a | Problems 75, References The US. Standard Atmosphere, 1962, US. went Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1962, The US. Standard Armosphere, 1976, US. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1976, Benedict, R. P., Fundamentals of Temperature, Pressure, and Flow Measurements, 3 Ed., Wiley, New York, 1984, Dally, J. W., Riley, W. F, and McConnell, K. G., Instrumentation for Engineering Measurements, 2nd Ed, Wiley, New York, 1993, 5. Holman, J.P, Experimental Methods for Engineers, 4th Ed, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1983, 6 Comstock. J. P. ed, Principles of Naval Architecture, Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, New York, 1967, Taster, A. F, Pierce, H., Morris, K. Rand Dodge, J, "Meteorological Data Fields ‘In Perspective’ Bulletin ofthe American Meteorological Society, Nol 65, No. 7, July 1985, Problems Note: Unless specitie alues of required Mid propert walking at sea level. Determine the ratio of the mass of given in the problem aa 2 saat bore EE pete ile fo ech breath at this high ate compared to that a stm, wae te val a the front cover, = 29 Denali Peak in Alaska has an elevation of 20308 () Decemine he pressure a his clevaon Dace 31 ea (0 I the ary ssumed to have 4 contin peaie tan ck \opoioabeunt cs wanstnes aetna. Te Drei wat als ae nee ee eee Bue page al the top of he a acto samo Pres- the air ie assumed to have a constant temperature of 59 °F, what we hep othe eyapPa Determine youd ie press bet hs lemon cali gee co the pr that the water exerts on the bottom of the tank. Standard atmospheric conditions (see Table 2.1), Which values Shar eater level in an open stndpipe is 8 ft above the ground, Compare best those from the Slag Atmosphere (Table C.1)? ‘What sth ae pressr ra fe Hyde tat Stanipipe and oad at sound evel Exper sea ee Section 2.5 Measurement of Pressure 2.3 What pressure, expressed in pascals, will a skin diver be sub jected 10 at a depth of 40 m in seawater? 2-10 On the suction side of « pump a Bourdon pressure gage reads Zl thereat depts that may be encountered inthe ocean the A0-KPa vacuum. What ithe coresponding absolute pressure ihe compressibility of seawater may become an important consider- _ !# atmospheric pressure is 100 KPa (abs)? and dete aca he bulk modula for seawaer is constant 2.11 The eylndical tank with hemispherical ends n in ino ace tos baer psa ad deh hich wien FP bv coi wae iu nai ene ey OF pat) to kein desity with depth (9) Make use density 800 Ke and ts vapor dese ales ra pres: iiarace ae termine th pressure a adept of 6 km assum. sure in the vapors ISI kPa alan he sores pressure is TEGO gn aang CU maul of 2.3 x 10° Panda density of 101 KPa abs. Determine (athe gage presite eons pres. 1030 kg/m” at the surface. Compare this result with that obined site gage and (b) the height hate ‘mercury manometer by assuming a constant density of 1030 kg/m’ 2.5 Develop an expression for the pressure variation in ti Which the specific weight increases with depth, /i as y ‘where Kis a constant and 75 + Yo isthe specific weight at the free surface, 26 Although iis difficult o compress water, the density of water ‘atthe bottom of the ocean is greater than tha atthe surface because of the higher pressure at depth. Estimate how much higher the ‘ocean's surface would be if the density of seawater were instantly ‘changed to a uniform density equal to that atthe surface. Section 2.4 Standard Atmosphere 2.7 An absolute pressure of 7 psia corresponds to what gage pres- sure for standard atmospheric pressure of 14.7 pi 2.8 Assume that a person hiking in the mountains at an altitude of $4,000 f takes in the same volume of air with each breath as while @l Figure P2.tt Scanned with CamScannerSe cl 76 chapter2 Fluid Statice Section 2.6 Manometry 2.12 A water-filled U-tube m sure inside a tank that conains at Ho the tank is $ ft above U-tube (which is oped in the pressure tank. The water level san veroephere) 82 above the base, DEST swith the tank: ter is connected 10a closed res 2 psi 2.13 A U-tube mercury manome aerved tank as ilustrated in Fig. P23 Ifthe aic pressure is sir ae ferential reading. Te nese weight ofthe ait is negligible. = sto EF Mercury (86 = 13. — Figure P2.13 tank is held in place by a force R 2.14 An inverted open fgrvity ofthe manometer fluid is 2-5, in Fig. P2.14. Ifthe specific determine the valve of 1in-gimeter tae mm Figure P2.14 san sal teen gress cmmon mes 245 smal ern ee me P28 Ts Sia mcmama aching sa ecemnt hn e e ae he ny acl es oma Siem 2 eal fe Se eae nam eal a aay ‘mine the relationship ben focsmall et 7s stall and show tha rand = Pan AA py making he difference ifr Es ne that initially with p,= nid i wo reservoirs are ed 4 ee tia levels in the m prroore p28 l iii a ie wc es 2.16 an ie shell is ocean 216 A ho 10. foo oh 89 Sia wot eosin we BO mete en Hp 8 usa ressure at the Ocean ill, 735mm MT 10m Figure P216 2.17 Water oil, and salt water fill a tube as ater oi, and salt water fi shown in Fig P2! Determine the pressure at point I (inside the closed tube) density = 1.20 sup Figure 2.77 Scanned with CamScanner2418 Three different liquids with properties as indicated fil the {ak and manometer tubes as shown in Fig. P218, Determine the Specific gravity of Fluid 3 lid 1 specie weight = 62.4 Fluid 2: density 270 set Fluid 3 specie waniy Fag 2 Figure Pais > 2.19 Determine the 3 Dress of the water in pie shown in Fg, \__ P29 if the gage pressure of the air in the cei ~ tanks 2 psi Figure P2190 2.20 In Fig. P2.20 pipe A contains carbon tetrachloride (S¢ 1.60) and the closed storage tank B contains a salt brine (SG 1.15). Determine the air pressure in tank B if the pressure in pipe is 25 psi. Figure P2.20 2.21 The manometer fluid in the manometer of Fig. P2.21 has a specific gravity of 3.46. Pipes A and B both contain wate. If the ressure in pipe A is decreased by 1.3 psi and the pressure in pipe B increases by 0.9 psi, determine the new differential reading of the manometer. 7 Water Gage Hui sae 36), Figure P2.2t — (222 ‘The differential mercury manometer of Fig. P2.22 is con- nected to pipe A containing gasoline (SG = 0.65), and to pipe ‘B containing water, Determine the differential reading, h, cor- responding to a pressure in A of 15 kPa and a vacuum of 110 mm Hein B. Figure P2.22 223 A suction cup is used to support a plate of weight W was shown in Fig, P2 23, For the conditions shown, determine W. $2 diameter} Figure P2.23 il ie : Scanned with CamScanner7B Chapter 2 wy etua se Section 2.8 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface 224 A 03. Pipe, and with pistor with water -m-diameter pipe is connected to a 0.02-m-diameter oth are rigidly held in place, Both pipes are horizontal is at cach end. Ifthe space between the pistons is filled What force will have to be applied to the larger piston ‘90 N applied to the smaller piston? Neglect 2.25 An inverted 0.1 “illed with water and held in place as shown i (0F 20 N is needed to pull the the air pressure within the eylin eylinder and hy wer is_ partially g.P2.25. A force plate from the cylinder. Determine in the cylinder, The plates not fastened tothe 18 negligible mass, Figure P2.25 2.26 A square gate (4 m by 4m) is located on the 45° face of a dam. The top edge of the gate lies 8 m below the water surface, Determine the force of the water onthe gate andthe point trough which it acts 2.27 A large, open tank contains water and is connected to a 6-ft- diameter conduit as shown in Fig. P2.27. A circular plug i used to seal the conduit. Determine the magnitude, direction, snd location Of the force of the water om the plug Open Hoe mm Figure P2.27 tei Toeatd onthe sloping de 228A circular 2-m-dlametr gate cng ie sa swimming pool The side ofthe poo is ortnted 60" rel {othe hovzonal tom. and he center of the ate ate 3 below the water surface. Determine the magnitude of the water force ating onthe ete an the point trough which aes wide and 10 Yong and vertical rectangular gate is 8 wide 27 ne GoD) Th, The gate le in vera hts inthe side of 3 eis ‘containing water. The coefficient of friction between the | sls andthe gts 03. Determine the minim ey, requied ithe gate when he Water evel go edge ofthe gate te 2.30 sstngulat gate 6 all and 5 dein he sid tanks eld in place by the force # as incted in ap weit of he gates neil, and the hinge at ph (4) Determine the water depth, h ifthe resultant hyip of the water cts 25 above the Botom ofthe gate he ear wih he applied force Fb) Forth depth of at) the magnitude of the resultane hydrostatic force.) fe force that the hinge pus onthe gate under the above hydrostatic Ondo Figure P2.30 2.31 ‘An arca in the form of an isosceles triangle with a ba Width of 6 ft and an attitude of 8 f lies in the plane forming wall of a tank that contains a liquid having a Specific weight: 79.8 Ib. The side slopes upward, making an angle of 60" ui the horizontal, The base of the triangle is horizontal, and vertex is above the base. Determine the resultant force the ‘exerts on the area when the fluid depth is 20 ft above the bis of the triangular area. Show. with the aid of a sketch, where ‘enter of pressure is located. 2.32 A vertical plane area having the shape shown in Fig. P232: immersed in an oil bath (Specific weight = 8.75 kN), Decrin the magnitude ofthe resultant force acting on one side ofthe 8 a result ofthe cil, ote tm oy Figure P2.a2 2.33 Two square gates close two openings in a conduit connected 10 an ope lnk water as shown n Fig P33, When al ep h reckon 5m is dened tht hath gate ope Be sie ine ei he nih ol he hanes rae ate and the horizontal fre ating on the sal ete Fee wo Keep the gue closed ul i deri ee Welsh ofthe eta ates ngs. and bay pes Mone end as shown, Friction nthe hinges nei Scanned with CamScanner7 Problems 79 2.36 Alrectangular gate that is 2 m wide is located in the vertical (Wall of a tank containing water as shown in Fig. P2.36. Is desired To have the gate open automatically when the depth of water above the top ofthe gate reaches 10 m. (a) At what distance, d, should the frictionless horizontal shaft be located? (b) What is the magnitude ‘ofthe force on the gate when it opens? Figure P233 234 gat having the cross et cs Scion shown in Fi, P24 cles am opening 5 fwie a's hgh none ae uefa is tothe ar 2 ft above BC. Determine tt hats ont 2taboe BC: Doerine hc hana econ at Sea Loy Figure P2.36 2237 The inclined face AD of the tank of Fig. P237 is a plane Srface containing gate ABC, whi ishinged along line BC. The shape of the gate is shown in the plan view. Ifthe tank contains ‘water, determine the magnitude of the force that the water exerts ‘onthe gate, Figure 2.34 2.38 The rigid gate, OAB, of Fig, P2.35 is hinged at O and rests ‘against a rigid support at B. What minimum horizontal force, P, is required to hold the gate closed if its width is 3 m? Neglect the ‘weight of the gate and friction inthe hinge. The back ofthe gate is exposed to the atmosphere, pen to atmosphere a y= ae? Figure P2.37 2.38 An open rectangular tank is? m wide and 4 m long. The tank. Contains water to a depth of 2 m and oil (SG = 0.8) on top of the Water to a depth of 1 m, Determine the magnitude and location of the resultant fluid force acting on one end of the tank. 239 A 4st, S-in-wide conerete (150 Ib) retaining wall is built as shown in Fig. B239, During heavy ra, ate ills the space between the wall and the earth behind i t0& depth Determine the maximum depth of water posible without the wall, tipping over. The wall simply rest on the ground without being anchored tot 2240) Water backs wp behind a concrete dam s showin in Fig. P24. Figure P2.35 ‘Leakage under the foundation gives a pressure distribution under Scanned with CamScanner80 chopter2 my Fiuld Statics Sen nea a rp ccd 2S ally pratt 4 unit Length of the da TSO Tyner” Of the dam. The specific weight of the enerete is 2a1 The concrete dam of Fig. P2.41 weighs 23.6 KN/m® and ress, ‘on a solid foundation. Determine the minimum coefficient of frie tion between the dam and the foundation required to keep the dam from sliding atthe water depth shown, Assume no fluid uplift pres ‘sure along the base. Base your analysis on a unit length ofthe dam, Jas Leseairesees| Figure P2.41 242. A piston having a cross-sectional area of 0.11 mis located in a eylinder containing water as shown in Fig. P2.42 below. An ‘open U-tube manometer is connected tothe cylinder as shown, For lu of he pid ic j= 101 mm wha isthe a ; ma he weigh of epson eile Figure 2.42 Seaton 210 Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface a8 shown i 2.48 Two hemiopbarial shall re bolted gether as shown in Fava the sealing spercalconties, which weighs 200, rfid win mreury and supported by cable as shown, Thc con tines ened at i op. eight ols are symmetrical located stand he cumfrenc, whats the vertical force that each Bol ‘must carry? cave Vent Sphere dlanete = 3 1t Figure P2.43 2.44. -m-long curved gti aed in the side of reservoir Containing waters shown in Fg 2-44. Determine the mapa ofthe horizontal and veil component ofthe fre of te ees on he gt, Wil his re pass rough pain A? Explan Figure p2.44 Scanned with CamScanneral lm Figure P2.45, 2.46 A 12-in-diameter pipe contains a gas under a pressure of 140 psi Ifthe pipe wall thickness is + in, what isthe average circumer- ential stress developed in the pipe wall? 247 A cylindrical tank with its axis horizontal has a diameter (of 2.0 m and a length of 4.0 m. The ends of the tank are vertical planes. A vertical 0.1-m-diameter pipe is connected to the top of the tank. The tank and the pipe are filled with ethyl alcohol to a level of 1.5 m above the top of the tank. Determine the resultant force of the alcohol on one end of the tank and show where it ats Section 2.11 Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability 248 A313 x 3 M wooden cube (specific weight = 37 It) ‘oats ina tank of water. How much ofthe cube extends above the water surface? I the tank were pressurized so thatthe air pressure atthe water surface was increased by 10 psi (sey 1 psig), how much of the cube would extend above the Water surface? Explain hhow you arived at your answer. 249 The homogeneous timber AB of Fig. P249 is 0.15 m by (035 m in eross section. Determine the specific weight of the timber and the tension inthe rope. Figure P2.49 2.30,A L-m-diameter cylindrical mass, M, is connected to a > Zemewide rectangular gate as shown in Fig.2.50. The gate is 10 ‘open when the water level, i, drops below 2.5 m. Determine the required value for M. Neglect ftiction at the gate hinge and the * Prot 2.51 The thin-walled, I-m-diameter tank of Fig, P2S1 is closed at ‘one end and has a mass of 90 kg. The open end ofthe tank is low ‘ered into the water and hed in the position shown by a stcel block hhving a density of 740 kg/m’ Assume that hear tat is tapped inthe tank is compressed ata constant temperature. Determine: (a) the reading onthe pressure gage at the top of the tank, and (b) the volume of the ste! block, Je Figure P2.51 Section 2.12 Pressure Variation in a Fluid with Rigid-Body Motion 2.52 An open rectangular tank 1m wide and 2 m long contains ‘gasoline (oa depth of I'm If the height of the tank sides is 1.5 m, ‘what isthe maximum horizontal acceleration (along the long 3x ‘of the tank) that can develop before the gasoline would begit tospill? 2.53 The open U-tube of Fig. P2.53 is partially filled with aliquid. ‘When this device is accelerated with a horizontal acceleration a, a differential reading h develops between the manometer legs which, are spaced a distance € apart. Determine the relationship between 1a, and h, 4 Figure P2.63, 2.84 An open, 2feametr tank contains water toa depth of 3 when at rest. the tank is rotted about erica axis with an angular velocity of 180 rev/min, what is the minimum height of the tank walls prevent water fom pling ove the ides? 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