GRANDMASTERS CONSULTANCY (GMC)

BRIDGE CUM SKILL BUILDING TRAINING (BSBT)

FOUNDATION COURSE IN STATISTICAL AND QUANTITATIVE REASONING

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
MODULE-I

1. Ashutosh earns 25% more than Pallavi. By how much percent Pallavi’s income is less
than Ashutosh?
a) 10%
b) 20%
c) 30%
d) 25%
2. In an examination 35% are passing marks. If a student gets 18 marks and fails by 10
marks then what are the maximum marks?
a) 100
b) 80
c) 60
d) 35
3. Match the following pairs of percentage factors of coefficients

Ratio Coefficient

1 75%
2
3 55.55%
4
7 50%
8
5 87.5%
9

1 1
4. If the sales tax be reduced from 3 % to 3 %, then what difference does it make to a
2 3
person who purchases an article with marked price of Rs 8400?
a) 10
b) 11
c) 12
d) 14
5. Find the single discount equivalent to series 20%, 15% and 10%
a) 20
b) 38.8
c) 10
d) None of these
6. Anil wanted to buy a second hand car. He bought the car for 65% of the original price
of Rs 7,20,000. What did he pay for the car?
a) 486000
b) 48600
c) 586000
d) None of these
7. Anita bought an electric machine at 85% of the regular price. She paid Rs 3289 for the
machine. What was the regular price?
a) 3870
b) 3970
c) 4070
d) None of these
8. At a sale, sarees were sold for Rs 1600 each. This price was 80% of their original price.
What was the original price?
a) 2200
b) 2000
c) 2400
d) None of these
9. Find 8% of 325
a) 25
b) 26
c) 27
d) None of these
10. What percent of 88 is 55?
a) 40
b) 50
c) 60
d) None of these
11. The ratio 5:4 expresses as percent equals
a) 12.5%
b) 40%
c) 80%
d) 125%
12. A dishonest trader plans to sell his goods at a loss of 8% but weights 900 grams in
place of a kg weight. Find his real loss or gain percent.
a) 2% loss
b) 2.22% gain
c) 2% gain
d) None of these
13. The price of a mobile is increased 30% before budget and in budget 20% is also
increased. Then total increase in price will be
a) 50%
b) 56%
c) 55%
d) 59%
14. On a Rs. 10, 000 payment order, a person has choice between 3 successive discounts of
10%, 10% and 30% and 3 successive discounts of 40%, 5% and 5%. By choosing the
better one he can save (in Rupees):
a) 200
b) 255
c) 400
d) 433
15. A merchant has 1000 kg of sugar, part of which he sells at 8% profit and the rest at
18% profit. He gains 14% on the whole. The quantity (in kg.) sold at 18% profit is:
a) 560
b) 600
c) 400
d) 640
16. A shopkeeper sold an article for Rs 2564.36. Approximately what was his profit
percent if the cost price of the article was Rs 2400? (Bank PO 1993)
a) 7
b) 8
c) 12
d) 60
17. A person sold two pens for Rs.192. Selling price of both the pens is the same. If on one
pen he makes a profit of 20% and on the other he incurs a loss of 20%, then what is
the total cost price of the pen?
a) Rs. 190
b) Rs. 200
c) Rs. 290
d) Rs. 300
5 2 3
18. of of of 2104 = ?
8 3 5
a) 532
b) 536
c) 526
d) 528
e) None of these
19. Present age of Rama and Shyama are in the ratio 4:5. 5 years hence the ratio becomes 5:6.
What is Rama’s present age?
a) 25 years
 b) 22 years
c) 20 years
d) 30 years
e) None of these
20. The ratio of two numbers is 3 : 4 and their sum is 420. The greater of the two numbers
is :
a) 175
b) 240
c) 200
d) 315
21. X, Y and Z share a sum of money in the ratio 7 : 8 : 16. If Z receives Rs. 27 more than
X, then the total money shared was:.
a) Rs. 48
b) Rs. 279
c) Rs. 93
d) Rs. 558
22. If 15% of x is the same as 20% of y, then x : y is :
a) 3 : 4
b) 17 : 16
c) 4 : 3
d) 16 : 17
23. Pencils, Pens and Exercise books in a shop are in the ratio of 10: 2 : 3. If there are 120
pencils, the number of exercise books in the shop is:
a) 36
b) 72
c) 48
d) 400
4 2
24. Prasad and Pallavi together have Rs. 12000. If of Pallavi’ s amount is equal to of
15 5
the amount Prasad has with him. How much amount Prasad has?
a) 2400
b) 9600
c) 12000
d) None of these
25. If a:b = 3:5 and b:c = 4:7, then find a:b:c
a) 12:20:35
b) 20:12:35
c) 35:20:12
d) 20:35:12
26. A sum of Rs. 427 is to be divided among A, B and C such that 3 times A’s share, 4
times B’s share and 7 times C’s share are all equal. The share of C is :
a) 84
b) 196
c) 147
d) 240
27. The term used to define the smallest element in sample selection is:
a) Sample interval
b) Sampling unit
c) Respondent
d) Population unit
e) Statistical unit
f) Sample frame
28. Which of the following is probability based sample selection method?
a) Multistage stratified
b) Judgment sampling
c) Accident Sampling
d) Over sampling
e) Convenience Sampling
f) Snowball Sampling
29. Interviewing Hockey players as they exit the arena is an example of
a) Quota
b) Convenience
c) Cluster
d) Simple Random
e) Purposive
f) Adaptive
30. A marketing research is restricted to sample size 100 but wants household with
children and those without children equally represented. The sampling menthod would
be?
a) Seed
b) Systematic
c) Replicated
d) Grid
e) Quota
f) Cluster
31. The cluster sampling technique is used for its cost effectiveness in what type of
research?
a) Direct mail
b) Inhome
c) Telephone
d) Consumer panel
e) Mail intercept
f) Internet
32. When each member of a population has an equally likely chance of being selected, this
is called:
a) A nonrandom sampling method
b) A quota sample
c) A snowball sample
d) An Equal probability selection method
33. Which of the following techniques yields a simple random sample?
a) Choosing volunteers from an introductory psychology class to participate
b) Listing the individuals by ethnic group and choosing a proportion from within
each ethnic group at random.
c) Numbering all the elements of a sampling frame and then using a random number table
to pick cases from the table.
d) Randomly selecting schools, and then sampling everyone within the school.
34. Which of the following is not true about stratified random sampling?
a) It involves a random selection process from identified subgroups
b) Proportions of groups in the sample must always match their population proportions
c) Disproportional stratified random sampling is especially helpful for getting large
enough subgroup samples when subgroup comparisons are to be done
d) Proportional stratified random sampling yields a representative sample
35. Which of the following statements are true?
a) The larger the sample size, the greater the sampling error
b) The more categories or breakdowns you want to make in your data analysis, the larger
the sample needed
c) The fewer categories or breakdowns you want to make in your data analysis, the larger
the sample needed
d) As sample size decreases, so does the size of the confidence interval
36. Which of the following formulae is used to determine how many people to include in
the original sampling?
a) Desired sample size/Desired sample size + 1
b) Proportion likely to respond/desired sample size
c) Proportion likely to respond/population size
d) Desired sample size/Proportion likely to respond

37. Which of the following is not a form of nonrandom sampling?

a) Snowball sampling
b) Convenience sampling
c) Quota sampling
d) Purposive sampling
e) They are all forms of nonrandom sampling
38. Which of the following sampling techniques is an equal probability selection method
(i.e., EPSEM) in which every individual in the population has an equal chance of being
selected?
a) Simple random sampling
b) Systematic sampling
c) Proportional stratified sampling
d) Cluster sampling using the PPS technique
e) All of the above are EPSEM
39. Which of the following will give a more “accurate” representation of the population
from which a sample has been taken?
a) A large sample based on the convenience sampling technique
b) A small sample based on simple random sampling
c) A large sample based on simple random sampling
d) A small cluster sample
40. Sampling in qualitative research is similar to which type of sampling in quantitative
research?
a) Simple random sampling
b) Systematic sampling
c) Quota sampling
d) Purposive sampling
41. Which of the following would generally require the largest sample size?
a) Cluster sampling
b) Simple random sampling
c) Systematic sampling
d) Proportional stratified sampling
42. How often does the Census Bureau take a complete population count?
a) Every year
b) Every five years
c) Every ten years
d) Twice a year
43. People who are available, volunteer, or can be easily recruited are used in the sampling
method called ______.
a) Simple random sampling
b) Cluster sampling
c) Systematic sampling
d) Convenience sampling
44. Which of the following types of sampling involves the researcher determining the
appropriate sample sizes for the groups identified as important, and then taking
convenience samples from those groups?
a) Cluster sampling
b) Proportional stratified sampling
c) Quota sampling
d) One-stage cluster sampling
e) Two-stage cluster sampling
45. A type of sampling used in qualitative research that involves selecting cases that
disconfirm the researcher's expectations and generalizations is referred to as
_______________.
a) Extreme case sampling
b) Typical-case sampling
c) Critical-case sampling
d) Negative-case sampling
46. In which of the following nonrandom sampling techniques does the researcher ask the
research participants to identify other potential research participants?
a) Snowball
b) Convenience
c) Purposive
d) Quota
47. Which of the following is the most efficient random sampling technique discussed in
your chapter?
a) Simple random sampling
b) Proportional stratified sampling
c) Cluster random sampling
 d) Systematic sampling
48. If we took the 500 people attending a school in New York City, divided them by
gender, and then took a random sample of the males and a random sampling of the
females, the variable on which we would divide the population is called the _____.
a) Independent variable
b) Dependent variable
c) Stratification variable
d) Sampling variable
49. A number calculated with complete population data and quantifies a characteristic of
the population is called which of the following?
a) A datum
b) A statistic
c) A Parameter
d) A population
50. The type of sampling in which each member of the population selected for the sample
is returned to the population before the next member is selected is called _________.
a) Sampling without replacement
b) Sampling with replacement
c) Simple random sampling
d) Systematic sampling
51. Which of the following is not a type of nonrandom sampling?
a) Cluster sampling
b) Convenience sampling
c) Quota sampling
d) Purposive sampling
e) They are all type of nonrandom sampling
52. Which of the following would usually require the smallest sample size because of its
efficiency?
a) One stage cluster sampling
b) Simple random sampling
c) Two stage cluster sampling
d) Quota sampling
53. A technique used when selecting clusters of different sizes is called _____.
a) Cluster sampling
b) One-stage sampling
c) Two-stage sampling
d) Probability proportional to size or PPS
54. The process of drawing a sample from a population is known as _________.
a) Sampling
b) Census
c) Survey research
d) None of the above
55. It is recommended to use the whole population rather than a sample when the
population size is of what size?
a) 500 or less
b) 100 or less
c) 1000 or less
d) you should always use a sample
56. Which of the following is not an example of a nonrandom sampling technique?
a) Purposive
b) Quota
c) Convenience
d) Cluster
57. Which of the following sampling methods is the best way to select a group of people for
a study if you are interested in making statements about the larger population?
a) Convenience sampling
b) Quota sampling
c) Purposive sampling
d) Random sampling
58. ___________ is a set of elements taken from a larger population according to certain
rules.
a) Sample
b) Population
c) Statistic
d) Element
59. Determining the sample interval (represented by k), randomly selecting a number
th
between 1 and k, and including each k element in your sample are the steps for which
form of sampling?
a) Simple Random Sampling
b) Stratified Random Sampling
c) Systematic Sampling
d) Cluster sampling
60. The nonrandom sampling type that involves selecting a convenience sample from a
population with a specific set of characteristics for your research study is called _____.
a) Convenience sampling
b) Quota sampling
c) Purposive sampling
d) Snowball sampling
FILL IN THE BLANKS

61. Cost price (CP) is the price at which an article is -----------------.

62. When SP > CP, it is a ------------------------. If CP > SP, it is a ------------------

63. If a person sells two similar items, one at a gain of say x%, and the other at a loss of x%,
then the seller always incurs a -------------- and which is given by ----------------:

64. When, a : b :: c : d ; (b  c) = ? ………………….

65. If a : b = c : d, then d is called the ----------------------------------.

66. a : b = c : d, then c is called the --------------------------------.
67. A population includes all of the ----------------- from a set of data.
68. A sample consists of -------------------------- observations from the population.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

69. Ajinkya bought 15 kg of rice at the rate of Rs 14.50 per kg and 10 kg at the rate of Rs
13 per kg. He mixed the two and sold the mixture at the rate of Rs 15 per kg. What
was his total gain in this transaction?
70. By selling 45 oranges for Rs 40, Ankita loses 20 %. How many should she sell for Rs
24 to gain 20 % in the transaction?
71. A man sells an article at 10% gain. Had be sold at for Rs.600 more he could have
gained 20% what is cost price of article
72. Rahil purchased a TV at Rs 10000, then got it repaired at Rs 500, then gave its
transportation charges Rs 100. Then he sold it with 50% of profit. At what price he
actually sold it.
73. By selling an article for Rs 432, Jigisha loses 4%. For how much should she sell it to
gain 6%
74. If the cost price of 12 TV sets is equal to the selling price of 8 TV sets, the gain
percent is?
75. What is 14% of 560?
76. What is 37.5 % of 720?
77. Express 4/5 as a rate percent.
78. 28% of 450 + 45% of 280
2 1
79. 16 % of 600 gm - 33 % of 180 gm
3 3

1 1
80. is what percent of ?
2 3

81. An alloy bronze contains 87% copper and 13% tin. How much tin must be melted with 160
gms of the bronze so that the alloy contains 84% of copper?
82. In an examination, 52% of candidates failed in English and 42% failed in mathematics. If
17% fail in both subjects, the candidates passed in both these subjects is ?
83. A manufacturer lists the retail selling price of an article of an article at p% more than the
cost of production. If he gives a trade discount of q% to his retailers, what is his percentage
profit?
m 1.75
84. If  find the value of
n 3.75
nm
a)
nm
n2  m2
b) 2
n  m2
85. Ram opened a book shop with initial investment of Rs 32000. In the first year he incurred a
loss of 5%. However during the second year he incurred a profit of 10%, and in 3 rd year it
was 12.5%. the net profit for 3 years would be?
86. If 12 men take 9 days to plough 18 acres of land, how long 27 men will take to plough 45
acres?
87. The salaries of A, B, and C are in the ratio of 1 : 2 : 3. The salary of B and C together is Rs.
6000. By what percent is the salary of C more than that of A?

88. What is the difference between Sampling with replacement and sampling without
replacement?
89. What is Sampling Error?
90. What is Non Sampling Error?

IDENTIFY WHETHER THE STATEMENT IS TRUE OR FALSE.

91. To represent the population well, a sample should be randomly collected and adequately
large.

92. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The mean of a population is denoted by x.

II. Sample size is never bigger than population size.
III. The population mean is a statistic.

(A) I only.
(B) II only.
(C) III only.
(D) All of the above.
(E) None of the above.

93. The smaller the population, larger the sample size should be.
94. Sample size is more important than sample methodology.
95. The more important the business decision, the more important it is to use probability
method.
96. Selection depends only on cost and time constrains.
97. Non probability samples can still be accurately measured.
98. Always choose the method, most suited to the problem, irrespective of all the factors.
 ANSWERS

1. (b)
2. (b)
3.
Ratio Coefficient

1 50%
2
3 75%
4
7 87.5%
8
5 55.55%
9

4. (d) 23. (a) 43. (d)

5. (b) 24. (d) 44. (b)
6. (a) 25. (a) 45. (d)
7. (a) 26. (a) 46. (a)
8. (b) 47. (b)
27. (b)
9. (b) 48. (c)
28. (a)
10. (b) 49. (c)
29. (b)
11. (d) 50. (b)
30. (e)
12. (b) 51. (a)
31. (b)
13. (b) 52. (b)
32. (d)
53. (d)
14. (b) 33. (c)
54. (a)
15. (b) 34. (b)
55. (b)
16. (a) 35. (b)
56. (d)
36. (d)
17. (b) 57. (d)
37. (e)
18. (c) 58. (a)
38. (e)
19. (c) 59. (c)
39. (c)
20. (b) 60. (c)
40. (d)
21. (C) 41. (a)
22. (c) 42. (c)

61. Purchased.

62. Profit, Loss

x2
Loss% 
63. 100

64. (a  d)
65. Fourth proportional to a, b, c.
66. Third proportion to a and b.
67. elements
68. One or more

SHORT ANSWERS

69. 27.49 77. 80%

70. 18 78. 252
71. 260.87 79. 40
72. 15900
80. 200/3%
73. 477
74. 50% 81. 5.74 gms
75. 78.4 82. 23%
76. 270
pq
83. (p  q) 
100
11  105
84. a)
4
11
b)
4
85. Rs. 5620/-
86. 10 days
87. 200%

88. When a population element can be selected more than one time, we are sampling with
replacement. When a population element can be selected only one time, we are sampling
without replacement.
89. Sampling error is the error that arises in a data collection process as a result of taking a
sample from a population rather than using the whole population.
90. “Non-sampling error is the error that arises in a data collection process as a result of factors
other than taking a sample. Non-sampling errors have the potential to cause bias in polls,
surveys or samples.
91. True

92. (E)
93. False
94. False
95. True
96. False
97. False
98. False
 ADDITIONAL PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. These are the numbers of newspapers sold at a local shop over the last 10 days:

22, 20, 18, 23, 20, 25, 22, 20, 18, 20

Complete the frequency distribution table.

Papers Sold Frequency

18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

2. These are the numbers of newspapers sold at a local shop over the last 10 days:

22, 20, 18, 23, 20, 25, 22, 20, 18, 20

Complete the frequency distribution table.

Papers Sold Frequency

15-19
20-24
25-29
3. The Lakers scored the following numbers of goals in their last twenty matches:
3, 0, 1, 5, 4, 3, 2, 6, 4, 2, 3, 3, 0, 7, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 3
Which number had the highest frequency?
a) 3
b) 4
c) 6
d) 7
4. Which letter occurs the most frequently in the following sentence?
THE SUN ALWAYS SETS IN THE WEST.
a) E
 b) S
c) T
d) W
5. Pi is a special number that is used to find the area of a circle. The following number
gives the first 100 digits of the number pi:

3.141 592 653 589 793 238 462 643 383 279 502 884 197 169 399 375 105 820 974 944
592 307 816 406 286 208 998 628 034 825 342 117 067

Which of the digits 0 to 9 occurs most frequently in this number?

a) 2
b) 3
c) 8
d) 9
6. A fair die was thrown 100 times. The frequency distribution is shown in the
following table:

How many throws scored less than 3?

a) 11
b) 34
c) 45
d) 56
7. 60 students sat a test. The frequency distribution is shown in the following table:

How many students scored 5 or more?

a) 11
b) 22
c) 33
d) 38

8. A fair die was thrown 100 times. The frequency distribution is shown in the
following table:

How many throws scored greater than 2, but less than or equal to 5?

a) 26
b) 44
c) 45
d) 46
9. 60 students sat a test. The frequency distribution is shown in the following table:

How many students scored greater than or equal to 4, but less than or equal to 7?
a) 19
b) 26
c) 27
d) 34
10. Ramiro did a survey of the number of pets owned by his classmates, with the
following results:

How many of his classmates had less than 3 pets?

a) 16
b) 20
c) 24
d) 26
11. A spinner is in the shape of a regular heptagon marked with the numbers 1 to 7.

Theodore spun the spinner 50 times and recorded his results in a table, as follows:

How many times did he score a prime number?

a) 17
b) 22
c) 23
d) 27
12. The children in a class did a survey of the number of siblings (brothers and sisters)
each of them had. The results are recorded in the following table:

How many families had more than 4 children?

 a) 4
b) 5
c) 8
d) 13
13. Given the following grouped frequency table, in which interval does the median
fall?
a) 0-9
b) 10-19
c) 20-29
d) 30-39

Class Interval Frequency

40-49 8
30-39 12
20-29 10
10-19 4
0-9 2

14. Which of the following cannot be easily observed in a frequency table?

a) The most frequently occurring observations (the mode)
b) The highest and lowest values scored (the range)
c) The middlemost score (the median)
d) If the data were properly counted (Tukey's tallies)
15. Cumulative frequency refers to
a) The total number of observations in a data set.
b) The total number of frequencies falling at or below a given point in the distribution
c) The total number of frequencies falling at or above a given point in the distribution.
d) The proportion of scores below the median
16. To turn a proportion into a percentage
a) Multiply the proportion by 1
b) Multiply the proportion by N.
c) Multiply the proportion by 100.
d) Divide the proportion by 100.
17. If you wish to make a figure of the number of males and females in your class you
should use
a) A frequency table.
b) A histogram.
c) A bar chart.
d) A frequency polygon.
18. The term exploratory data analysis describes
a) Ways of looking at your data before you analyze them.
b) A specific way of making a frequency polygon.
c) Changing the size of class intervals until you get the correct one
 d) How to change cumulative percentages into proportions that can be graphed.
19. Which of the following does not describe the normal distribution?
a) It is hypothetical.
b) It is bell shaped.
c) Most of its observations occur near the endpoints.
d) It is symmetric.
20. If I tell you that your percentile rank is 15, that means
a) Your score was in the top 15 percent.
b) 15 percent of the other scores lie above yours.
c) 15 percent of the other scores are equal to yours.
d) 15 percent of the other scores lie below yours.
21. When drawing a graph it is important that the axes begin at 0 in order to avoid
a) Exaggerated proportions.
b) Unequal intervals.
c) Too many data points.
d) Outliers.
22. Using the frequency distribution below to answer the following question.

X f
25 1
24 0
23 0
22 6
21 8
20 15
19 9
18 3
17 2
16 1
15 1

What is Σf?

a) 46
b) 220
c) 915
d) 25
23. Using the frequency distribution below to answer the following question.

X f
25 1
24 0
23 0
22 6
21 8
20 15
19 9
18 3
17 2
16 1
15 1

What is ΣX?

a) 46
b) 915
c) 4.6
d) 25
24. Using the frequency distribution below to answer the following question.

X f p%
25 1
24 0
23 0
22 6
21 8
20 15
19 9
18 3
17 2
16 1
15 1

Which is the most frequently observed score?

 a) 25
b) 15
c) 20
d) 915

25. Using the frequency distribution below to answer the following question.
X f p%
25 1
24 0
23 0
22 6
21 8
20 15
19 9
18 3
17 2
16 1
15 1

How many total observations are included in this distribution?

a) 11
b) 915
c) 46
d) 25
26. Using the frequency distribution below to answer the following question.
X f p%
25 1
24 1
23 3
22 6
21 8
20 15
19 9
18 3
17 2
16 1
15 1
 Which value has a percentile rank of 50?

a) 19
b) 20
c) 21
d) 25
27. If 35 is the upper limit of the class-interval of class size 10, then the lower limit of
the class-interval is :
a) 20
b) 25
c) 30
d) None of these

FILL IN THE BLANKS

28. Bar diagram are ------------dimensional diagrams.

29. Pie diagram are ------------dimensional diagrams.

30. Squre diagram are ------------dimensional diagrams.

31. Cartograms are used to give quantitative information on a ----------------

32. Representation of data by picture is called as -------------------.

33. Multiple bar diagram is ---------------------- dimensional diagram.

34. Sub divided bar diagram are also called as --------------- bar diagrams.

TRUE OR FALSE TYPE QUESTION

35. Diagrammatic presentation is a tabular form of classifying data.

36. Only length of the bar is considered in a bar diagram.

37. Area diagram and two dimensional diagrams are different.

38. Simple bar diagram is used only for one dimensional comparisons.
39. A multiple bar diagram is used when a comparison is made between values on two or
more variables.

40. A sub divided bar diagram is also known as component bar diagram.

41. In a percentage bar diagram, the component parts are transformed to percentage of the
total.

42. Deviation bar diagrams are two dimensional in nature.

43. Pie-diagram is a circle divided into sectors with area equal to corresponding component.

44. Pictograms and Cartograms are the same.

ANSWERS

1. Ans.

Papers Sold Frequency

18 2
19 0
20 4
21 0
22 2
23 1
24 0
25 1

2. Ans.

Papers Sold Frequency

15-19 2
20-24 7
25-29 1
 3. (a) 12. (c) 21. (a)
4. (b) 13. (d) 22. (a)
5. (d) 14. (d) 23. (b)
6. (b) 15. (b) 24. (c)
7. (c) 16. (c) 25. (c)
8. (c) 17. (c) 26. (b)
9. (d) 18. (a) 27. (b)
10. (c) 19. (c)
11. (d) 20. (d)

FILL IN THE BLANKS

28. One
29. Two
30. Two
31. Geographical
32. Pictogram
33. One
34. Component

TRUE OR FALSE

35. False
36. True
37. False
38. True
39. True
40. True
41. True
42. False
43. True
44. False