MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (MUST), MIRPUR

DEPARMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

 DATABASE SYSTEMS
BIT - 2401

Lecture 03 : History of Database System

Saeeda Kouser
(Lecturer )

Date: ____________
 Lecture Contents

• History of Database System

• Different Generations of Database System

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 Lecture Objectives

This Lecture is designed:

• To explore the history of database system

• To learn about different generations of database system

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 History of Database System

• First Generation:
• Hierarchal and Network

• Second Generation:
• Relational

• Third Generation:
• Object- relational
• Object-oriented

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 First Generation

• We have already seen that the predecessor to the DBMS was the file-based system.
• However, there was never a time when the database approach began and the file - based

system ceased. In fact, the file-based system still exists in specific areas.

• It has been suggested that the DBMS has its roots in the 1960s Apollo

moon-landing project, which was initiated in response to President Kennedy’s

objective of landing a man on the moon by the end of that decade.

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 First Generation

• They developed software known as GUAM (Generalized Update Access Method).

• GUAM was based on the concept that smaller components come together as parts of larger
components, and so on, until the final product is assembled.

• This structure, which conforms to an upside-down tree, is also known as a hierarchical

structure.

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 First Generation

• In the mid-1960s, another significant development was the emergence of IDS (Integrated Data
Store) from General Electric.

• This work was headed by one of the early pioneers of database systems, Charles Bachmann.

• This development led to a new type of database system known as the network DBMS which
had a profound effect on the information systems of that generation.

• The network database was developed partly to address the need to represent more complex data
relationships than could be modeled with hierarchical structures, and partly to impose a database
standard.

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 First Generation

• To help establish such standards, the Conference on Data Systems Languages

(CODASYL), formed a List Processing Task Force in 1965, subsequently renamed as Data
Base Task Group (DBTG) in 1967.

• The DBTG proposal identified three components:

o The network schema – the logical organization of the entire database as seen by the DBA – which
includes a definition of the database name, the type of each record, and the components of each record type.

o The subschema – the part of the database as seen by the user or application program.

o A data management language to define the data characteristics and the data structure, and to manipulate the
data.

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 First Generation

• For standardization, the DBTG specified three distinct languages:

• A schema Data Definition Language (DDL), which enables the DBA to define the
schema;

• A subschema DDL, which allows the application programs to define the parts of the
database they require;

• A Data Manipulation Language (DML), to manipulate the data.

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 Second Generation

• In 1970 E. F. Codd of the IBM Research Laboratory produced his highly influential paper
on the relational data model.

• This paper was very timely and addressed the disadvantages of the former approaches.

• Many experimental relational DBMSs were implemented thereafter, with the first
commercial products appearing in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

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 Second Generation

• This project was designed to prove the practicality of the relational model by providing an
implementation of its data structures and operations, and led to two major developments:

• The development of a structured query language called SQL

• The production of various commercial relational DBMS products during the 1980s, for
example DB2 and SQL/DS from IBM and Oracle from Oracle Corporation.

• Now there are several hundred relational DBMSs for both mainframe and PC
environments

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 Second Generation

• The relational model is not without its failings, and in particular its limited modeling
capabilities.

• There has been much research since then attempting to address this problem.

• In 1976, Chen presented the Entity–Relationship model, which is now a widely accepted
technique for database design

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 Third Generation

• In response to the increasing complexity of database applications, two ‘new’ systems have
emerged:

• The Object-Oriented DBMS (OODBMS)

• The Object-Relational DBMS (ORDBMS).

• However, unlike previous models, the actual composition of these models is not clear.

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 Reference

• Database Systems A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation, and Management, 4th

Edition, Thomas Connolly, Carolyn Begg, Addison Wesley.

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THANKS