MAKALAH

EXPANDING YOUR KNOWLEDGE

Mata Kuliah : Writing 1

Arranged By:
Arnida Ritonga (1932000004)
Karongia Harja Purba (1932000012)
Putri Pertiwi (1932000020)
Ribby Tazuid (1932000038)
Sri Bintang Ciciliya (1932000027)

KELAS A PAGI
PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS
FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN KEPENDIDIKAN
UNIVERSITAS POTENSI UTAMA
2019
 PREFACE

Praise be to God, we pray to the presence of God Almighty, for giving His grace
in the form of opportunity and knowledge so that this paper can be completed in
time. We also thank our friends who have contributed by giving their ideas so that
this paper can be arranged well and neatly. We hope that this paper can add to the
knowledge of readers. But apart from that, we understand that this paper is far
from perfect, so we look forward to constructive criticism and suggestions for the
creation of further papers that are even better.

Medan, 14 October 2019

Group 4

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover.……………………………………………………………………………i
Preface.………………………………………………………………………….ii
Table of Contents.……………………………………………………………..iii

Making Words Agree.…………………………………………………………..1

Introducing Clauses.……………………………………………………………4
Handling Phrases.………………………………………………………………7
Using Adjective to Color Your Writing ……………………………………..13
Employing Adverbs.…………………………………………………………..17
Using Prepositions.……………………………………………………………20

Revising the Points & Practicing what you’ve learnt.………………………21

References.……………………………………………………………………..22

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 Making Words ‘Agree’
Definition of Agree

Agree has the meaning " Agree, concur, approve, sympathize, be in agreement
and come around", in English Agree is divided into two types namely Strong
Agreement and Mild Agreement

1. Strong Agreement

Expressed confidently or commonly known as ( Strong Agreement). The

following disclosures agree with 100% confidence or strongly agree.

 Precisely ...
 Exactly, you are right ...
 You are perfectly right ..
 Absolutely, he is right ...
 I am with you ...
 No doubt about it ...
 I can agree with you more …

2. Mild Agreement

Mild agreement in this section the disclosure of the agreement expressed or

expressed has not been 100%, can be said to agree but do not yet have full
confidence. The following is an expression of mild agreement.

 I am suppose so ...
 I agree but ...
 I agree ...
 Tell me about it ...
 You might be right …

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Definiton of Disagree

In English Disagree means "disagree, quarrel, differ, fall out, be at odds and
dissent", just like agree, Disagree is divided into 2 types, Strong Disagreement
and Mild Disagreement.

1. Strong Agreement

Sentences that are expressed with strong disagreement mean that they strongly
disagree and reject, or completely disagree. The following is a strong
disagreement sentence:

 Absolutely, no way! ..
 No way! ..
 Of course not ...
 I think you are wrong ..
 I am totally disagree ..
 I'd say the exact opposite ..
 that doesn't make sense ...
 that's ridiculous ..
 that's absurd ..
 I think otherwise ..
 I'm sorry, that's impossible ...

2. Mild Disagreement

Namely expressing or expressing disagree (Disagree) more subtly.

 I agree, but not sure ...

 I agree, but ...
 I don't really agree with you ...
 I know that's, but ...

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 I am not sure about it ..
 I don't think so ...

Examples of the Use of Agree and Disagree

Here is an example sentence using agree and disagree:

1. I agree with Mr. Roni.

2. I think, if I don't agree with you.

3. Exactly, we like the offers that you submit.

4. Of course I think like you.

5. I think you're wrong, I really agree with your opinion.

6. I think this soup is very delicious.

7. I also think so.

8. I don't agree with you guys, I think this soup is lacking something.

9. What do you think about the soup?

10. I really like this soup.

11. I think you are right. This soup is delicious and there are no shortcomings.

12. Just look at the gown in the store is very pretty right?

13. You are very right, it's a very beautiful and sparkling dress.

14. I know the dress is very beautiful, but I'm not sure if it's cheap.

15. I agree with you, surely the dress is very expensive.

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 INTRODUCING CLAUSES
Definition of Clause

Clause is a group of words containing subject and predicate . Subject is about

what or who is being talked about while predicate explains something
about subject .

Subject can be in the form of people, animals, objects, or abstract concepts,

while predicateis verb ( verb ) or auxiliary verb + verb with / without additional
words to complete the meaning of the sentence.

Clause may be a sentence that can stand alone as a sentence, namely

an independent clause or like a sentence that can not stand alone called
a dependent clause .

Independent Clause

Independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. Types of sentences that consist
of one independent clause are called simple sentences . English clauses can also
be combined with other independent clauses to form compound sentences which
the two clauses are combined with

 coordinate conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

 only semicolons (semicolons), or
 adverbial conjunction (however, rather, therefore, etc.)

Macam Contoh Kalimat

simple The ceremony started at 07.00 a.m.

sentence

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 She prefers mangoes to oranges.

I like that bag, but I have no money.

compound You’ve already finished my task; you can go home now.

sentence

I’m not really hungry; however, I want some ice cream.

Dependent Clause

The dependent clause contains subject and predicate but cannot express a whole
mind because this clause is preceded by a word called a subordinator , which
causes the meaning of the clause to hang. This English clause must be linked or
combined with an independent clause (as main clause ) into a type of sentence
called a complex sentence to make it "make sense" or its meaning can be
understood in its entirety. There are three basic types of dependent clause ,
namely:

 noun clause
 adjective clause
 adverbial clause
Noun clause functions as noun ( pronoun ) or pronoun (pronoun) in a
sentence, adjective clause acts like an adjective that
explains noun or pronoun in main clause , while adverbial clause gives
information about verb , adjective , or adverb in main clause .

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Dependent Clause Formulas and Examples

Sorts Dependent Clause Formulas and Examples

subordinate conjunction (after, because, since, when, although,

because, ...) + S + V +/- ...

You were sleeping when she arrived.

adverbial (He arrived while you were sleeping.)
clause
Information:

The adverbial clause gives information about the verb "were sleeping".

 relative pronoun (who, which, whose, who, that, ... -ever) +/- S + V
+/- ...
 relative adverb (why, where, when) + S + V +/- ...

I like the book that you just read .

adjective
(I like the book you just read.)
clause

Information:

The adjective clause explains the noun (direct object "book").

question word (what, who, whose, who, who, when, where, how, ... -ever)
/ if / weather / that + S + V +/- ...

I listened carefully to what she said .

noun (I listen carefully to what he says.)
clause
Information:

Noun clause acts as noun (object of preposition "to").

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Elliptical Clause

Elliptical clause is a dependent clause in which one or more of its constituent

elements are removed because they are understood to be understood. Usually the
elements removed are subject and / or verb or subordinator such as "that" in
the noun clause and the relative pronoun in the adjective clause .

Examples of Elliptical Clause

No Examples of Elliptical Clause

1 I hope thatyou're okay.

(I hope you're fine.) Reduction in noun clause

2 When you arein love, keep your mind sharp.

(When in love, keep your mind sharp.) Reduce adverbial clause

HANDLING PHRASES

Definition of Phrase

Phrases are groups of words that are interrelated but do not

contain subject and verb elements . By understanding how to form and function,
will make it easier for a writer to make variations in an article.

Kinds and Examples of Phrase Sentences

Phrases in English can be divided into several types, including:

1. noun phrase
2. adjective phrase
3. adverbial phrase
4. prepositional phrase
5. infinitive phrase
6. gerund phrase

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7. participial phrase
8. appositive phrase
9. absolute phrase

1. Noun Phrase

Noun Phrase is a combined result of noun (or pronoun / number ) that

functions as a head on that phrase with one or more modifiers which can
be determinants (a, an, the, my, this, that, etc.), adverb (very, so , too,
etc.), adjective (beautiful, funny, great, etc.), and more.

Example Noun Phrase:

 my book
 the next page
 a beautiful girl
 funny stories
 an amusing speaker

Example Sentences of Noun Phrase:

1. Edward is an amusing speaker .

2. He never lends his books to anyone.

2. Adjective Phrase

Adjective phrases both explain nouns like simple adjectives , only the shape is
more complicated. The English phrase consists of adjective (as head )
and modifier , determiner , and / or qualifier / intensifier .

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Examples of Adjective Phrases:

 very difficult
 partially complete
 ashamed of yourself
 fond of pets
 angry with you
 so bad

Examples of Phrase Adjective Sentences:

1. It smells so bad .
2. She's fond of pets .

3. Adverbial Phrases

Adverbial phrases are groups of words consisting

of adverbs and qualifiers (too, very, so, enough, etc) or groups words such
as prepositional phrases or infinitive phrases that act as adverbs .

Examples of Adverbial Phrases:

 very well
 extremely slowly
 during the hurricane
 at school
 in the morning

Example of an Adverbial Phrase sentence:

1. I think he did his job very well .

2. The people couldn't do anything during the hurricane .

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4. Prepositional Phrase

Prepositional phrases are a combination of prepositions ( prepositions ) and

their objects called objects of preposition . The object can bein the form
of noun (phrase), pronoun , or gerund .

Example Prepositional Phrase:

 at school
 because of you
 between you and me
 since yesterday
 during the hurricane

Example of a Prepositional Phrase:

1. There's a distance between us .

2. The people couldn't do anything during the hurricane .

5. Infinitive Phrase

Infinitives are formed from verbs and still have properties like verbs , which can
be followed by direct objects or modifiers . An infinitive phrase is a
combination of an infinitive and an object and / or modifier . This phrase functions
as noun , adjective , and adverb .

Examples of infinitive phases:

 to be a better man
 to fix your sleep schedule
 to call him
 to eat sloppily
 to sleep soundly

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Example sentences of infinitive phases:

1. The best time to call him is at night.

2. You need to fix your sleep schedule .

6. Gerund Phrase

Like an infinitive , a gerund can also be followed by a direct

object or modifier , so that the gerund phrase is a combination
of gerund and object and / or modifier . The gerund phrase in a sentence
functions as a noun .

Example of Gerund Phrase:

 his singing
 getting the best score
 being a mother
 giving bribes to win the election
 walking on the beach

Example sentence of Gerund Phrase:

1. He should feel ashamed for giving bribes to win the election .

2. I love walking on the beach.

7. Participial Phrases

Participial phrases are a combination of present (-ing) or past participle (-ed)

with direct objects and / or modifiers . It functions as verb or adjective . Present
participial phrases are used in active voice - reduced adjective clause ,
whereas past participial phrases are used in passive voice - reduced adjective
clause . Participial phrases can also be used in reduced adverbial clause .

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Examples of Participial Phrase Sentences:

1. Working in my room , I didn't let anyone to disturb.

2. The person reading in the corner is my classmate.

8. Appositive Phrase

Appositive phrases are noun phrases , gerund phrases , or infinitive

phrases that serve to explain nouns or other pronouns .

Examples of Appositive Phrase Sentences:

 a foremost scientist
 the best-selling car in Indonesia
 sailing across the ocean

“His hobby, sailing across the ocean , takes a lot of time. ”

9. Absolute Phrase

Absolute phrases are a combination of noun or pronoun and participle with or

without modifier. Its function is to explain the independent clause separated by
commas.

Examples of Absolute Phrase Sentences:

”His hands tugging on his mother's shirttail , the little boy asked his mother to
buy a toy. ”

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 USING ADJECTIVES TO COLOR YOUR WRITING

Definition of Adjective

Adjective is an adjective that describes a noun. Adjective is usually used before

nouns or after linking verbs

Adjective, Adjective Phrase, and Compound Adjective

Adjective may be a simple form consisting of only one word, or in the form of a
phrase, namely: adjective phrase which is the result of a combination
of adjective as a head and modifier and or determiner.

Adjective
Examples of Adjective Phrases
example

 dark  very dark chocolate (modifier + adjective)

 hot  these hot drinks (determiner + adjective)
 young  many young men (determiner + adjective)

Adjectives may also be able to join other parts of speech such

as nouns or verbs to form new words called compound adjectives .

Combination Examples of Compound Adjectives

adjective + noun high-speed cameras

adjective + past
well-known authors
participle

adjective + present good-looking men

participle

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 noun + adjective oil-free products

Adjective Position and Adjective Order

In a phrase or sentence, the adjective may be in the attributive position placed in

front of the noun , the positive post behind the noun (without
interrupted linking verb ), or predicative placed after the noun with
interrupted linking verb .

Position Adjective example

 beautiful girls
attributive
 They are beautiful girls.

postpositive someone special

predicative They are beautiful .

If there is more than one adjective in front of the noun , we need to follow
the adjective order , i.e. the adjective order by category: opinion, size, shape, age,
color, origin, material, purpose.

Examples of Adjective Orders:

Information:
He had two happy big
brown pigeons.(He used to have two  happy = opinion
cheerful big doves.)  big = size
 brown = color

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Adjective Degree

Adjective can be used to make comparisons. This word can change shape
according to the type of comparison. Here are three types of comparisons in
English.

Sorts Examples of Degree of Comparison Sentences

Positive degree to compare equality. Adjective does not change, it remains

in the standard form.
positive
degree
She is as good as you are in Math.
(He's as good as you at math.)

Comparative degree to compare two people, animals, objects, or

things.Adjective undergoes a change from standard form
to comparative formby following certain patterns.
comparative
degree Today should be better than yesterday.
(Today must be better than yesterday.)

comparative adjective problem

Superlative degree to compare three or more people, animals, things or

things. Adjective undergoes a change from standard form
to superlativeform by following certain patterns.
superlative
degree He was the best of all of us.
(He was the best of us all.)

superlative adjective problem

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Adjective Clause and Reduced Adjective Clause

Adjective clause is a subordinate clause that functions as an adjective , to

explain nouns or pronouns that are in the main clause of a complex sentence .

complex sentence = main clause + adjective clause

This English clause is formed by a relative pronoun (who (ever), who (ever),
whose, ever (which), that) or relative adverb (where, when, why).

adjective clause = relative pronoun +/- subject + verb

adjective clause = relative adverb + subject + verb

Adjective clause may be shortened (reduced) to reduced adjective clause by

removing the relative pronoun and changing the verb used to be participle .

Examples of Adjective Clause

Example of the Reduced Adjective Clause sentence
Sentences

The student who always goes to

school by bus is my friend. The student is always going to school by bus is my
(The student who always goes to friend.
school by bus is my friend.)

Various Adjectives

There are several types of adjective classification, including stative and dynamic
adjective , as well as inherent and non-inherent adjective . Stative
adjective characterizes conditions that tend to be permanent (small, black, tall),
whereas dynamic adjective is related to behavior (foolish, friendly,

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playful). The inherent adjective directly identifies the noun it describes (someone
special = special identifies someone directly ~ someone who is special), while
the non-inherent adjective is the opposite (my old friend = not "my friend who is
old", but old characterizes the friendship has been going on for a long time).

EMPLOYING ADVERBS

Definition and Function of Adverb and Adverbial

Adverb is a word that serves to describe verb ( verb ), adjective (adjective),
or another adverb .

Examples of Adverb Functions

describe verb I completely agree with you.

describe adjective The room was good enough for me.

describe other
She speaks really fast.
adverbs

There is also an adverbial which means adverb or other constructions such

as adverbial phrase and adverbial clause which act as adverb .
Adverbial phrases are groups of words consisting
of adverbs with qualifiers (such as: very , so , and enough ) or groupswords
like: prepositional phrases or infinitive phrases that function like adverbs .

Adverbial Phrase Example

adverb + qualifier very fast, so quickly

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prepositional phrase before lunch, during the war

infinitive phrase to pass the exam, to gain weight

Adverbial clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb and provides

information about verbs , adjectives , or other adverbs in an independent clause in
a complex sentence . This clause may be reduced ( reduced adverbial clause )
if there are only one subject in the complex sentence .

Examples of Adverbial
Example of the sentence Reduced Adverbial Clause
Clause Sentences

Because he didn't feel well ,

he went to bed early.
Not feeling well , he went to bed early.
(Because he doesn't feel well,
he goes to bed early.)

Example of Adverb and Adverbial Comparison

adverb The waiter smiles politely .

adverbial
The waiter smiles in a friendly way .
phrase

adverbial
The waiter smiled when I entered the restaurant .
clause

Adverb is one of eight parts of speech that can be divided into several types,
including:

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1. Adverb of Time

Adverb of time is an adverb to state when an activity occurred or event.

2. Adverb of Manner

Adverb of manner is an adverb to state the way an activity is carried out or an

event occurs.

3. Adverb of Degree

Adverb of degree to express to what extent (level or degree) an activity or event.

4. Adverb of Frequency

Adverb of frequency is an adverb stating how often an activity is carried out or an

event occurs.

5. Adverb of Place

Adverb of place is an adverb to discuss where an activity was carried out or an

event occurred (location), the direction to which someone or something moved
(direction), how far someone or something (distance), or a combination of them.

6. Adverb of Modality (Expectations)

Adverb of modality is an adverb to express the level of confidence or hope.

7. Adverbial of Purpose

Adverbial of purpose is a construction that acts as an adverb and answers the

question "why". The construction can be in the form of prepositional
phrases with prepositions "for" and infinitive phrases .

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8. Focusing Adverb

Focusing adverbs are adverbs used to show that what is being said is limited to the
part that is focused.

USING PREPOSITION

Definition of Preposition and Prepositional Phrase

Preposition is a word whose function is to show the relationship between the

object and other parts of the sentence. This English preposition together with its
object explains verb ( verb ), noun (noun), or adjective (adjective).

The object of preposition can be noun , noun phrase , pronoun , or gerund (verb +
-ing).

A preposition can only consist of one word (one word preposition), or a

combination with another part of speech (complex preposition).

Kins od Preposition

Based on its function, prepositioncan be classified into several types. Here are
some of them.

1. Preposition of Time

Preposition of time is a preposition used to indicate time.

2. Preposition of Place

Preposition of place is an English preposition used to indicate a place or position.

3. Preposition of Movement

Preposition of movement is a preposition used to show movement

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 REVISING THE POINTS & PRACTICING WHAT YOU’VE LEARNT
Try keeping a diary; write something in English in it every day, even if it’s very
simple. Start with small sentences and make them longer. Again, the internet is a
great way to help. Try to make friends online, visit chat rooms, forums, or post
comments on blogs. These are all useful tools for you to learn well from.

Writing gives you a good chance to review words you have learned in the past,
and allows you the time to think about grammar as you write. Go back and review
anything you might have written in the past,when your English was at a lower
level, and try to find any mistakes you made.

Think about writing a short story or even a poem; if you have a teacher, he or she,
will be happy to check it for you

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 REFERENCES
Adverbs. http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/adverbs.htm. Accessed on
December 3, 2012
Prepositions: Locators in Time and
Place. http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/prepositions.htm. Accessed on
February 3, 2013.
Parts of Speech Overview. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/730/1/.
Accessed on February 3, 2013.
Adjective Clauses.http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$20.
Accessed on September 30, 2012.
The Garden of Phrases. http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/phrases.htm.
Accessed on March 6, 2013.
Adjective Phrase (AP). http://www.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/phrases/ap.htm.
Accessed on April 24, 2013.

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