Data Processing
Data Processing
Once the data has been collected, the researcher has
to process, analyze and interpret it.
Dummy tables should be prepared in order to
illustrate the nature and extent of tabulation
required
I. Editing
Editing is the process of examining errors and omissions in
the collected data and making corrections in the same.
Different coloured pencil should be used for editing data.
Field editing – undertaken when work is in progress
Central editing – undertaken when field data is collected
I. Editing
The editor should check the responses contained in
questionnaire for their completeness, accuracy and
uniformity.
II. Coding
II. Coding
Coding is the procedure of classifying the answers
to a question into meaningful categories.
The symbols used to indicate these categories are
called codes.
If coding is not done, it will not be possible to
reduce a large number of heterogeneous responses
into meaningful categories.
II. Coding
Coding involves two steps :-
Specify the different categories or classes
Allocate individual answers to different categories
All the categories must be inclusive and mutually exhaustive
II. Coding
Uncoded Coded
1. Why do you shop?
Why do you shop?
a. To buy essentials
To buy essentials b. To keep up with market
trends
To keep up with market
trends c. To make myself feel
happy
To make myself feel
happy d. To window shop
To window shop
III. Classification of Data
It is the process of grouping of collected data into
different categories.
Mutually exclusive
A specific case must be classified only once in one
category
IV. Tabulation
It comprises of sorting of the data into different
categories and counting the number of cases that
belong to each category.
The tabulation may be done by hand or by machine
or some part by hand and the other by machine.
V. Computer processing
Computer processing is suitable when the following
conditions are met :-
Large volume of input
Repetition of projects
Desired greater speed in processing
Desired greater accuracy
Processing complexities
Data Analysis
It is the most skilled task in research
Critical examination
Pattern of relationship
Analysis involves organizing the data in a particular
manner.
Type of Data Analysis
1. Descriptive analysis
2. Inferential analysis
3. Correlation analysis
4. Causal analysis
5. Multivariate analysis
Data Interpretation
Interpretation of data refers to drawing inferences by
analyzing data.
It helps convert statistical data into information
Essentials of Data Interpretation
Reliable Data
Accuracy
Avoid bias
Adequacy of data
Proper processing
Methods of Interpretation
1. Induction Method
It follows logical reasoning
Observation and generalisation
2. Deduction Method
It is reasoning process of applying a general accepted
principle to a specific individual case.
Significance of Data Interpretation
Recommendations
Decision Making
Development of models
Development of Hypothesis
Future reference
