Magnets have been used in maxillofacial prosthodontics since the 1950s. The introduction of rare earth magnets allowed for smaller, stronger magnets that could be easily incorporated into prostheses. Rare earth magnets are classified based on their alloys, magnetic properties, surface coatings, magnetic fields, and other factors. Neodymium iron boron magnets currently provide the best magnetic properties for dental applications, though they require protective coatings due to reactivity. When properly coated, rare earth magnets have been shown to be biocompatible for intraoral use.
Magnets have been used in maxillofacial prosthodontics since the 1950s. The introduction of rare earth magnets allowed for smaller, stronger magnets that could be easily incorporated into prostheses. Rare earth magnets are classified based on their alloys, magnetic properties, surface coatings, magnetic fields, and other factors. Neodymium iron boron magnets currently provide the best magnetic properties for dental applications, though they require protective coatings due to reactivity. When properly coated, rare earth magnets have been shown to be biocompatible for intraoral use.
Magnets have been used in maxillofacial prosthodontics since the 1950s. The introduction of rare earth magnets allowed for smaller, stronger magnets that could be easily incorporated into prostheses. Rare earth magnets are classified based on their alloys, magnetic properties, surface coatings, magnetic fields, and other factors. Neodymium iron boron magnets currently provide the best magnetic properties for dental applications, though they require protective coatings due to reactivity. When properly coated, rare earth magnets have been shown to be biocompatible for intraoral use.
Magnets have been used in maxillofacial prosthodontics since the 1950s. The introduction of rare earth magnets allowed for smaller, stronger magnets that could be easily incorporated into prostheses. Rare earth magnets are classified based on their alloys, magnetic properties, surface coatings, magnetic fields, and other factors. Neodymium iron boron magnets currently provide the best magnetic properties for dental applications, though they require protective coatings due to reactivity. When properly coated, rare earth magnets have been shown to be biocompatible for intraoral use.
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MAGNETS IN MAXILLOFACIAL PROSTHODONTICS – A REVIEW
INTRODUCTION:
Magnets in the earlier days were being used in limits due to the unavailability of small- sized magnets, after the introduction of rare earth magnets , as they were available in smaller sizes.Positioning of this rare earth magnets within the prosthesis was easy without being obtrusive in the mouth. Smaller the size of the magnet,it has a strong attractive force and easy placement is possible. Retention, flexibility, and protection are the essential qualities that a prosthesis should have. Improved safety and the advent of rare earth magnets resulted in a significant reduction in magnet size, piqued interest in the field of prosthodontics, and sparked further research1.
The forces are being prevented from being transferred to the implants or surrounding bone by the magnetic attachments serve to disperse vertical and lateral forces. They are being used as a retentive aid for overdenture, removable partial denture, implants, and in orthodontics for the correction of malocclusions and for treating unerupted teeth1.
HISTORY:
In 1953, Freedman Initially, By using mutual repulsion when closing the mouth, a magnet was used to improve maximum denture retention and seating against the alveolar ridges. 2. In 1956, Nadeau found an Extraoral and intraoral prostheses with magnets were included3. In 1960, Behrman used the technique of incorporating magnets into the jaw to improve the prosthesis' retention4. In 1976, Federick used magnets in a sectional denture. At the time of obturator fabrication, magnets were also used in the maxillofacial prosthesis for eyelid and lip closure5.
CLASSIFICATION:
Classification of magnets1
A. Based on alloys used:
• Those which containing cobalt, for example, Alnico, Alnico V, Co-Pt, and Co5 Sm
• Those which are not containing cobalt, for examples, Nd-Fe-B, samarium iron nitride.
B. Based on ability to retain magnetic properties
• Soft (easy to magnetize or demagnetize) Examples are Pd-Co-Ni alloy, Pd-Co alloy, Pd-Co- Cr alloy, Pd-Co-Pt alloy, magnetic stainless steels, and Cr-Molybdenum alloy.
• Hard (retain magnetism permanently) Examples are: Alnico alloys, Co-Pt, Co5 Sm, and Nd- Fe-B
C. Based on property of surface coating (materials may be stainless steel, titanium or palladium)
• Coated
• Uncoated
D. Based on the type of magnetism
• Repulsion
• Attraction E. Based on the type of magnetic field
• Open field
• Closed field
• Rectangular closed-field sandwich design
• Circular closed-field sandwich design
F. Based on the number of magnets in the system
• Single
• Paired
G. Based on the arrangement of the poles
• Reversed poles
• Nonreversed poles.
TYPES OF MAGNETIC MATERIALS 6 7 :
I. CONVENTIONAL MAGNETS
1. Platinum cobalt
2. Aluminum-nickel-cobalt (alnico)
3. Ferrite
4. Chromium-cobalt-iron
II. RARE EARTH MAGNETS
1. Samarium-cobalt (SMCO)
2. Neodymium-iron-boron TABLE 1 : DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DIFFERENT TYPES OF MAGNET Advantage Disadvantage indication Conventional magnets Platinum cobalt flexibility of design, Low magnetic pull This are used to where miniaturisation produce an isotropic is magnet .Did not gain concerned as in the widespread use in production of bias medical or dental fields applications because for microwave of their high cost components, are very obvious; with such a material the shape is almost immaterial and great economy results from the use of flat geometries in such applications as miniature microphones, and wrist watches. Aluminum-nickel- Alnico magnets have Alnico magnets have Used in guitar cobalt (alnico) excellent temperature poor interference pickups, microphones, characteristics and are resistance and are electric motors, resistant to corrosion easily magnetized or sensors, and bearings. demagnetized This are also used for biomedical purposes Ferrite Ferrite magnets are Ferrite magnets have Used in fridge affordable in price, weak magnetic force, magnets, have good and are easy to break loudspeakers, surgical temperature and drop corners. drapes, musical characteristics, and instruments, brakes, are corrosion- and sweeper resistant. Therefore, magnets.Not used for they have a good bio medical price-performance application ratio. Chromium-cobalt-iron 1. Excellent resistance • Disadvantages: 1. Used to fabricate to corrosion Very high Young’s magnetic orthodontic 2. Excellent long-term modulus - Risk of brackets, which were biocompatibility stress shielding then used in the 3. Strength (very 2. Expensive maxillary and strong) mandibular arches to move teeth Rare earth magnets Samarium-cobalt Smco magnets have Smco magnets are Uesd in sensors, pump (SMCO) high heat resistance, relatively expensive. couplings, travelling- good temperature wave tubes, and high stability, and temperature corrosion resistance. applications. Neodymium-iron- NdFeB magnets have NdFeB magnets are Used in magnetic boron the best magnetic not resistant to high resonance imaging properties, good price, temperature and (MRI), lifting good strength, and are corrosion, and are machinery, levitation easy to process into fragile devices, jewelery, special shapes bearings, audio equipment, and hard disc drives.This magnets are used for dental application
TABLE 2:TECHNICAL REQUIRMENTS FOR MANUFACTURING OF MAGNETS
Convetional magnets Rare earth magnets Copper wire, PVC-covered, 150 cm vacuum induction furnace – melting of with bare ends alloy
Rod, hard steel Jet milling -powdering
hopper - pressing. Iron filings in a pepper pot diamond or wire cutting tools - shaping
Tintacks or paper clips plastic, nickel, copper, zinc, tin -
coatings De-magnetizing coil (300 turns or 2400 capacitors and high voltage - to turns) produce a strong current Transformer or low-voltage AC supply Digital measuring projectors - verifies the dimensions x-ray fluorescence technology - verifies the thickness of the plating epoxy binding agent - bonding
DIFFERENT SURFACE COATING FOR NEODYMIUM IRON BORON MAGNETS:
Neodymium reacts to oxygen and oxidises quickly if untreated. covered with a protective coating, which is so thin that it doesn't have any impact on the adhesive force of the magnet.
BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF MAGNETS When compared to the resting membrane potential of cellmembranes, the magnetic potential provided by intraoral magnets in the surrounding blood vessels is extremely low (2*10-5V) (60- 100V)8.
Despite the fact that rare earth metals are biocompatible and acid resistant, they should be hermetically sealed for dental use.
No clinical, microscopic, roentgenologic evidence of cytotoxic effects to magnets14.
USE OF MAGNETS IN MAXILLOFACIAL PROSTHESIS9:
The treatment and recovery of patients with head and neck cancer, as well as the importance of maxillofacial prostheses, have increased many times since the founding of the American Academy of Maxillofacial Prosthetics in 1952. However, there are still numerous difficulties in every step of development, as well as in maintaining maxillofacial prostheses. Magnets have proven to be successful in the retention, repair, and stabilisation of combined maxillofacial prostheses. In the last decade, there have been significant advances in maxillofacial materials and techniques10.
A maxillofacial prosthodontist should face the difficulties associated with fabricating a
prosthesis that satisfies the functional and aesthetic criteria of the patient so that he can have a normal social life and avoid the psychological trauma that the facial disfigurement will cause.Depending on the size of the defect and the diameter needed, the most convenient size of magnet can be selected. When a prosthesis is split into an oral and an obturator portion, the For patients with major intraoral defects, prosthesis insertion and retention may be enhanced. The obturator can be split into two or more sections if appropriate. The contacting surfaces of prosthesis parts should be mounted in such a way that they are easy to assemble and implant11.
The undercut in the defect does not preclude any sections from being inserted, and the division should not compromise the restoration's aesthetics. For patients with large maxillary defects, a sectional prosthesis is an option. Connecting the parts is usually done using two magnetic pairs. The magnets are 0.5 mm deep embedded in the respective contacting surfaces. Due to the small size of Sm-Co magnets, the obturator can be hollowed out to save weight. The use of a hollow obturator is always impossible due to the size of ferrite or alnico magnets12. USE OF MAGNETS IN OVERDENTURE :
When implants are used to support fixed prosthesis or removable overdentures, many of the issues experienced by traditional full denture wearers may be eliminated. If magnetic appliances have a 3 mm bone brace, roots may be used as an abutment. The magnetic retention device, which includes a denture retention element as well as a demountable keeper element, was a more common process. Pairs of cylindrical cobalt samarium magnets are axially magnetised and arranged with their opposite poles adjacent in the denture retention element13.
ADVANTAGES14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22:
• Magnets provide both retention and stability
.• Use of magnets allows for a 24 degree abutment divergence, which simplifies and painlessly removes the prosthesis.
• The roots or implants do not need to be parallel.
• Allows for automatic reseating of the denture if it becomes dislodged while chewing.
• Roots with as little as 3mm of bone reinforcement are suitable for use as abutments with magnetic appliances.
• They does n’t place strain on root abutments directly.
DISADVANTAGES 1-4 :
Corrosion is a disadvantage of magnets
Corrosion of the magnet is due to the breakdown of the encapsulating material Corrosion of the magnet is due to diffusion of moisture and ions through the epoxy seal The most significant issue with using magnets as retentive devices is corrosion. Both Sm- Co and Nd-Fe-B magnets are extremely brittle and prone to corrosion, especially in chloride-rich environments like saliva, and the presence of bacteria accelerates the corrosion of Nd-Fe-B magnets. As a result, in order to use magnets in dental applications, they must be encapsulated or coated. Continuous wear of the encapsulating material, on the other hand, exposes the magnet. Deep scratches and gouges appear on the surface as a result of wear debris and other particles being stuck between the magnet and the root. After that, the attachment's retention would be lost. The abrasive nature of the titanium nitride-coated soft magnetic tooth keeper used in certain implant systems may be contributing to the magnet's excessive wear.
COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE MAGNETIC SYSTEMS :
1. Open field – Dyna Golden
2. Closed field – Innovadent, Solid state, Magnedent Schinner Gillings, Jacksons (regular and mini)23
RECENT ADVANCES IN MAGNETIC SYSTEMS :
Newer magnetic systems :
A new generation of powerful magnetic attachments, dubbed MAGFIT, has been produced in Japan. They're separated into magnetic attachments for:
Recommended applications
• Natural tooth root
• Implant
Principle: MAGFIT is a cutting-edge dental magnetic attachment system that holds a prosthesis in place on a magnet-attractive keeper on the abutment tooth with the aid of a solid yet ultra- compact embedded magnet.
Hitachi, Dyna, Steco, and other brands of magnetic attachments are currently available. To avoid corrosion, both of these items use laser welding.
Super-thin magnet attachment :
The development of a super-thin-shaped magnet attachment is progressing very quickly.
Applications :
The use of these ultra-thin magnetic attachments is intended to allow for the development of a denture retainer that does not require the removal of the crown portion of the tooth, as is the case with current root cap attachments24.
DIFFERENT SHAPES OF MAGNETS:
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS:
The longevity of dental magnetic attachments is determined by a number of factors, The most critical of these is a lack of encapsulation material protection; once breached, the internal magnet quickly corrodes. Magnet encapsulations are now more effectively sealed thanks to advancements in sealing techniques (particularly laser welding). However, further research into corrosion- and wear-resistant encapsulation materials is needed.
Different keeper and magnet shapes can now be offered thanks to improved engineering techniques. Both of these advancements will need to be tested in long-term clinical trials to determine the latest generation of magnets' reliability in clinical settings. However, if magnets are chosen for a specific clinical situation, they can serve as a good introduction to attachment use and, in many cases, can be extremely effective. Different keeper and magnet shapes are now possible thanks to new technology25.
CONCLUSION:
Intraoral magnets have formed the aesthetic and retention of complete and removable partial dentures since the introduction of rare earth magnet alloys. The magnetic denture retention system is not recommended as a substitute for traditional precision retainers, but rather than as a replacement for conventional retainers in cases where they are unsuccessful due to ease, expense, patient motivation, or poor prognosis. REFERENCE: 1 . Bhat VS, Shenoy KK, Premkumar P. Magnets in dentistry. Arch Med Health Sci 2013;1:73-8. 2 . Moghadam BK, Scandrett FR. Magnetic retention for overdentures. J Prosthet Dent 1979;41:26-9.
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