MATHEMATICS (860)

Aims:

1. To enable candidates to acquire knowledge and to develop an understanding of the terms, concepts,
symbols, definitions, principles, processes and formulae of Mathematics at the Senior Secondary stage.
2. To develop the ability to apply the knowledge and understanding of Mathematics to unfamiliar situations or
to new problems.
3. To develop an interest in Mathematics.

4. To enhance ability of analytical and rational thinking in young minds.

5. To develop skills of -
(a) Computation.
(b) Logical thinking.
(c) Handling abstractions.
(d) Generalizing patterns.
(e) Solving problems using multiple methods.
(f) Reading tables, charts, graphs, etc.
6. To develop an appreciation of the role of Mathematics in day-to-day life.

7. To develop a scientific attitude through the study of Mathematics.

A knowledge of Arithmetic, Basic Algebra (Formulae, Factorization etc.), Basic Trigonometry and Pure
Geometry is assumed.
As regards to the standard of algebraic manipulation, students should be taught:
(i) To check every step before proceeding to the next particularly where minus signs are involved.

(ii) To attack simplification piecemeal rather than en block.

(iii) To observe and act on any special features of algebraic form that may be obviously present.

132
 CLASS XI

There will be two papers in the subject:

Paper I : Theory (3 hours) ……80 marks
Paper II: Project Work ……20 marks

PAPER I (THEORY) – 80 Marks

The syllabus is divided into three sections A, B and C.

Section A is compulsory for all candidates. Candidates will have a choice of attempting questions from
EITHER Section B OR Section C.
There will be one paper of three hours duration of 80 marks.
Section A (65 Marks): Candidates will be required to attempt all questions. Internal choice will be provided in
two questions of two marks, two questions of four marks and two questions of six marks each.
Section B/ Section C (15 Marks): Candidates will be required to attempt all questions EITHER from Section B
or Section C. Internal choice will be provided in one question of two marks and one question of four marks.

DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS FOR THE THEORY PAPER

S.No. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE

SECTION A: 65 Marks
1. Sets and Functions 20 Marks
2. Algebra 24 Marks
3. Coordinate Geometry 8 Marks
4. Calculus 6 Marks
5. Statistics & Probability 7 Marks
SECTION B: 15 marks
6. Conic Section 7 Marks
7. Introduction to Three-Dimensional Geometry 5 Marks
8. Mathematical Reasoning 3 Marks
OR
SECTION C: 15 Marks

9. Statistics 5 Marks
10. Correlation Analysis 4 Marks
11. Index Numbers & Moving Averages 6 Marks
TOTAL 80 Marks

133
 SECTION A - Domain and range of a function.
1. Sets and Functions - Sketches of graphs of exponential
function, logarithmic function,
(i) Sets modulus function, step function and
Sets and their representations. Empty set. rational function.
Finite and Infinite sets. Equal sets. Subsets. (iii) Trigonometry
Subsets of a set of real numbers especially Positive and negative angles. Measuring
intervals (with notations). Power set. angles in radians and in degrees and
Universal set. Venn diagrams. Union and
conversion from one measure to another.
Intersection of sets. Practical problems on
Definition of trigonometric functions with
union and intersection of two and three sets.
the help of unit circle. Truth of the
Difference of sets. Complement of a set.
identity sin2x+cos2x=1, for all x. Signs of
Properties of Complement of Sets.
trigonometric functions. Domain and range
(ii) Relations & Functions of trignometric functions and their graphs.
Ordered pairs, Cartesian product of sets. Expressing sin (x±y) and cos (x±y) in terms
Number of elements in the cartesian product of sinx, siny, cosx & cosy and their simple
of two finite sets. Cartesian product of the applications. Deducing the identities like the
set of reals with itself (upto R x R x R). following:
Definition of relation, pictorial diagrams,
tan x  tan y
domain, co-domain and range of a relation. tan (x  y) = ,
Function as a special type of relation. 1 mtan x tan y
Function as a type of mapping, types of cot x cot y m1
functions (one to one, many to one, onto, cot(x  y)=
into) domain, co-domain and range of a coty cotx
1 1
function. Real valued functions, domain and sin   sin  =2sin (    )cos (  m  )
range of these functions, constant, identity, 2 2
polynomial, rational, modulus, signum, 1 1
exponential, logarithmic and greatest integer cos  + cos  = 2 cos (  +  ) cos ( -  )
2 2
functions, with their graphs. Sum, difference,
1 1
product and quotient of functions. cos  - cos  = - 2sin (  +  ) sin ( -  )
• Sets: Self-explanatory. 2 2
Identities related to sin 2x, cos2x, tan 2x,
• Basic concepts of Relations and sin3x, cos3x and tan3x. General solution of
Functions trigonometric equations of the type
- Ordered pairs, sets of ordered pairs. siny = sina, cosy = cosa and tany = tana.
- Cartesian Product (Cross) of two Properties of triangles (proof and simple
sets, cardinal number of a cross applications of sine rule cosine rule and area
product. of triangle).
Relations as:
• Angles and Arc lengths
- an association between two sets.
- Angles: Convention of sign of angles.
- a subset of a Cross Product.
- Magnitude of an angle: Measures of
- Domain, Range and Co-domain of a
Relation. Angles; Circular measure.
- Functions: - The relation S = r where  is in
- As special relations, concept of radians. Relation between radians
writing “y is a function of x” as y = and degree.
f(x).
- Definition of trigonometric functions
- Introduction of Types: one to one, with the help of unit circle.
many to one, into, onto.

134
 - Truth of the identity sin2x+cos2x=1 - Linear equations of the form a cos
NOTE: Questions on the area of a sector + b sin = c, where c  a2 + b2
of a circle are required to be covered.
and a, b  0
• Trigonometric Functions
- Properties of Δ
- Relationship between trigonometric
a b c
functions. Sine formula: = = ;
sin A sin B sin C
- Proving simple identities.
Cosine formula:
- Signs of trigonometric functions.
b2 + c2 − a 2
- Domain and range of the cos A = , etc
2bc
trigonometric functions.
1
- Trigonometric functions of all Area of triangle:  = bc sin A, etc
angles. 2
- Periods of trigonometric functions. Simple applications of the above.
- Graphs of simple trigonometric
functions (only 2. Algebra
sketches).
(i) Principle of Mathematical Induction
NOTE: Graphs of sin x, cos x, tan x, sec x, Process of the proof by induction,
cosec x and cot x are to be included. motivating the application of the method
• Compound and multiple angles by looking at natural numbers as the least
- Addition and subtraction formula: inductive subset of real numbers. The
sin(A  B); cos(A  B); tan(A  B); principle of mathematical induction and
tan(A + B + C) etc., Double angle, simple applications.
triple angle, half angle and one Using induction to prove various
third angle formula as special cases. summations, divisibility and inequalities of
- Sum and differences as products algebraic expressions only.
sin C + sin D= (ii) Complex Numbers
C+D C−D Introduction of complex numbers and their
2sin   cos   , etc.
 2   2  representation, Algebraic properties of
complex numbers. Argand plane and polar
- Product to sum or difference i.e. representation of complex numbers. Square
2sinAcosB = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)
root of a complex number. Cube root of unity.
etc.
- Conjugate, modulus and argument of
Trigonometric Equations
complex numbers and their properties.
- Solution of trigonometric equations
(General solution and solution in the - Sum, difference, product and quotient of
specified range). two complex numbers additive and
multiplicative inverse of a complex
- Equations expressible in terms of
number.
sin =0 etc.
- Equations expressible in terms i.e. - Locus questions on complex numbers.
sin = sin  etc. - Triangle inequality.
- Equations expressible multiple and - Square root of a complex number.
sub- multiple angles i.e. sin2 =
sin2  etc. - Cube roots of unity and their properties.

135
(iii) Quadratic Equations • Inequalities
Statement of Fundamental Theorem of - Linear Inequalities
Algebra, solution of quadratic equations
Algebraic solutions of linear
(with real coefficients).
inequalities in one variable and their
• Use of the formula: representation on the number line.
Graphical representation of linear
− b  b 2 − 4ac inequalities in two variables.
x=
2a Graphical method of finding a
solution of system of linear
In solving quadratic equations. inequalities in two variables.
• Equations reducible to quadratic form. Self-explanatory.
• Nature of roots - Quadratic Inequalities
− Product and sum of roots. Using method of intervals for solving
− Roots are rational, irrational, equal, problems of the type:
reciprocal, one square of the other. x2 + x − 6  0
− Complex roots. + - +
− Framing quadratic equations with -3 2
given roots.
A perfect square e.g. x 2 − 6 x + 9  0 .
NOTE: Questions on equations having
common roots are to be covered. - Inequalities involving rational
expression of type
• Quadratic Functions.
f ( x)
Given,  as roots then find the equation  a . etc. to be covered.
g ( x)
whose roots are of the form  3 ,  3 , etc.
(iv) Permutations and Combinations
Real roots
Fundamental principle of counting. Factorial
Case I: a > 0 Complex roots n. (n!) Permutations and combinations,
Equal roots derivation of formulae for n Pr and n Cr and
their connections, simple application.
Case II: a < 0 Real roots
Complex roots, • Factorial notation n! , n! =n (n-1)!
Equal roots
• Fundamental principle of counting.
Where ‘a’ is the coefficient of x2 in the
equations of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0. • Permutations
n
Understanding the fact that a quadratic - Pr .
expression (when plotted on a graph) is a - Restricted permutation.
parabola. - Certain things always occur
• Sign of quadratic together.
- Certain things never occur.
Sign when the roots are real and when
they are complex. - Formation of numbers with digits.
- Word building - repeated letters - No
letters repeated.
- Permutation of alike things.
- Permutation of Repeated things.

136
 - Circular permutation – clockwise • Geometric Progression (G.P.)
counterclockwise – Distinguishable / a ( r n − 1)
not distinguishable. - Tn = arn-1, Sn = ,
r −1
• Combinations a
n n n n n S = ; r 1 Geometric
- Cr , Cn =1, C0 = 1, Cr = Cn–r, 1− r
n
Cx = nCy, then x + y = n or x = y,
n+1
Cr = nCr-1 + nCr . Mean, b = ac
- Inserting two or more Geometric
- When all things are different.
Means between any two numbers.
- When all things are not different. - Three terms are in G.P. ar, a, ar-1
- Mixed problems on permutation and - Four terms are in GP ar3, ar, ar-1,
combinations. ar-3
(v) Binomial Theorem • Arithmetico Geometric Series
Identifying series as A.G.P. (when we
History, statement and proof of the binomial substitute d = 0 in the series, we get a
theorem for positive integral indices. Pascal's G.P. and when we substitute r =1 the
triangle, General and middle term in binomial A.P).
expansion, simple applications.
• Special sums  n,  n 2 ,  n 3
• Significance of Pascal’s triangle.
Using these summations to sum up other
• Binomial theorem (proof using induction) for related expression.
positive integral powers,
3. Coordinate Geometry
i.e. (x + y )n = C0 xn + nC1xn-1 y + ...... + nCn yn
n
.
(i) Straight Lines
Questions based on the above.
Brief recall of two-dimensional geometry
(vi) Sequence and Series from earlier classes. Shifting of origin. Slope
Sequence and Series. Arithmetic Progression of a line and angle between two lines.
(A. P.). Arithmetic Mean (A.M.) Geometric Various forms of equations of a line:
Progression (G.P.), general term of a G.P., sum parallel to axis, point-slope form, slope-
intercept form, two-point form, intercept
of first n terms of a G.P., infinite G.P. and its form and normal form. General equation of a
sum, geometric mean (G.M.), relation between line. Equation of family of lines passing
A.M. and G.M. Formulae for the following through the point of intersection of two lines.
special sums  n,  n 2 ,  n 3 . Distance of a point from a line.
• Arithmetic Progression (A.P.) • Basic concepts of Points and their
coordinates.
- Tn = a + (n - 1)d
n • The straight line
- Sn = {2a + ( n − 1) d } - Slope or gradient of a line.
2
- Arithmetic mean: 2b = a + c - Angle between two lines.
- Condition of perpendicularity and
- Inserting two or more arithmetic means
parallelism.
between any two numbers.
- Various forms of equation of lines.
- Three terms in A.P. : a - d, a, a + d - Slope intercept form.
- Four terms in A.P.: a - 3d, a - d, a + d, - Two-point slope form.
a + 3d - Intercept form.
- Perpendicular /normal form.
- General equation of a line.
137
 - Distance of a point from a line. - Limits involving exponential and
- Distance between parallel lines. logarithmic functions.
- Equation of lines bisecting the angle NOTE: Indeterminate forms are to be
between two lines. introduced while calculating limits.
- Equation of family of lines • Differentiation
- Definition of a locus. - Meaning and geometrical
- Equation of a locus. interpretation of derivative.
(ii) Circles - Derivatives of simple algebraic and
• Equations of a circle in: trigonometric functions and their
- Standard form. formulae.
- Diameter form. - Differentiation using first principles.
- General form. - Derivatives of sum/difference.
- Parametric form. - Derivatives of product of functions.
• Given the equation of a circle, to find the Derivatives of quotients of functions.
centre and the radius.
5. Statistics and Probability
• Finding the equation of a circle.
- Given three non collinear points. (i) Statistics
- Given other sufficient data for Measures of dispersion: range, mean
example centre is (h, k) and it lies on deviation, variance and standard deviation of
a line and two points on the circle ungrouped/grouped data. Analysis of
are given, etc. frequency distributions with equal means but
different variances.
• Tangents:
• Mean deviation about mean and median.
- Condition for tangency
- Equation of a tangent to a circle • Standard deviation - by direct method,
short cut method and step deviation
4. Calculus method.
NOTE: Mean, Median and Mode of grouped
(i) Limits and Derivatives and ungrouped data are required to be
Derivative introduced as rate of change both covered.
as that of distance function and (ii) Probability
geometrically.
Random experiments; outcomes, sample
Intuitive idea of limit. Limits of polynomials spaces (set representation). Events;
and rational functions trigonometric, occurrence of events, 'not', 'and' and 'or'
exponential and logarithmic functions. events, exhaustive events, mutually exclusive
Definition of derivative relate it to scope of events, Axiomatic (set theoretic) probability,
tangent of the curve, Derivative of sum, connections with other theories studied in
difference, product and quotient of functions. earlier classes. Probability of an event,
Derivatives of polynomial and trigonometric probability of 'not', 'and' and 'or' events.
functions.
• Limits • Random experiments and their outcomes.
- Notion and meaning of limits. • Events: sure events, impossible events,
mutually exclusive and exhaustive events.
- Fundamental theorems on limits
- Definition of probability of an event
(statement only).
- Laws of probability addition
- Limits of algebraic and theorem.
trigonometric functions.

138
 SECTION B
(iii) Hyperbola
6. Conic Section
x2 y 2
Sections of a cone, ellipse, parabola, hyperbola, a - 2
− 2 = 1 , e  1, b2 = a 2 (e2 − 1)
point, a straight line and a pair of intersecting a b
lines as a degenerated case of a conic section. ( x − )2 ( y − )2
- − =1
Standard equations and simple properties of a2 b2
parabola, ellipse and hyperbola. - Cases when coefficient y2 is negative and
• Conics as a section of a cone. coefficient of x2 is negative.
- Rough sketch of the above.
- Definition of Foci, Directrix, Latus
- Focal property i.e. SP - S’P = 2a.
Rectum. - Transverse and Conjugate axes; Latus
- PS = ePL where P is a point on the rectum; coordinates of vertices, foci and
conics, S is the focus, PL is the centre; and equations of the directrices
perpendicular distance of the point from and the axes.
the directrix. • General second-degree equation
(i) Parabola ax + 2hxy + by + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
2 2

e =1, y2 = ±4ax, x2 = 4ay, y2 = -4ax, - Case 1: pair of straight line if

abc+2fgh-af2-bg2-ch2=0,
x2 = -4ay, (y -)2 =± 4a (x - ), - Case 2: abc+2fgh-af2-bg2-ch2≠0,
(x - )2 = ± 4a (y - ). then represents a parabola if h2 = ab,
ellipse if h2 < ab, and hyperbola if h2
- Rough sketch of the above. > ab.
- The latus rectum; quadrants they lie • Condition that y = mx + c is a tangent to
in; coordinates of focus and vertex; the conics, general equation of
and equations of directrix and the tangents, point of contact and locus
axis. problems.
- Finding equation of Parabola when
Foci and directrix are given, etc. 7. Introduction to three-dimensional Geometry
- Application questions based on the Coordinate axes and coordinate planes in three
above. dimensions. Coordinates of a point. Distance
(ii) Ellipse between two points and section formula.
- As an extension of 2-D
x2 y2
- 2
+ 2 = 1 , e 1, b 2 = a 2 (1 − e 2 ) - Distance formula.
a b - Section and midpoint form
( x − )2 ( y − )2
- + =1 8. Mathematical Reasoning
a2 b2
Mathematically acceptable statements.
- Cases when a > b and a < b.
Connecting words/ phrases - consolidating the
- Rough sketch of the above.
understanding of "if and only if (necessary and
- Major axis, minor axis; latus rectum; sufficient) condition", "implies", "and/or",
coordinates of vertices, focus and
"implied by", "and", "or", "there exists" and
centre; and equations of directrices
and the axes. their use through variety of examples related to
the Mathematics and real life. Validating the
- Finding equation of ellipse when
focus and directrix are given. statements involving the connecting words,
- Simple and direct questions based on Difference between contradiction, converse and
the above. contrapositive.
- Focal property i.e. SP + SP = 2a. Self-explanatory.
139
 SECTION C - Calculation of moving averages with the
9. Statistics given periodicity and plotting them on a
graph.
• Combined mean and standard deviation.
- If the period is even, then the centered
• The Median, Quartiles, Deciles, Percentiles moving average is to be found out and
and Mode of grouped and ungrouped data. plotted.

10. Correlation Analysis

PAPER II – PROJECT WORK – 20 Marks
• Definition and meaning of covariance.
• Coefficient of Correlation by Karl Pearson. Candidates will be expected to have completed two
If x - x, y - y are small non - fractional projects, one from Section A and one from either
Section B or Section C.
numbers, we use
Mark allocation for each Project [10 marks]:
 ( x - x )( y - y )
r= Overall format 1 mark
 (x - x ) (y - y)
2 2

Content 4 marks
If x and y are small numbers, we use Findings 2 marks
1
 xy −  x  y Viva-voce based on the Project 3 marks
r= N
 x − ( x )  y − ( y )
2 1 2 2 1 2 Total 10 marks
N N
List of suggested assignments for Project
Otherwise, we use assumed means
Work:
A and B, where u = x-A, v = y-B Section A
1 1. Using a Venn diagram, find the number of
 uv -(  u )(  v ) subsets of a given set and verify that if a set has
r= N
‘n’ number of elements, the total number of
2 1 2 1
 u − ( u)  v − ( v)
2 2
subsets is 2n .
N N
2. Verify that for two sets A and B, n(A  B) =
• Rank correlation by Spearman’s (Correction pq, where n(A) = p and n(B)= q, the total
included). number of relations from A to B is 2pq.
3. Using Venn diagram, verify the distributive
11. Index Numbers and Moving Averages law for three given non-empty sets A, B and C.
(i) Index Numbers 4. Identify distinction between a relation and a
- Price index or price relative. function with suitable examples and illustrate
- Simple aggregate method. graphically.
- Weighted aggregate method. 5. Establish the relationship between the measure
- Simple average of price relatives. of an angle in degrees and in radians with
suitable examples by drawing a rough sketch.
- Weighted average of price relatives
(cost of living index, consumer price 6. Illustrate with the help of a model, the values
index). of sine and cosine functions for different angles
(ii) Moving Averages which are multiples of π/2 and π.
- Meaning and purpose of the moving 7. Draw the graphs of sin x, sin 2x, 2 sin x, and
averages. sin x/2 on the same graph using same
coordinate axes and interpret the same.

140
8. Draw the graph of cos x, cos 2x, 2 cos x, and 17. Use focal property of ellipse to construct
cos x/2 on the same graph using same ellipse.
coordinate axes and interpret the same.
18. Use focal property of hyperbola to construct
9. Using argand plane, interpret geometrically, hyperbola.
the meaning of and its integral
19. Write geometrical significance of X coordinate,
powers.
Y coordinate, and Z coordinate in space. Using
10. Draw the graph of quadratic function the above, find the distance of the point in
. From the graph find space from x-axis/y-axis/z-axis. Explain the
maximum/minimum value of the function. above using a three-dimensional model/ power
Also determine the sign of the expression. point presentation.
11. Construct a Pascal’s triangle to write a 20. Obtain truth values of compound statements of
binomial expansion for a given positive the type by using switch connection in
integral exponent. series.
12. Obtain a formula for the sum of the 21. Obtain truth values of compound statements of
squares/sum of cubes of ’n’ natural numbers. the type by using switch connection in
parallel.
13. Obtain the equation of the straight line in the
normal form, for (the angle between the Section C
perpendicular to the line from the origin and 22. Explain the statistical significance of percentile
the x-axis) for each of the following, on the and draw inferences of percentile for a given
same graph: data.
(i) α  90° 23. Find median from the point of intersection of
(ii) 90°  α  180° cumulative frequency curves (less than and
(iii) 180°  α  270° more than cumulative frequency curves).
(iv) 270°  α  360° 24. Describe the limitations of Spearman’s rank
14. Identify the variability and consistency of two correlation coefficient and illustrate with
sets of statistical data using the concept of suitable examples.
coefficient of variation. 25. Identify the purchasing power using the
15. Construct the tree structure of the outcomes of concept of cost of living index number.
a random experiment, when elementary events 26. Identify the purchasing power using the
are not equally likely. Also construct a sample concept of weighted aggregate price index
space by taking a suitable example. number.
Section B 27. Calculate moving averages with the given even
16. Construct different types of conics by Periodicity. Plot them and as well as the
PowerPoint Presentation, or by making a original data on the same graph.
model, using the concept of double cone and a
plane.

141
 CLASS XII

There will be two papers in the subject:

Paper I : Theory (3 hours) ……80 marks
Paper II: Project Work ……20 marks

PAPER I (THEORY) – 80 Marks

The syllabus is divided into three sections A, B and C.

Section A is compulsory for all candidates. Candidates will have a choice of attempting questions from
EITHER Section B OR Section C.
There will be one paper of three hours duration of 80 marks.
Section A (65 Marks): Candidates will be required to attempt all questions. Internal choice will be provided in
two questions of two marks, two questions of four marks and two questions of six marks each.
Section B/ Section C (15 Marks): Candidates will be required to attempt all questions EITHER from Section B
or Section C. Internal choice will be provided in one question of two marks and one question of four marks.

DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS FOR THE THEORY PAPER

S.No. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE

SECTION A: 65 MARKS

1. Relations and Functions 10 Marks

2. Algebra 10 Marks

3. Calculus 32 Marks

4. Probability 13 Marks

SECTION B: 15 MARKS
5. Vectors 5 Marks

6. Three - Dimensional Geometry 6 Marks

7. Applications of Integrals 4 Marks

OR
SECTION C: 15 MARKS
8. Application of Calculus 5 Marks

9. Linear Regression 6 Marks

10. Linear Programming 4 Marks

TOTAL 80 Marks

142
 ( x 1− y  y 1− x )
SECTION A
sin-1 x  sin-1 y = sin -1 2 2
1. Relations and Functions
cos x  cos y = cos ( xy m 1 − y 1 − x )
(i) Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, -1 -1 -1 2 2
transitive and equivalence relations. One to
one and onto functions, composite functions, x+ y
inverse of a function. Binary operations. similarly tan-1 x + tan-1 y = tan-1 , xy  1
1 − xy
• Relations as:
x− y
tan-1 x − tan-1 y = tan -1, xy  −1
- Relation on a set A 1 + xy
- Identity relation, empty relation, - Formulae for 2sin-1x, 2cos-1x, 2tan-1x,
universal relation. 3tan-1x etc. and application of these
- Types of Relations: reflexive, formulae.
symmetric, transitive and 2. Algebra
equivalence relation.
Matrices and Determinants
• Binary Operation: all axioms and (i) Matrices
properties
Concept, notation, order, equality, types of
• Functions: matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose
- As special relations, concept of of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric
writing “y is a function of x” as y = matrices. Operation on matrices: Addition
f(x). and multiplication and multiplication with a
scalar. Simple properties of addition,
- Types: one to one, many to one, into, multiplication and scalar multiplication. Non-
onto. commutativity of multiplication of matrices
- Real Valued function. and existence of non-zero matrices whose
product is the zero matrix (restrict to square
- Domain and range of a function.
matrices of order upto 3). Concept of
- Conditions of invertibility. elementary row and column operations.
- Composite functions and invertible Invertible matrices and proof of the
functions (algebraic functions only). uniqueness of inverse, if it exists (here all
matrices will have real entries).
(ii) Inverse Trigonometric Functions (ii) Determinants
Definition, domain, range, principal value Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3
branch. Graphs of inverse trigonometric matrices), properties of determinants,
functions. Elementary properties of inverse minors, co-factors and applications of
trigonometric functions. determinants in finding the area of a
- Principal values. triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a square
- sin-1x, cos-1x, tan-1x etc. and their graphs. matrix. Consistency, inconsistency and
x number of solutions of system of linear
- sin-1x = cos −1 1 − x 2 = tan−1 . equations by examples, solving system of
1 − x2 linear equations in two or three variables
1  (having unique solution) using inverse of a
- sin-1x= cosec−1 ; sin-1x+cos-1x= and
x 2 matrix.
similar relations for cot-1x, tan-1x, etc.

143
 - Types of matrices (m × n; m, n  3), 3. Calculus
order; Identity matrix, Diagonal matrix. (i) Continuity, Differentiability and
- Symmetric, Skew symmetric. Differentiation. Continuity and
- Operation – addition, subtraction, differentiability, derivative of composite
multiplication of a matrix with scalar, functions, chain rule, derivatives of inverse
multiplication of two matrices trigonometric functions, derivative of
(the compatibility). implicit functions. Concept of exponential
1 1 and logarithmic functions.
1 2 
E.g. 0 2  = AB( say) but BA is Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential
 2 2 functions. Logarithmic differentiation,
1 1
derivative of functions expressed in
not possible. parametric forms. Second order derivatives.
- Singular and non-singular matrices. Rolle's and Lagrange's Mean Value
- Existence of two non-zero matrices Theorems (without proof) and their
whose product is a zero matrix. geometric interpretation.
AdjA
- Inverse (2×2, 3×3) A −1 = • Continuity
A
- Continuity of a function at a point
• Martin’s Rule (i.e. using matrices) x = a.
- Continuity of a function in an
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
interval.
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 - Algebra of continues function.
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 - Removable discontinuity.

 a 1 b 1 c1   d1   x • Differentiation
A = a 2 b2 c 2  B = d 2  X =  y 
    - Concept of continuity and
differentiability of x , [x], etc.
a 3 b3 c3   d 3   z  - Derivatives of trigonometric
functions.
AX = B  X = A −1 B - Derivatives of exponential functions.
Problems based on above. - Derivatives of logarithmic functions.
NOTE 1: The conditions for consistency of - Derivatives of inverse trigonometric
equations in two and three variables, using functions - differentiation by means
matrices, are to be covered. of substitution.
NOTE 2: Inverse of a matrix by elementary - Derivatives of implicit functions and
operations to be covered. chain rule.
• Determinants - e for composite functions.
- Order. - Derivatives of Parametric functions.
- Minors. - Differentiation of a function with
respect to another function e.g.
- Cofactors.
differentiation of sinx3 with respect
- Expansion.
to x3.
- Applications of determinants in finding - Logarithmic Differentiation -
N
the area of triangle and collinearity. xx
Finding dy/dx when y = x .
- Properties of determinants. Problems - Successive differentiation up to 2nd
based on properties of determinants. order.
NOTE 1: Derivatives of composite functions
using chain rule.

144
NOTE 2: Derivatives of determinants to be covered. (iii) Integrals
• L' Hospital's theorem. Integration as inverse process of
differentiation. Integration of a variety of
0 
- form, form, 00 form,   form functions by substitution, by partial fractions
0  and by parts, Evaluation of simple integrals
etc. of the following types and problems based
on them.
• Rolle's Mean Value Theorem - its
geometrical interpretation. Definite integrals as a limit of a sum,
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
• Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem - its (without proof). Basic properties of
geometrical interpretation definite integrals and evaluation of definite
(ii) Applications of Derivatives integrals.
Applications of derivatives: rate of change • Indefinite integral
of bodies, increasing/decreasing functions, - Integration as the inverse of
tangents and normals, use of derivatives in differentiation.
approximation, maxima and minima (first
- Anti-derivatives of polynomials and
derivative test motivated geometrically and functions (ax +b)n , sinx, cosx, sec2x,
second derivative test given as a provable cosec2x etc .
tool). Simple problems (that illustrate basic
- Integrals of the type sin2x, sin3x,
principles and understanding of the subject as
sin4x, cos2x, cos3x, cos4x.
well as real-life situations).
- Integration of 1/x, ex.
• Equation of Tangent and Normal
- Integration by substitution.
• Approximation.
- Integrals of the type f ' (x)[f (x)]n,
• Rate measure. f ( x )
.
• Increasing and decreasing functions. f ( x)

• Maxima and minima. - Integration of tanx, cotx, secx,

cosecx.
- Stationary/turning points.
- Integration by parts.
- Absolute maxima/minima
- Integration using partial fractions.
- local maxima/minima f ( x)
Expressions of the form when
- First derivatives test and second g ( x)
derivatives test degree of f(x) < degree of g(x)
- Point of inflexion. x+2 A B
E.g. = +
- Application problems based on ( x − 3)( x + 1) x − 3 x + 1
maxima and minima.
x+2 A B C
= + +
( x − 2)( x − 1) 2
x − 1 ( x − 1) 2
x−2

x +1 Ax + B C
= 2 +
( x + 3)( x − 1) x + 3 x − 1
2

145
 When degree of f (x)  degree of g(x), b c b

e.g.  f ( x)dx =  f ( x)dx +  f ( x)dx

x2 +1  3x + 1  a a c
= 1−  2  where a < c < b
x + 3x + 2
2
 x + 3x + 2  b b

• Integrals of the type:  f ( x)dx =  f (a + b − x)dx

a a
dx dx px + q px + q
 , , 2 dx,  dx a a
x2  a2 x 2  a 2 ax + bx + c ax 2 + bx + c  f ( x)dx =  f (a − x)dx
 a 2  x 2 dx,  x 2 − a 2 dx,
0 0
and
 a
2a 2  f ( x)dx, if f (2a − x) = f ( x)
 f ( x)dx =  0
 
ax 2 + bx + c dx, ( px + q) ax 2 + bx + c dx,
0  0,
 f (2a − x) = − f ( x)
integrations reducible to the above
forms.  a

2 f ( x)dx,if f is an even function
a

dx
 a cos x + b sin x , −a
f ( x)dx =  0

 0,if f is an odd function
dx dx dx
 a + b cos x ,  a + b sin x  a cos x + b sin x + c , (iv) Differential Equations
Definition, order and degree, general and
(a cos x + b sin x)dx ,
 c cos x + d sin x
particular solutions of a differential
equation. Formation of differential equation
dx
 a cos 2
x + b sin 2 x + c
whose general solution is given. Solution
of differential equations by method of
separation of variables solutions of
1  x2
 1 + x 4 dx , homogeneous differential equations of first
order and first degree. Solutions of linear
dx dy
 1 + x 4 ,  tan x dx,  cot x dx etc. differential equation of the type:
dx
+py= q,
where p and q are functions of x or
• Definite Integral dx
- Definite integral as a limit of the constants. + px = q, where p and q are
dy
sum.
functions of y or constants.
- Fundamental theorem of calculus
(without proof) - Differential equations, order and
degree.
- Properties of definite integrals.
- Formation of differential equation by
- Problems based on the following
eliminating arbitrary constant(s).
properties of definite integrals are to
be covered. - Solution of differential equations.
b b - Variable separable.

a
f ( x)dx =  f (t )dt
a
- Homogeneous equations.
dy
b a - Linear form + Py = Q where P and
dx
 f ( x)dx = − f ( x)dx
a b
Q are functions of x only. Similarly, for
dx/dy.
- Solve problems of application on
growth and decay.
- Solve problems on velocity,
acceleration, distance and time.
146
 - Solve population-based problems on - Components of a vector.
application of differential equations. - Vectors in two and three dimensions.
- Solve problems of application on - iˆ, ˆj , kˆ as unit vectors along the x, y and the
coordinate geometry. z axes; expressing a vector in terms of the
unit vectors.
NOTE 1: Equations reducible to variable
separable type are included. - Operations: Sum and Difference of vectors;
scalar multiplication of a vector.
NOTE 2: The second order differential
equations are excluded. - Section formula.
- Triangle inequalities.
4. Probability - Scalar (dot) product of vectors and its
Conditional probability, multiplication theorem geometrical significance.
on probability, independent events, total - Cross product - its properties - area of a
probability, Bayes’ theorem, Random variable triangle, area of parallelogram, collinear
and its probability distribution, mean and vectors.
variance of r a n d o m variable. Repeated - Scalar triple product - volume of a
independent (Bernoulli) trials and Binomial parallelepiped, co-planarity.
distribution.
NOTE: Proofs of geometrical theorems by
- Independent and dependent events using Vector algebra are excluded.
conditional events.
- Laws of Probability, addition theorem,
multiplication theorem, conditional 6. Three - dimensional Geometry
probability. Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line
- Theorem of Total Probability. joining two points. Cartesian equation and vector
equation of a line, coplanar and skew lines,
- Baye’s theorem.
shortest distance between two lines. Cartesian
- Theoretical probability distribution, and vector equation of a plane. Angle between
probability distribution function; mean and (i) two lines, (ii) two planes, (iii) a line and a
variance of random variable, Repeated plane. Distance of a point from a plane.
independent (Bernoulli trials), binomial
distribution – its mean and variance. - Equation of x-axis, y-axis, z axis and lines
parallel to them.
SECTION B - Equation of xy - plane, yz – plane,
5. Vectors zx – plane.
Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction - Direction cosines, direction ratios.
of a vector. Direction cosines and direction - Angle between two lines in terms of direction
ratios of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit, cosines /direction ratios.
zero, parallel and collinear vectors), position
vector of a point, negative of a vector, - Condition for lines to be perpendicular/
components of a vector, addition of vectors, parallel.
multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position
vector of a point dividing a line segment in a • Lines
given ratio. Definition, Geometrical - Cartesian and vector equations of a line
Interpretation, properties and application of through one and two points.
scalar (dot) product of vectors, vector (cross) - Coplanar and skew lines.
product of vectors, scalar triple product of
vectors. - Conditions for intersection of two lines.
- As directed line segments. - Distance of a point from a line.
- Magnitude and direction of a vector. - Shortest distance between two lines.
- Types: equal vectors, unit vectors, zero NOTE: Symmetric and non-symmetric forms of
vector. lines are required to be covered.
- Position vector.
147
 concept of maxima & minima and
• Planes increasing- decreasing functions.
- Cartesian and vector equation of a Self-explanatory
plane. NOTE: Application involving differentiation,
- Direction ratios of the normal to the integration, increasing and decreasing
plane. function and maxima and minima to be
covered.
- One point form.
- Normal form. 9. Linear Regression
- Intercept form. - Lines of regression of x on y and y on x.
- Distance of a point from a plane. - Scatter diagrams
- Intersection of the line and plane. - The method of least squares.
- Angle between two planes, a line and a - Lines of best fit.
plane. - Regression coefficient of x on y and y on x.
- Equation of a plane through the - bxy × byx = r 2 , 0  b xy × b yx  1
intersection of two planes i.e.
P1 + kP2 = 0. - Identification of regression equations
- Angle between regression line and properties
7. Application of Integrals of regression lines.
Application in finding the area bounded b y - Estimation of the value of one variable using
simple curves and coordinate axes. Area the value of other variable from appropriate
enclosed between two curves. line of regression.
- Application of definite integrals - area Self-explanatory
bounded by curves, lines and coordinate axes
is required to be covered. 10. Linear Programming
- Simple curves: lines, circles/ parabolas/ Introduction, related terminology such as
ellipses, polynomial functions, modulus constraints, objective function, optimization,
function, trigonometric function, exponential different types of linear programming (L.P.)
functions, logarithmic functions problems, mathematical formulation of L.P.
problems, graphical method of solution for
SECTION C problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible
regions (bounded and unbounded), feasible and
8. Application of Calculus
infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions
Application of Calculus in Commerce and (up to three non-trivial constraints).
Economics in the following:
- Cost function, Introduction, definition of related terminology
such as constraints, objective function,
- average cost, optimization, advantages of linear programming;
- marginal cost and its interpretation limitations of linear programming; application
- demand function, areas of linear programming; different types of
linear programming (L.P.) problems,
- revenue function,
mathematical formulation of L.P problems,
- marginal revenue function and its graphical method of solution for problems in two
interpretation, variables, feasible and infeasible regions,
- Profit function and breakeven point. feasible and infeasible solutions, optimum
feasible solution.
- Rough sketching of the following curves:
AR, MR, R, C, AC, MC and their
mathematical interpretation using the
148
 PAPER II – PROJECT WORK – 20 Marks 9. For a given function, give the geometrical
Candidates will be expected to have completed interpretation of Mean Value theorems. Explain
the significance of closed and open intervals for
two projects, one from Section A and one from
continuity and differentiability properties of the
either Section B or Section C. theorems.
The project work will be assessed by the 10. Explain the concepts of increasing and
subject teacher and a Visiting Examiner decreasing functions, using geometrical
appointed locally and approved by the significance of dy/dx. Illustrate with proper
Council. examples.
Mark allocation for each Project [10 marks]: 11. Explain the geometrical significance of point of
inflexion with examples and illustrate it using
Overall format 1 mark graphs.
Content 4 marks 12. Explain and illustrate (with suitable examples)
the concept of local maxima and local minima
Findings 2 marks using graph.
Viva-voce based on the Project 3 marks 13. Explain and illustrate (with suitable examples)
Total 10 marks the concept of absolute maxima and absolute
minima using graph.
List of suggested assignments for Project 14. Illustrate the concept of definite integral
Work:
, expressing as the limit of a sum and
Section A
verify it by actual integration.
1. Using a graph, demonstrate a function which is
one-one but not onto. 15. Demonstrate application of differential equations
to solve a given problem (example, population
2. Using a graph demonstrate a function which is increase or decrease, bacteria count in a culture,
invertible. etc.).
3. Construct a composition table using a binary 16. Explain the conditional probability, the theorem
function addition/multiplication modulo upto 5 of total probability and the concept of Bayes’
and verify the existence of the properties of theorem with suitable examples.
binary operation.
17. Explain the types of probability distributions and
4. Draw the graph of y = sin-1 x (or any other inverse derive mean and variance of binomial probability
trigonometric function), using the graph of distribution for a given function.
y = sin x (or any other relevant trigonometric
function). Demonstrate the concept of mirror line Section B
(about y = x) and find its domain and range.
5. Explore the principal value of the function 18. Using vector algebra, find the area of a
sin-1 x (or any other inverse trigonometric parallelogram/triangle. Also, derive the area
function) using a unit circle. analytically and verify the same.
6. Find the derivatives of a determinant of the order 19. Using Vector algebra, prove the formulae of
of 3 x 3 and verify the same by other methods. properties of triangles (sine/cosine rule, etc.)
7. Verify the consistency of the system of three 20. Using Vector algebra, prove the formulae of
linear equations of two variables and verify the compound angles, e.g. sin (A + B) = Sin A Cos B
same graphically. Give its geometrical + Sin B Cos A, etc.
interpretation. 21. Describe the geometrical interpretation of scalar
8. For a dependent system (non-homogeneous) of triple product and for a given data, find the scalar
three linear equations of three variables, identify triple product.
infinite number of solutions.

149
22. Find the image of a line with respect to a given Section C
plane.
31. Draw a rough sketch of Cost (C), Average Cost
23. Find the distance of a point from a given plane (AC) and Marginal Cost (MC)
measured parallel to a given line.
Or
24. Find the distance of a point from a line measured
Revenue (R), Average Revenue (AR) and
parallel to a given plane.
Marginal Revenue (MR).
25. Find the area bounded by a parabola and an
Give their mathematical interpretation using the
oblique line.
concept of increasing - decreasing functions and
26. Find the area bounded by a circle and an oblique maxima-minima.
line.
32. For a given data, find regression equations by the
27. Find the area bounded by an ellipse and an method of least squares. Also find angles
oblique line. between regression lines.
28. Find the area bounded by a circle and a circle. 33. Draw the scatter diagram for a given data. Use it
to draw the lines of best fit and estimate the value
29. Find the area bounded by a parabola and a
of Y when X is given and vice-versa.
parabola.
34. Using any suitable data, find the minimum cost
30. Find the area bounded by a circle and a parabola.
by applying the concept of Transportation
(Any other pair of curves which are specified in problem.
the syllabus may also be taken.)
35. Using any suitable data, find the minimum cost
and maximum nutritional value by applying the
concept of Diet problem.
36. Using any suitable data, find the Optimum cost in
the manufacturing problem by formulating a
linear programming problem (LPP).
NOTE: No question paper for Project Work will be
set by the Council.

150
 SAMPLE TABLE FOR PROJECT WORK
S. No. Unique PROJECT 1 PROJECT 2 TOTAL
Identification MARKS
Number A B C D E F G H I J
(Unique ID) Teacher Visiting Average Viva-Voce Total Teacher Visiting Average Viva-Voce Total (E + J)
of the Examiner Marks by Visiting Marks Examiner Marks by Marks
candidate (A + B ÷ Examiner (C + D) (F + G ÷ Visiting (H + I)
2) 2) Examiner
7 Marks* 7 Marks* 7 Marks 3 Marks 10 Marks 7 Marks* 7 Marks* 7 Marks 3 Marks 10 Marks 20 Marks

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

*Breakup of 7 Marks to be awarded separately by

Name of Teacher:
the Teacher and the Visiting Examiner is as follows:
Signature: Date
Overall Format 1 Mark
Content 4 Marks Name of Visiting Examiner
Findings 2 Marks
Signature: Date
NOTE: VIVA-VOCE (3 Marks) for each Project is to be conducted only by the Visiting Examiner, and should be based on the Project only

151