Ex.

No: 6 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF LINE CODING

Date: 30/10/2020 SCHEMES

AIM:

To design and implement Line Coding schemes mbler using Scilab 6.1.0.

REQUIREMENTS:

PC with Scilab 6.1.0

THEORY:

Line coding schemes

A line code is the code used for data transmission of a digital signal over a transmission line. This
process of coding is chosen so as to avoid overlap and distortion of signal such as inter-symbol
interference.
Types of Line Coding
There are 3 types of Line Coding:
1. Unipolar
2. Polar
3. Bi-polar
Unipolar Signaling
Unipolar signaling is also called as On-Off Keying. The presence of pulse represents a 1 and the absence
of pulse represents a 0.
There are two variations in Unipolar signaling:
1. Non Return to Zero NRZ
2. Return to Zero RZ

Polar Signaling

In this type of Polar signaling, a High in data is represented by a positive pulse, while a Low in data is
represented by a negative pulse.

Bipolar Signaling

This is an encoding technique which has three voltage levels namely +, - and 0. Such a signal is called
as duo-binary signal.

An example of this type is Alternate Mark Inversion AMI. For a 1, the voltage level gets a transition from
+ to – or from – to +, having alternate 1s to be of equal polarity. A 0 will have a zero voltage level.

Even in this method, we have two types;

1. Bipolar NRZ
2. Bipolar RZ

Manchester Line Coding

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 In telecommunication and data storage, Manchester code (also known as phase encoding, or PE) is a
line code in which the encoding of each data bit is either low then high, or high then low, for equal time.
It is a self-clocking signal with no DC component.

High Density Bipolar

A sequence of four consecutive zeros in encoded using a special "violation" bit. This bit has the same
polarity as the last 1-bit that was sent using the AMI encoding rule. Further refinement is necessary to
prevent a DC voltage from being introduced by excessive runs of zeros. THe voliation bit alternates
between + and - pulses for every consecutive group of four zeros.

SCILAB

Scilab code

Unipolar encoding

clc;
clear ;
close ;

x =input("Enter data bits")// Data Stream

//Uni-Polar NRZ
z =0; // Starting value on axis
for i =1:length(x)
t=[z:1:z+1]
subplot (3,1,1)
a=gca();
a.data_bounds=[0 -1.5;length(x) 1.5]
a.grid =[1,-1]
title("Data")
plot (t ,x(i)) // Pl o t c u r r e n t da ta b i t
subplot(3,1 ,2)
a=gca() ;
a.data_bounds=[0 -1.5; length(x) 1.5]
a.grid=[1 -1]
title ("Unipolar NRZ")
if( x(i) ==0)
plot (t,0)
else
plot (t,1)
end
z = z+1
end

//Uni-Polar RZ
z =0;
for i =1:length(x)
t =[z:0.5:z+1]
//subplot (2,1,1)

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 a=gca();
a.data_bounds=[0 -1.5;length(x) 1.5]
a.grid =[1 -1]

subplot (3,1,3)
a=gca();
a.data_bounds =[0 -1.5;length(x) 1.5]

a.grid =[1 -1]

title ("Unipolar RZ")
if(x(i)==0)
plot(t,0)
elseif(x(i)==1)
t =[z:0.5:(z+0.5)]
plot(t,1)
t =[(z+0.5):0.5:(z+1)]
plot(t,0)
end
z=z+1;
end

Output

Polar encoding

clc;
clear ;
close ;

x =input("Enter data bits") // Data Stream

//Polar NRZ

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z =0; // Starting value on axis
for i =1:length(x)
t=[z:1:z+1]
subplot (3,1,1)
a=gca();
a.data_bounds=[0 -1.5;length(x) 1.5]
a.grid =[1,-1]
title("Data")
plot (t ,x(i))
subplot(3,1 ,2)
a=gca() ;
a.data_bounds=[0 -1.5; length(x) 1.5]
a.grid=[1 -1]
title ("Polar NRZ")
if( x(i) ==0)
plot (t,-1)
else
plot (t,1)
end
z = z+1
end

//Polar RZ
z =0; //starting value on x axis
for i =1:length(x)
t =[z:0.5:z+1]
//subplot (2,1,1)
a=gca();
a.data_bounds=[0 -1.5;length(x) 1.5]
a.grid =[1 -1]

subplot (3,1,3)
a=gca();
a.data_bounds =[0 -1.5;length(x) 1.5]

a.grid =[1 -1]

title ("Polar RZ")
if(x(i)==0)
t =[z:0.5:(z+0.5)]
plot(t,-1)
t =[z+0.5:0.5:(z+1)]
plot(t,0)
elseif(x(i)==1)
t =[z:0.5:(z+0.5)]
plot(t,1)
t =[(z+0.5):0.5:(z+1)]
plot(t,0)
end

z=z+1;
end

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Output

Bipolar encoding

clc;
clear ;
close ;

x =input("Enter data bits") // Data Stream

//Bi-Polar NRZ
z =0; // Starting value on axis
k1=-1
for i =1:length(x)
t=[z:1:z+1]
subplot (3,1,1)
a=gca();
a.data_bounds=[0 -1.5;length(x) 1.5]
a.grid =[1,-1]
title("Data")
plot (t ,x(i)) // Pl o t c u r r e n t da ta b i t
subplot(3,1 ,2)
a=gca() ;
a.data_bounds=[0 -1.5; length(x) 1.5]
a.grid=[1 -1]
title ("Bipolar NRZ")
if( x(i) ==0)
plot (t,0)
else
k1=-k1
plot (t,k1)
end
z = z+1
end

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//Bi-Polar RZ
z =0;
k2=1
for i =1:length(x)
t =[z:0.5:z+1]

a=gca();
a.data_bounds=[0 -1.5;length(x) 1.5]
a.grid =[1 -1]
subplot (3,1,3)
a=gca();
a.data_bounds =[0 -1.5;length(x) 1.5]

a.grid =[1 -1]

title ("Bipolar RZ")
if(x(i)==0)
plot(t,0)
elseif(x(i)==1)
t =[z:0.5:(z+0.5)]
plot(t,k2) // Pl o t 0 f o r f i r s t h a l f b i t d u r a t i o n
t =[(z+0.5):0.5:(z+1)]
plot(t,0)
k2=-k2
end

z=z+1;
end

Output

Manchester and Differential Manchester

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clc;
clear ;
close ;

x =input("Enter data bits")// Data Stream

//plotting the data

z =0; // Starting value on axis
for i =1:length(x)
t=[z:1:z+1]
subplot (3,1,1)
a=gca();
a.data_bounds=[0 -1.5;length(x) 1.5]
a.grid =[1,-1]
title("Data")
plot (t ,x(i))
z = z+1
end

//Manchester
z =0;
for i =1:length(x)
t =[z:0.5:z+1]
//subplot (2,1,1)
a=gca();
a.data_bounds=[0 -1.5;length(x) 1.5]
a.grid =[1 -1]
subplot (3,1,2)
a=gca();
a.data_bounds =[0 -1.5;length(x) 1.5]

a.grid =[1 -1]

title ("Manchester")
if(x(i)==0)
t =[z:0.5:(z+0.5)]
plot(t,-1)
t =[z+0.5:0.5:(z+1)]
plot(t,1)
elseif(x(i)==1)
t =[z:0.5:(z+0.5)]
plot(t,1)
t =[(z+0.5):0.5:(z+1)]
plot(t,-1)
end

z=z+1;
end

//Differential Manchester
z =0;
k=1

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for i =1:length(x)
t =[z:0.5:z+1]
a=gca();
a.data_bounds=[0 -1.5;length(x) 1.5]
a.grid =[1 -1]
subplot (3,1,3)
a=gca();
a.data_bounds =[0 -1.5;length(x) 1.5]

a.grid =[1 -1]

title ("Differential Manchester")
if(x(i)==0)
t =[z:0.5:(z+0.5)]
plot(t,-k)
t =[z+0.5:0.5:(z+1)]
plot(t,k)
elseif(x(i)==1)
t =[z:0.5:(z+0.5)]
plot(t,k)
t =[(z+0.5):0.5:(z+1)]
plot(t,-k)
k=-k;
end
z=z+1;
end

Output

High Density Bipolar coding

clc;
clear ;

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close ;

x =input("Enter data bits")// Data Stream

//plotting the data

z =0; // Starting value on axis
for i =1:length(x)
t=[z:1:z+1]
subplot (3,1,1)
a=gca();
a.data_bounds=[0 -1.5;length(x) 1.5]
a.grid =[1,-1]
title("Data")
plot (t ,x(i))
z = z+1
end

z =0;
c=0;
count=0;
k=1;
for i =1:length(x)
t =[z:0.5:z+1]
//subplot (2,1,1)
a=gca();
a.data_bounds=[0 -1.5;length(x) 1.5]
a.grid =[1 -1]
subplot (3,1,2)
a=gca();
a.data_bounds =[0 -1.5;length(x) 1.5]

a.grid =[1 -1]

title ("High Density Bipolar")
if(x(i)==0)
c=c+1
if(c<3)
plot(t,0)
elseif(c==4 && modulo(count,2)~=0)
c=0
count=0
plot(t,-k,'r','linewidth',3)
elseif(c==4 && modulo(count,2)==0)
c=0
count=0
plot(t,k,'r','linewidth',3)
//z=z-3;
t =[z-3:0.5:z-2]
plot(t,k);
k=-k;
//z=z+3;

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 else
plot(t,0)
end
elseif(x(i)==1)
count=count+1
c=0
plot(t,k)
k=-k;
end
z=z+1;
end

Output

PSD Calculation
clc
clear all
clc

Rb=1;
Tb=1/Rb;
f=0:0.05*Rb:2*Rb;
x=f*Tb;

P=Tb*(sinc(x).*sinc(x));
figure(1)
plot(f,P,'r')
grid on;
xlabel('f ---->')
ylabel('Power Spectral Density ---->')
title('PSD for Polar Signal')

//unipolar
P1=0.5*Tb*(sinc(x).*sinc(x))+ 0.5 *dirac(f);
figure(2)
plot(f,P1,'r')
grid on

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box on
xlabel('f ---->')
ylabel('Power Spectral Density ---->')
title('PSD for Unipolar Signal')

P2=Tb*(sinc(x/2)).^2.*(sin(pi*x/2)).^2;
figure(3)
plot(f,P2,'r')
grid on
box on
xlabel('f ---->')
ylabel('Power Spectral Density ---->')
title('PSD for Manchester Signal')

P3=Tb*(sinc(x/2)).^2.*(sin(pi*x)).^2;
hold on
figure(4);
plot(f,P3,'r')
grid on
box on
xlabel('f ---->')
ylabel('Power Spectral Density ---->')
title('PSD for Bipolar Signal')

hold on;
figure(1);
plot(f,P,'r')
plot(f,P1,'g')
plot(f,P2,'b')
plot(f,P3,'m')
grid on
box on
xlabel('f ---->')
ylabel('Power Spectral Density ---->')
title('PSD for Various Binary Line Codes')
legend('PSD for Polar Signal','PSD for Unipolar Signal',...
'PSD for Manchester Signal','PSD for Bipolar Signal')

Output

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RESULT

Thus, the different line coding schemes have been designed, implemented and verified
successfully.

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