االسم :هاشم عدي حاتم
القسم و المرحلة :هندسة السيارات ثاني
اسم المادة :ميكانيكك الموائع-مختبر الموائع
اسم ورقم التجربة:
Reynolds Number Demonstration 5
Reynolds Number Demonstration
The aim of this experiment
1-To observe the characteristics of the flow of a fiuid in a pipe, this
may be laminar, transitionel or turbulent flow by measuring the
Reynolds number and the behavior of the flow .
2- To calculate and identify Reynolds number (Re) for the laminar,
transition and turbulent flow .
The Theory and Analysis :
Fluid flow can be classified to three regimes which is iaminar,
transitional and tarbalent regime. Osborne Reynolds conducted an
experiment for observation and determination of these regimes of
fiow. By introduce a fine fiiament of dye in to the flow of water through
the glass tubeAi its cntrance he studied the different types of flow, At
low velocities the dye filament appearcd as straight linc through the
length of the tube and paraliel to its axis, characterizing laminar flow.
As the velocity is increased the dye fiiament becomes wavy
throughout indicating transition flow, On further increasing the velocity
the filament breaks up and diffuses completely in the water in the
giass iube indieasting the turbuieni flow.
Laminar Flow : A flow is said to he laminar when the vasious fluid
particies uoves in layer with one layer of fluid living smoothly aver on
adjacent layer, A laminar flow is one in which the fluid particlcs moves
in layers or laminar with one layer sliding over the other Therefore
there is no exchange of fluid purticles from one layer to the other and
hence no transfer of latcr of momentum to be adjucent layers. The
particles, in the layer having lower velocity, obstruct ihe fluid particies
in the layer with higher veiocity. This ebstruction force is called
viscous resistance or viscosity. The laminar flow is one in which fluid
layers glide over each another. It has low velocity and high viscous
resistance
Turbulent Flow: There is a continuous transfer of momentum to
adjacent layers. Fluid particies occupy different reiative position at
different places, It is one in which, the particies ge: thoroughly mixed
on (calied turbulence). The turbulent flow has higher velocity. The
flow in cumls, pipes und rivers is usuaily turbulent flow.
=Dynamic viscosity (N.sec/m² or Kg /m.sec)
v=Kinematic viscosity (m²/sec)
The boundary of Reynolds number for laminar, transitional and
turbulent regime varies by ccometrics and flow condition. For
example: Reynolds observed that in case of flow throuch pipe for
values of:
For laminar Flow: <2000
While for transition flow: 2000< <4000
And for turbulent flow: >40000
Experiment apparatus:
A stop watch, a graduated tank, and Reynolds apparatus which
consists of water tank having a glass tube leading out of it. The giass
tube has a bell mouth at entrance and a regulating valve at outlet, a
dye container with an arrangement for injecting a fine filament of dye
at the entrance of the glass tube.
Transition Flow: The transition flow has intermediate properties
between the laminar and turbulent flow In laminar the forces should
be considered to calculate the friction loss and in the turbulent flow
only the internal forces are considered because the effect of viscous
force is negligible as compared to internal forces. Reynolds carried
out experiments to decide limiting values of Reynolds number to
quantifiably decide whether the flow is laminar, turbulent or transition.
These limits are as below.
Osborne Reymolds discovered that the flow regime mainly
depends on the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces. This
ratio is what we called as Reynoids number.
= -> = …..(1)
And where: v=
= ………………(2)
Where:
Re= Reynold's number (Dimensionless Parameter).
V = Average velocity in (m/sec)
d = Diamieter of pipe in m.
= Mass density of fluid (Kg/ )
= Dynamic viscosity (N.sec/m² or Kg /m.sec)
V = Kinematic viscosity (m²/sec)
Experiment Procedure : The experiment procedure is as follows:
1-Fill the rescrvoir of the dye injector with dye and lower it until it is
just above the beil mouth inlet
. 2- Fill the water tank to the overflow level, and allow a few minutes
before proceeding.
3-Open the inlet valve slightly until water trickles from the overflow
pipe. Then open the control valve on the flow visualization pipe
slightly, so that a low-speed flow occurs in the pipe. Turn on the valve
controlling the dye to let a slight trace of dye into pipe. The traces of
the dye in the flow visuaiization pipe illustrate the character of the
flow (laminar flow).
4- Slightly increase the flow visualization pipe control valve, so that
the flow speed gradually increases. At a certain flow speed, the flow
becomes transitional,
5-If the flow rate is further increased; the flow will finally reach a fully
turbulent state.
6- For each flow speed stage you must coliect the water discharging
from the fluw visualization pipe in the graduated tank. Recorded the
time by using stopwatch and aiso recorded the naiure of the flow
7- Repeated the procedure so that you have at least two sets of data
for laminar, transition and turbuient flow states.
Calculation sheet
Data of Reading : Results:
Inside diameier of pipe section, d=0.032 m
Cross-sectional area of the pipe=
Density of water, p=1000 (Kg/ )
=1.004x /s = 400
T1=23.65 T2=4.62 T3=18.43
Determine : 1) 2) V 3)
answer
=v =1.004 =1.004
A= = =8.042
= =400/23.65=16.91( /s)
V1= =16.91/8.042 = 21027.10(m/s)
= = =670186454.2
Type of flow: turbulent
= =400/4.62=86.58( /s)
V2= =86.58/8.042 = 107659.7861(m/s)
= = =3431387605
Type of flow: transition flow
= =400/18.43=21.70( /s)
V3= =21.70/8.042 = 26983.33(m/s)
= = =86002654.2
Type of flow : turbulent
RUN Time Voulume Flow Velocity , Reynolds
NO t (S) ( ) rate V(m/s) number ( ) Type of flow
( /s)
1 23.65 400 16.91 21027.10 670186454.2 turbulent flow
2 4.62 400 86.58 107659.7861 3431387605 transition flow
3 18.43 400 21.70 26983.33 86002654.2 turbulent flow
Discussion
1. What is Reynold's number?
Ans->The Reynolds number is the ratio of inertial forces to viscous
forces within a fluid which is subjected to relative internal movement
due to different fluid velocities. A region where these forces change
behavior is known as a boundary layer, such as the bounding surface
in the interior of a pipe.
2. state some practical examples of laminar and turbulent flow?
Ans->Examples. A common application of laminar flow is in the
smooth flow of a viscous liquid through a tube or pipe. Another
example is the flow of air over an aircraft wing. An everyday example
is the slow, smooth and optically transparent flow of shallow water
over a smooth barrier.
3. State the difference between laminar flow and turbulent flow?
Ans->Laminar Flow: the flow of a fluid when each particle of the fluid
follows a smooth path, paths which never interfere with one another.
One result of laminar flow is that the velocity of the fluid is constant at
any point in the fluid. Turbulent Flow: irregular flow that is
characterized by tiny whirlpool regions.
4. What is the behavior of path lines?
i) Laminar flow Ans-> In this type of fluid flow, particles move along
well defied paths or steam lines. The fluid layers moves smoothly
over the adjacent layer. The fluid particles move in a definite path and
their paths do not cross each other
ii) Transitional flow Ans-> Each of these flows behave in different
manners in terms of their frictional energy loss while flowing and have
different equations that predict their behavior.
iii) Turbulent flow Ans-> Turbulent flow is characterized by a strong
three-dimensional ... are sufficient enough to keep all the fluid
particles in line,
5. What are the application of Reynolds's No. other than type of flow
Ans->the Reynolds number is also used in scaling of fluid dynamics
problems, and is used to determine dynamic similitude between two
different cases of fluid flow.
