Page |1
PRACTICAL EXAMINATION ASSIGNMENT
OF
SQL SUBLANGUAGES AND FUNCTIONS
SAJJAD HUSSAIN QURESHI
SOFTWARE ENGEERING PART-II (MORNING)
2k19/SWE/93
FACULTY OF ENGINEEING AND TECHNOLOGY
SIR ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO
Page |2
Index
S No Topics Page No
1 Sub Languages Chart 3
2 DDL and DML 4
3 DRL 5
4 DCL and TCL 6
Page |3
SQL SUBLANGUAGES
DDL
DRL
DML
DCL
TCL
Page |4
DDL
DDL (Data Definition Language): DDL or Data Definition
Language actually consists of the SQL commands that can be used
to define the database schema. It simply deals with description of
the database schema and is used to create and modify the
structure of database objects in the database.
Examples of DDL commands:
CREATE – is used to create the database or its objects (like
table, index, function, views, store procedure and triggers).
DROP – is used to delete objects from the database.
ALTER – is used to alter the structure of the database.
TRUNCATE – is used to remove all records from a table,
including all spaces allocated for the records are removed.
COMMENT – is used to add comments to the data
dictionary.
RENAME – is used to rename an object existing in the
database.
DML
DML (Data Manipulation Language): The SQL commands that
deals with the manipulation of data present in the database belong
to DML or Data Manipulation Language and this includes most of
the SQL statements.
Examples of DML:
INSERT – is used to insert data into a table.
UPDATE – is used to update existing data within a table.
DELETE – is used to delete records from a database table.
Page |5
DRL/DSL
DRL (Data Query Language) / DSL (DATA SELECTION
LANGUAGE):
It is a set of commands which are used to retrieve data from
database server.
It manipulates the data in database for display purpose like
aggregate function.
In DRL/DSL, for accessing the data it uses DML command that
is SELECT.
The SELECT command allows database users to retrieve the
specific information they desire from an operational
database.
SELECT clause has many optional clauses are as follows:
clause Description
FROM It is used for selecting a table name in a database.
WHERE It specifies which rows to retrieve.
GROUP BY It is used to arrange the data into groups.
HAVING It selects among the group defined by the GROUP BY clause.
ORDER BY It specifies an order in which to return the rows.
AS It provides an alias which can be used to temporarily
rename tables or columns.
DCL
Page |6
DCL (Data Control Language): DCL includes commands such as
GRANT and REVOKE which mainly deals with the rights,
permissions and other controls of the database system.
Examples of DCL:
GRANT – gives user’s access privileges to database.
REVOKE – withdraw user’s access privileges given by using
the GRANT command.
TCL
TCL (Transaction Control Language): TCL commands deals with
the transaction within the database.
Examples of TCL:
COMMIT – commits a Transaction.
ROLLBACK – rollbacks a transaction in case of
any error occurs.
SAVEPOINT – sets a save point withing a
transaction.
SET TRANSACTION – specify characteristics for
the transaction.
THE END
