, the time by kata thermometer in cooling from 37.8℃ to
35℃ is recorded.

• For obtaining rate of heat loss from the surface of kata thermometer, Kata
factor (written on it, provided by the manufacturers) is divided by time taken
for cooling from 37.8℃ to 35 ℃.

DIAGRAM FOR KATA THERMOMETER:

Fig 20 kata thermometer

44
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sl. no. Kata factor Time taken to cool from 37.8oC Cooling power
to 35oC

PRECAUTION:
1. It should be handled properly while conducting experiment.
2. Hot water temperatures should be checked properly.

RESULT:
The experiment is conducted and cooling power observed is……….

45
 EXPERIMENT NO. 9

DETERMINATION OF AIR PRESSURE (MINE & DUCT) BY INCLINED

MANOMETER / PITOT TUBE

AIM:

To determine the air pressure of mine &Duct by Inclined manometer and Pitot
tube.

APPARATUS:

• Inclined Manometer
• Pitot Tube

THEORY:
To observe how liquid level adjusts in an inclined tube (the right most tube from
the reservoir), pull the indexing knob forward and then inclined the tube to an
angle of 60 above the horizontal and push the indexing knob back in to secure the
tube at this angle.

Record the reading in the inclined tube.

Note:
The indexing knob can be only fixed at the fixed angles. If the knob is pushed at
anangled position but does not secure, that indicates, the tube is not at one of its
fixedangle. Then move the tube up and down to find out the angled position.

In the similar process, position the inclined tube to an angle of 30 above the
horizontal.

Observe the distance travelled by the fluid along the tube. Note that the meniscus
isseverely deformed by inclination and so care should be taken to record the
accuratereading.

Record the reading in the inclined tube.

46
Note:

If any tubes do not fill to the same height as the liquid in the reservoir, then
theremight be trapped air in the flexible tubing connected with the tube. To remove
thistrapped air, connect a flexible tube with the serrated ferrule at the top of the
tube.

Effect of changes in air pressure:

Ensure that liquid level in all the tubes is same as is in the reservoir. This is done
bykeeping all the serrated ferrules open to atmosphere. Keep the inclined
manometer at 60 angle with the horizontal.

Applying pressure in the reservoir by a syringe (a) depress the plunger, and
(b)withdraw the plunger

To apply pressure in the reservoir, attach one end of one of the flexible tube to
theserrated ferrule at the top of the reservoir. Attach the syringe (with the
plungerwithdrawn)on the other side of the flexible tube and apply pressure in the
reservoir bydepressing the plunger.

This will lower the fluid level surface slightly in the reservoir andthe levels will
rise to a common height in all of the other tubes including the piezometertube
inside the reservoir

Record he height difference between the liquid surface in the reservoir and
themanometers.

Next reduce the pressure in the reservoir by first disconnecting the syringe
and allowingall the tubes to return to the same level.

Reconnect the syringe (with the plungerdepressed) to the other end of the flexible
tube similar to step 2. Withdrawthe plunger which will reduce the pressure in the
reservoir less than atmospheric.

47
 So, thefluid level in the reservoir will slightly increase and in the manometer the
level willdecrease.

DIAGRAM FOR MANOMETER:

Fig 21 Inclined manometer

A manometer with an inclined tube arrangement helps to amplify the pressure
reading, especially in low pressure range. A typical arrangement of the same is
shown
The pressure at O is

The pressure at O is

Equating the pressures, we have

PRECAUTION:

1. The reading should be taken keeping the eye parallel to the water fluid level.

RESULT:
48
Thus the experiment is conducted and air pressures observed is …………

EXPERIMENT NO. 10

PREPARATION OF VENTILLATION MODELS: STOPINGS,

REGULATORS, FANS, BOARD & PILLAR AND LONG WALL MINING
VENTILLATION SYSTEM

AIM:

To prepare the models of ventilation for stopings, regulators, fans, Board & Pillar
and long wall mining ventilation system.

THEORY:

HOW AIR FLOWS IN MINES:

• Whenever the word “ventilation” comes to our mind, we immediately get a

picture wherein a person with a cardiac problem is put on a ventilator, which
involves supplying of oxygen to him through hoses and gas cylinders.

• In no way, the ventilation in mines is different from it.

• Compared to the circulatory system in human beings, the ventilation in

mines is no less complex. Analogous to the circulatory system, the intakes
(intake roadways) are the arteries and the returns (return roadways) are the
veins.

• The up cast and downcast shafts can be considered as pulmonary artery and
the pulmonary veins respectively.

• The bottom of the downcast shaft can be taken as the left chamber and that
of upcast shaft as right chamber of the heart. The atmosphere at the surface
can be considered as that of the lungs.

49
FIG.22 LAYOUT OF VENTILLATION STOPPING

FIG 23. U/G panel ventilation layout

50
 FIG. 24 LAYOUT FOR ADVANCING LONGWALL METHODS OF MINING

FIG. 25 LAYOUT FOR VENTILLATION SYSTEM IN U/G MINES.

51
PRECAUTIONS:

Models should be prepared as per ventilation plan.

RESULT:
Thus the experiment is conducted and the ventilation layout for the given place is
studied.

52
 EXPERIMENT NO. 11

DETERMINATION OF CO IN EXHAUST GAS FROM VEHICLE

AIM:

To determine the CO percentage in exhaust gas from vehicle.

APPARATUS:

CO Detector (GCO – 2008)

THEORY:-

• It is toxic to Hemoglobic animals (both invertebrate and vertebrate,

including humans) when encountered in concentrations above about
35 ppm, although it is also produced in normal animal metabolism in
low quantities, and is thought to have some normal biological
functions.
• In the atmosphere, it is spatially variable and short lived, having a role
in the formation of ground-level ozone.
• Carbon monoxide consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom,
connected by a triple bond that consists of two covalent bonds as well
as one dative covalent bond.
• It is the simplest Oxo-carbon and is iso-electronic with other triply-
bonded diatomic molecules having ten valence electrons, including
the cyanide anion, the nitrosonium cation and molecular nitrogen.
In coordination complexes the carbon monoxide ligand is
called carbonyl.
1. General properties of CO
1. CO is colorless & odorless gas, slightly lighter than air with specific
gravity of 0.972 and lightly soluble in water
2. It is a deadly poisonous gas with explosive range in air is 12.5% to 75%
and ignition temperature is 873K.
3. CO concentration should not be allowed to exceed 0.005 % as per DGMS

53
 4. It is produced by incomplete combustion of carbonaceous material and
leads to water gas.
PROCEDURE:
1. Power on the motor by pressing the power button wait about 30 seconds to
worm up the meter.

Fig 26 CO detector

2. And will show the CO value with the ppm unit in the upper display at the
same time the lower display will shows the temperature value that sensing
from the co sensing head.

3. We have observed this CO readings from a bike, the smoke that from the
silencer of the bike will contain.

PRECAUTION:
1. Reading should be taken at a reasonable distance from the exhaust to
avoid contact from the exhaust.

RESULT:
The experiment is conducted and the gases observed………

54
 EXPERIMENT NO. 12
DETERMINATION OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR
AIM:
To determine the relative humidity of atmospheric air.
APPARATUS:
Whirling Hygrometer
THEORY:
The relative humidity of an air–water mixture is defined as the ratio of the partial
pressure of water vapor in the mixture to the equilibrium vapor pressure of
water over a flat surface of pure water at a given temperature.
Humans are sensitive to high humidity because the human body uses evaporative
cooling, enabled by perspiration, as the primary mechanism to rid itself of waste
heat. Perspiration evaporates from the skin more slowly under humid conditions
than under arid. Because humans perceive a low rate of heat transfer from the
body to be equivalent to a higher air temperature,the body experiences greater
distress of waste heat burden at high humidity than at lower humidity, given equal
temperatures.
PROCEDURE:

1. Cold humid air can promote the formation of ice, which is a danger to
aircraft as it affects the wing profile and increases weight. Carburetor
engines have a further danger of ice forming inside the carburetor. Aviation
weather reports (METARs) therefore include an indication of relative
humidity, usually in the form of the dew point.

2. In addition, air with higher humidity is less dense, providing lower lift and
lower propeller or turbine efficiency (this is somewhat offset by decreased
drag). Pilots must take humidity into account when calculating takeoff
distances because high humidity will require longer runways and will
decrease the climb gradient.

55
 3. Density altitude is the altitude relative to the standard atmosphere conditions
(International Standard Atmosphere) at which the air density would be equal
to the indicated air density at the place of observation, or, in other words, the
height when measured in terms of the density of the air rather than the
distance from the ground. "Density Altitude" is the pressure altitude adjusted
for non-standard temperature.

4. An increase in temperature, and, to a much lesser degree, humidity, will

cause an increase in density altitude. Thus, in hot and humid conditions, the
density altitude at a particular location may be significantly higher than the
true altitude.
OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sl.no Dry bulb Wet bulb Depression Relative

location temperatures temperatures (A-B) humidity
o o
( C) (A) ( C) (B)

PRECAUTION:
• Handling of the instrument should be very careful.
• Readings should be note without parallax error.
• The level of mercury should be at its minimum value.

RESULT:

Thus the experiment is conducted and the relative humidity is………

56
 EXPERIMENT NO 13

DETERMINATION OF O2 DEFICIENCY BY FLAME SAFETY LAMP

AIM:

To determine the deficiency of O2 with help of Flame safety Lamp.

APPARATUS:
• Flame safety lamp
• Types of Flame Safety Lamp
1. GL 50
2. GL 60
3. GL 7
4. GL 5
THEORY:
• O2 deficiency is measured with the help of flame safety lamp by doing
percentage test. If there is less percentage of oxygen available, the CO2 will
enter into the flame safety lamp and the fame will get distinguished.
• It is one of the best detectors to detect the gases of different composition.
• It works on the principle of Wire Gauge. Apart from these the flame safety
lamp works on the principle following:
1. CONDUCTION;
2. CONVECTION; and
3. RADIATION.
PROCEDURE:

Percentage Test

1. This test is also used for O2in underground mines.

2. The surrounding is made dark, before carrying out this test.
3. This test is carried out with a reduced flame. The flame can be reduced with the
help of the regulating knob.
4. The flame should be reduced to an extent such that there appears a continuous
blue line just above a speck (a very small mark or shape) of white/yellow light.
5. The lamp is raised slowly to the roof and the percentage of methane is indicated
by the height of the cap produced. The height of the cap produced is dependent on
the following factors:
57
 • Width of the wick: The wider the wick, the longer is the cap.
• Nature of fuel: Lesser is the boiling point of the fuel used, the longer is the
cap produced.
• Shape of the wick: Flat wick gives more accurate results compared to round
ones.
OBSERVATION:

Sl. No Place of testing % of O2 in Observed % of O2

normal or
atmospheric air

At face
1

2 10 meters away
from face
District intake
3 airways

4 District return
airways

5 At LVC

RESULT:
The experiment is conducted and the Percentages of O2 observed is…………..

58