FILED

United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT May 28, 2021

Petitioners,

v. No. 20-9581
(Petition for Review)
MERRICK B. GARLAND,
United States Attorney General,

Respondent.
_________________________________

ORDER AND JUDGMENT**

Before MORITZ, BALDOCK, and KELLY, Circuit Judges.

Vilma Yaneth Carias-Mejia and her three minor children, all citizens of

Honduras, petition for review of a final order of removal denying their applications


On March 11, 2021, Merrick B. Garland became Attorney General of the
United States. Consequently, his name has been substituted for William P. Barr as
Respondent, per Fed. R. App. P. 43(c)(2).
**
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent,
except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It
may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
for asylum and withholding of removal. Exercising jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C.

§ 1252(a)(1), we deny the petition.

I. Background

The Department of Homeland Security charged Carias-Mejia and her three

children with removability for unlawful entry or presence in the United States.

Carias-Mejia conceded the charges and applied for asylum and withholding of

removal.1

At a hearing before an immigration judge (IJ), Carias-Mejia testified about the

basis for her fear of returning to Honduras. She and Obaydo Romero, who is now her

husband, lived in Olanchito, Honduras. In May 2014, Romero left Honduras and

came to the United States with their oldest child. Beginning in December 2014,

while Carias-Mejia was still in Honduras, two men threatened her with machetes and

robbed her six times. She did not recognize the men, and they did not physically

harm her, but each time, they threatened to kill her unless she gave them everything.

Her children were with her on each occasion, and her sister-in-law was also with her

on the first occasion she was robbed. She would frequently see the men when she

went downtown or shopping, and if she was not alone, they would just stare at her.

Carias-Mejia therefore thought the men targeted her because she was a woman on her

1
Carias-Mejia also applied for relief under the United Nations Convention for
Torture, but the denial of that relief is not at issue in this appeal. We therefore omit
discussion of it. Because Carias-Mejia’s children are derivative beneficiaries of her
applications, they are also parties to the petition for review. But for convenience, we
refer throughout our decision only to Carias-Mejia.

2
own. But she also acknowledged that some townspeople said the men might be part

of the Martinez family, members of which had killed her husband’s father in 2002.

Thus, she believed the Martinez family wanted to hurt her family. The last of the six

robberies occurred in December 2015, and Carias-Mejia came to the United States

with her two youngest children a few months later. She claimed she could not safely

relocate in Honduras because it is a small country.

Romero also testified about the conflict between the Romero and Martinez

families. Romero said he left Honduras in 2014 out of fear that members of the

Martinez family might kill him. Although he did not know why there was conflict

between the two families, his father had always told him to “beware” of the Martinez

family, which does “all the bad things in the town.” R., Vol. I at 208. Romero

believed the Martinez family had killed not only his father but also three of his male

cousins (in 2003, 2008, and 2015) and his father’s sister (in 2017). One of those

cousins told him the Martinez family believed a Romero had killed a Martinez.

Romero testified he cannot safely relocate in Honduras because it is a small country

and the Martinez family might see his return as a threat. He admitted the Martinez

family had not harmed any members of his extended family living outside of

Olanchito or anyone related by marriage to the Romero family. Romero said he

would return to Honduras with Carias-Mejia and their children if they are removed.

The IJ found Carias-Mejia and her husband credible but denied asylum and

withholding of removal. The Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) upheld that

decision. The BIA first affirmed the IJ’s determination that the threats and robberies

3
Carias-Mejia experienced met the common definition of robbery and were not severe

enough to constitute past persecution. Accordingly, she was not entitled to a

presumption of future persecution. The BIA also agreed with the IJ’s assessment that

Carias-Mejia had not demonstrated her membership in the particular social group of

Honduran women was at least one central reason for the harm she experienced;

instead, the two men who attacked her were motivated by either money or personal

retribution based on the conflict between the Romero and Martinez families. The

BIA further agreed with the IJ that Carias-Mejia had not met her burden to show that

she could not avoid future persecution by relocating to another part of Honduras and

that it would not be reasonable to expect her to do so. Accordingly, like the IJ, the

BIA determined that Carias-Mejia had not met her burden of proof for asylum or the

more stringent standard for withholding of removal.

II. Discussion

Where, as here, a single BIA member issues a brief order deciding the merits

of an appeal, the BIA’s order is the final order of removal we review, but we may

consult the IJ’s decision if necessary to understand the grounds for the BIA’s

decision. Uanreroro v. Gonzales, 443 F.3d 1197, 1204 (10th Cir. 2006). We review

legal conclusions de novo and factual findings for substantial evidence.

Vicente-Elias v. Mukasey, 532 F.3d 1086, 1091 (10th Cir. 2008). Under the

substantial-evidence standard, “administrative findings of fact are conclusive unless

any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.”

4
8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B). Whether a noncitizen has demonstrated persecution is a

question of fact. Vicente-Elias, 532 F.3d at 1091.

A. Asylum

An asylum applicant first has the burden of proving her eligibility for asylum

by establishing that she is a refugee as defined in 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42). Yuk v.

Ashcroft, 355 F.3d 1222, 1232 (10th Cir. 2004). An asylum applicant can establish

refugee status by demonstrating that she has a well-founded fear of future persecution

or that she has suffered past persecution, which gives rise to a rebuttable presumption

that she has a well-founded fear of future persecution. Id. at 1233; see also 8 C.F.R.

§ 1208.13(b) (explaining eligibility requirements).2 The persecution must be “on

account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or

political opinion.” § 1101(a)(42). If the applicant establishes refugee status, the

Attorney General exercises discretionary judgment in either granting or denying

asylum. Yuk, 355 F.3d at 1233.

1. Past persecution

Carias-Mejia first argues the BIA erred in finding that the threats and robberies

were not severe enough to constitute persecution. We disagree. Although not

2
An applicant may also establish eligibility for “humanitarian asylum based
exclusively on past persecution so severe that it demonstrates compelling reasons for
being unwilling to return.” Vicente–Elias, 532 F.3d at 1092 (internal quotation
marks omitted); see 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1)(iii) (describing eligibility requirements
for a grant of asylum “in the absence of [a] well-founded fear of persecution”). We
address it no further because Carias-Mejia makes no argument for its application
here.
5
defined in the immigration laws, we have observed that “[p]ersecution is the

infliction of suffering or harm upon those who differ . . . in a way regarded as

offensive, and requires more than just restrictions or threats to life and liberty.”

Tulengkey v. Gonzales, 425 F.3d 1277, 1280 (10th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation

marks omitted). “Persecution is an extreme concept that does not include every sort

of treatment our society regards as offensive.” Pang v. Holder, 665 F.3d 1226, 1233

(10th Cir. 2012) (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted).

The BIA rejected Carias-Mejia’s argument that when considered cumulatively,

the threats by the two men who robbed her rose to the level of persecution. Like the

IJ, the BIA noted that in Vatulev v. Ashcroft, 354 F.3d 1207, 1210 (10th Cir. 2003),

we explained that “[t]hreats alone generally do not constitute actual persecution; only

rarely, when they are so immediate and menacing as to cause significant suffering or

harm in themselves, do threats per se qualify as persecution.” The BIA agreed with

the IJ that the threats did not rise to that level. As the IJ more thoroughly explained,

“the threats were contingent on compliance with a demand – in this case, an[]

inappropriate and illegal demand – and were not threats to do harm beyond that

which would be needed to accomplish the goal of completing a property crime.”

R., Vol. I at 67. The IJ therefore could not find that the threats rose “to the level of

past persecution.” Id.

Before us, Carias-Mejia argues that Vatulev is factually distinguishable

because the threats there consisted only of phone calls unaccompanied by either a

weapon or an immediate threat of injury or death. This distinction is immaterial

6
because both the BIA and the IJ relied on Vatulev only for its explanation of when

threats might qualify per se as persecution. Carias-Mejia also argues “[i]t is hard to

imagine threats that would be more immediate and menacing than these threats that

were part of a pattern of stalking and targeting and caused [her] to fear for her life.”

Pet’rs’ Opening Br. at 9 (internal quotation marks omitted). But this is merely her

opinion; it does not demonstrate that any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled

to disagree with the BIA’s assessment. And Vatulev’s per-se-threat “standard is very

difficult to satisfy. . . . ‘[O]nly rarely’ do threats constitute actual persecution.”

Matumona v. Barr, 945 F.3d 1294, 1305 (10th Cir. 2019) (quoting Vatulev, 354 F.3d

at 1210). As the IJ explained, the threats here were of the common variety attendant

to accomplishing a property crime. And while obviously causing Carias-Mejia

distress, reasonable adjudicators would not be compelled to conclude the threats were

of the rare variety that causes persecution-level suffering or harm.

2. Internal relocation

Carias-Mejia next contests the BIA’s finding that she did not demonstrate the

required nexus between the harm she experienced and a protected ground, namely,

her proposed social group of Honduran women. We need not reach this issue

because she has not challenged the BIA’s finding that she could avoid future

persecution by relocating in Honduras.

“An applicant does not have a well-founded fear of persecution if the applicant

could avoid persecution by relocating to another part of the applicant’s country of

nationality . . . if under all the circumstances it would be reasonable to expect the

7
applicant to do so.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(2)(ii). “In cases [like this one] in which

the applicant has not established past persecution, the applicant shall bear the burden

of establishing that it would not be reasonable for him or her to relocate, unless the

persecution is by a government or is government-sponsored.” Id. § 1208.13(b)(3)(i).

The BIA agreed with the IJ that Carias-Mejia did not meet this burden, finding

that she could avoid the harm she fears by relocating somewhere in Honduras other

than Olanchito and that, under all of the circumstances, it was reasonable for her to

do so. In support, the BIA noted that Carias-Mejia was not aware if the Martinez

family had threatened or harmed any members of the Romero family outside of

Olanchito and that she had “not established that the Martinez family operates

throughout the country.” R., Vol. I at 5-6.

Carias-Mejia has not addressed this finding, so she has waived review of it.

See Herrera-Castillo v. Holder, 573 F.3d 1004, 1010 (10th Cir. 2009) (deeming

waived an issue not raised in an opening brief). Consequently, the BIA’s

unchallenged finding on internal relocation precludes her from showing a

well-founded fear of future persecution regardless of whether the BIA erred with

respect to the nexus finding. See Murrell v. Shalala, 43 F.3d 1388, 1390 (10th Cir.

1994) (explaining that the failure to challenge an agency finding that is an

independently sufficient basis for the denial of relief forecloses success on appeal

regardless of the merits of an alternative ground).

8
B. Withholding of removal

Because Carias-Mejia fails to demonstrate a well-founded fear of persecution

under asylum standards, she necessarily fails to meet the higher standard for

withholding of removal. See Uanreroro, 443 F.3d at 1202.

III. Conclusion

The petition for review is denied.

Entered for the Court

Paul J. Kelly, Jr.