Project Job Ref.

Section Sheet no./rev.

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Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
D 5/7/2021

RETAINING WALL ANALYSIS

In accordance with International Building Code 2018
Tedds calculation version 2.9.08

Retaining wall details

Stem type; Propped cantilever
Stem height; hstem = 2600 mm
Prop height; hprop = 2591 mm
Stem thickness; tstem = 300 mm
Angle to rear face of stem;  = 90 deg
Stem density; stem = 24 kN/m3
Toe length; ltoe = 1000 mm
Heel length; lheel = 1000 mm
Base thickness; tbase = 350 mm
Base density; base = 24 kN/m3
Height of retained soil; hret = 2000 mm
Angle of soil surface;  = 0 deg
Depth of cover; dcover = 600 mm
Depth of excavation; dexc = 200 mm
Height of water; hwater = 500 mm
Water density; w = 9.8 kN/m3

Retained soil properties

Soil type; Medium dense well graded sand
Moist density; mr = 21 kN/m3
Saturated density; sr = 23 kN/m3
Effective angle of internal resistance; r = 30 deg
Effective wall friction angle; r = 0 deg

Base soil properties

Soil type; Medium dense well graded sand
Soil density; b = 18 kN/m3
Cohesion; cb = 0 kN/m2
Effective angle of internal resistance; b = 30 deg
Effective wall friction angle; b = 15 deg
Effective base friction angle; bb = 30 deg
Allowable bearing pressure; Pbearing = 200 kN/m2
Loading details
Live surcharge load; SurchargeL = 10 kN/m2
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Section Sheet no./rev.

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D 5/7/2021

1000 300 1000

10 kN/m2
Prop
3.3 kN/m2

2000

1991
2600

2950
13.8 kN/m2

500
200
600

Prop
350

34.4 kN/m2

50.3 kN/m2 50.3 kN/m2

2300

General arrangement

Calculate retaining wall geometry

Base length; lbase = ltoe + tstem + lheel = 2300 mm
Saturated soil height; hsat = hwater + dcover = 1100 mm
Moist soil height; hmoist = hret - hwater = 1500 mm
Length of surcharge load; lsur = lheel = 1000 mm
- Distance to vertical component; xsur_v = lbase - lheel / 2 = 1800 mm
Effective height of wall; heff = hbase + dcover + hret = 2950 mm
- Distance to horizontal component; xsur_h = heff / 2 = 1475 mm
Area of wall stem; Astem = hstem * tstem = 0.78 m2
- Distance to vertical component; xstem = ltoe + tstem / 2 = 1150 mm
Area of wall base; Abase = lbase * tbase = 0.805 m2
- Distance to vertical component; xbase = lbase / 2 = 1150 mm
Area of saturated soil; Asat = hsat * lheel = 1.1 m2
- Distance to vertical component; xsat_v = lbase - (hsat * lheel2 / 2) / Asat = 1800 mm
- Distance to horizontal component; xsat_h = (hsat + hbase) / 3 = 483 mm
Area of water; Awater = hsat * lheel = 1.1 m2
- Distance to vertical component; xwater_v = lbase - (hsat * lheel2 / 2) / Asat = 1800 mm
- Distance to horizontal component; xwater_h = (hsat + hbase) / 3 = 483 mm
Area of moist soil; Amoist = hmoist * lheel = 1.5 m2
- Distance to vertical component; xmoist_v = lbase - (hmoist * lheel2 / 2) / Amoist = 1800 mm
 Project Job Ref.

Section Sheet no./rev.

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D 5/7/2021

- Distance to horizontal component; xmoist_h = (hmoist * (tbase + hsat + hmoist / 3) / 2 + (hsat + tbase)2/2) / (hsat + tbase +
hmoist / 2) = 1143 mm
Area of base soil; Apass = dcover * ltoe = 0.6 m2
- Distance to vertical component; xpass_v = lbase - (dcover * ltoe* (lbase - ltoe / 2)) / Apass = 500 mm
- Distance to horizontal component; xpass_h = (dcover + hbase) / 3 = 317 mm
Area of excavated base soil; Aexc = hpass * ltoe = 0.4 m2
- Distance to vertical component; xexc_v = lbase - (hpass * ltoe* (lbase - ltoe / 2)) / Aexc = 500 mm
- Distance to horizontal component; xexc_h = (hpass + hbase) / 3 = 250 mm
Using Coulomb theory
Active pressure coefficient; KA = sin( + r)2 / (sin()2 * sin( - r) * [1 + [sin(r + r) * sin(r - ) / (sin(
- r) * sin( + ))]]2) = 0.333
Passive pressure coefficient; KP = sin(90 - b)2 / (sin(90 + b) * [1 - [sin(b + b) * sin(b) / (sin(90 +
b))]]2) = 4.977

From IBC 2018 cl.1807.2.3 Safety factor

Load combination 1; 1.0 * Dead + 1.0 * Live + 1.0 * Lateral earth
Bearing pressure check
Vertical forces on wall
Wall stem; Fstem = Astem * stem = 18.7 kN/m
Wall base; Fbase = Abase * base = 19.3 kN/m
Surcharge load; Fsur_v = SurchargeL * lheel = 10 kN/m
Saturated retained soil; Fsat_v = Asat * (sr - w) = 14.5 kN/m
Water; Fwater_v = Awater * w = 10.8 kN/m
Moist retained soil; Fmoist_v = Amoist * mr = 31.5 kN/m
Base soil; Fpass_v = Apass * b = 10.8 kN/m
Total; Ftotal_v = Fstem + Fbase + Fsur_v + Fsat_v + Fwater_v + Fmoist_v + Fpass_v = 115.6
kN/m
Horizontal forces on wall
Surcharge load; Fsur_h = KA * SurchargeL * heff = 9.8 kN/m
Saturated retained soil; Fsat_h = KA * (sr - w) * (hsat + hbase)2 / 2 = 4.6 kN/m
Water; Fwater_h = w * (hwater + dcover + hbase)2 / 2 = 10.3 kN/m
Moist retained soil; Fmoist_h = KA * mr * ((heff - hsat - hbase)2 / 2 + (heff - hsat - hbase) * (hsat + hbase)) =
23.1 kN/m
Base soil; Fpass_h = -KP * cos(b) * b * (dcover + hbase)2 / 2 = -39 kN/m
Total; Ftotal_h = Fsur_h + Fsat_h + Fwater_h + Fmoist_h + Fpass_h = 8.8 kN/m
Moments on wall
Wall stem; Mstem = Fstem * xstem = 21.5 kNm/m
Wall base; Mbase = Fbase * xbase = 22.2 kNm/m
Surcharge load; Msur = Fsur_v * xsur_v - Fsur_h * xsur_h = 3.5 kNm/m
Saturated retained soil; Msat = Fsat_v * xsat_v - Fsat_h * xsat_h = 23.9 kNm/m
Water; Mwater = Fwater_v * xwater_v - Fwater_h * xwater_h = 14.4 kNm/m
Moist retained soil; Mmoist = Fmoist_v * xmoist_v - Fmoist_h * xmoist_h = 30.3 kNm/m
Base soil; Mpass = Fpass_v * xpass_v = 5.4 kNm/m
Total; Mtotal = Mstem + Mbase + Msur + Msat + Mwater + Mmoist + Mpass = 121.3 kNm/m
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Section Sheet no./rev.

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D 5/7/2021

Check bearing pressure

Propping force to stem; Fprop_stem = (Ftotal_v * lbase / 2 - Mtotal) / (hprop + tbase) = 4 kN/m
Propping force to base; Fprop_base = Ftotal_h - Fprop_stem = 4.8 kN/m
Moment from propping force; Mprop = Fprop_stem  (hprop + tbase) = 11.7 kNm/m
Distance to reaction; x = (Mtotal + Mprop) / Ftotal_v = 1150 mm
Eccentricity of reaction; e = x - lbase / 2 = 0 mm
Loaded length of base; lload = lbase = 2300 mm
Bearing pressure at toe; qtoe = Ftotal_v / lbase * (1 - 6 * e / lbase) = 50.3 kN/m2
Bearing pressure at heel; qheel = Ftotal_v / lbase * (1 + 6 * e / lbase) = 50.3 kN/m2
Factor of safety; FoSbp = Pbearing / max(qtoe, qheel) = 3.978;
PASS - Allowable bearing pressure exceeds maximum applied bearing pressure

RETAINING WALL DESIGN

In accordance with ACI 318-19
Tedds calculation version 2.9.08

Concrete details
Compressive strength of concrete; f'c = 27.5 N/mm2
Concrete type; Normal weight

Reinforcement details
Yield strength of reinforcement; fy = 415 N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity or reinforcement; Es = 199948 N/mm2
Compression-controlled strain limit; ty = 0.00208

Cover to reinforcement
Front face of stem; csf = 40 mm
Rear face of stem; csr = 50 mm
Top face of base; cbt = 50 mm
Bottom face of base; cbb = 75 mm
From IBC 2018 cl.1605.2 Basic load combinations
Load combination no.1; 1.4 * Dead
Load combination no.2; 1.2 * Dead + 1.6 * Live + 1.6 * Lateral earth
Load combination no.3; 1.2 * Dead + 1.0 * Earthquake + 1.0 * Live + 1.6 * Lateral earth
Load combination no.4; 0.9 * Dead + 1.0 * Earthquake + 1.6 * Lateral earth
 Project Job Ref.

Section Sheet no./rev.

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Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
D 5/7/2021

Shear force - Combination No.1 - kN/m Bending moment - Combination No.1 - kNm/m
Loading details - Combination No.1 - kN/m2

0 0
Stem

37.4
20.31

20.31
44.1

44.1

27 -13.5
15.12

15.12
15.11

15.11
11.76

11.76
11.76

11.76

X 0 0
Toe Heel
64.3

64.3
64.3

64.3

Z
18.7

Shear force - Combination No.2 - kN/m Bending moment - Combination No.2 - kNm/m
Loading details - Combination No.2 - kN/m2

13.1
0.1
5.33
0 0
5.33
0.1

-8.6
Stem

16.8
16.8

39 -16.1
17.41

17.41
37.8

37.8

32.2
12.96

12.96
12.95

12.95
10.08

10.08
10.08

10.08
16

16

5.33
7.74
16.8
17.27
X
-45.6 19.4
Toe Heel
62.07

62.07
62.07

62.07

Z
19.5
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Section Sheet no./rev.

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D 5/7/2021

Shear force - Combination No.3 - kN/m Bending moment - Combination No.3 - kNm/m
Loading details - Combination No.3 - kN/m2

11.1
0.1
3.33
0 0
3.33
0.1

-7.7
Stem

16.8
16.8

36.4 -14.4
17.41

17.41
37.8

37.8
12.96

12.96
12.95

12.95
10.08

10.08
10.08

10.08

28.8
10

10

3.33
7.74
16.8
17.27
X
-42.3 17.7
Toe Heel
59.46

59.46
59.46

59.46

Z
18.2

Shear force - Combination No.4 - kN/m Bending moment - Combination No.4 - kNm/m
Loading details - Combination No.4 - kN/m2

7.9
0.1
0 0
0.1

-6.2
Stem

16.8
16.8
28.35

28.35
13.06

13.06

24.1 -8.7
9.72

9.72
9.71

9.71
7.56

7.56
7.56

7.56

17.3
7.74
16.8
17.27
X
-36.9 14.9
Toe Heel
41.34

41.34
41.34

41.34

Z
12

Check stem design at 1472 mm

Depth of section; h = 300 mm
Rectangular section in flexure - Section 22.3
Design bending moment combination 2; M = 8.6 kNm/m
Depth of tension reinforcement; d = h - csf - sx - sfM / 2 = 241 mm
Compression reinforcement provided; No.4 bars @ 150 mm c/c
Area of compression reinforcement provided; AsrM.prov =  * srM2 / (4 * ssrM) = 845 mm2/m
Tension reinforcement provided; No.4 bars @ 150 mm c/c
Area of tension reinforcement provided; AsfM.prov =  * sfM2 / (4 * ssfM) = 845 mm2/m
Maximum reinforcement spacing - cl.7.7.2.3; smax = min(18 in, 3 * h) = 457 mm
PASS - Reinforcement is adequately spaced
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Section Sheet no./rev.

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Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
D 5/7/2021

Depth of compression block; a = AsfM.prov * fy / (0.85 * f'c) = 15 mm

Neutral axis factor - cl.22.2.2.4.3; 1 = min(max(0.85 - 0.05  (f'c - 28 N/mm2) / 7 N/mm2, 0.65), 0.85) = 0.85
Depth to neutral axis; c = a / 1 = 18 mm
Strain in reinforcement; t = 0.003  (d - c) / c = 0.037979
Section is in the tension controlled zone
Strength reduction factor; f = min(max(0.65 + 0.25 *(t - ty) / 0.003, 0.65), 0.9) = 0.9
Nominal flexural strength; Mn = AsfM.prov * fy * (d - a / 2) = 81.8 kNm/m
Design flexural strength; Mn = f  Mn = 73.6 kNm/m
M / Mn = 0.117
PASS - Design flexural strength exceeds factored bending moment
By iteration, reinforcement required by analysis; AsfM.des = 96 mm2/m
Minimum area of reinforcement - cl.7.6.1.1; AsfM.min = 0.0018 * h = 540 mm2/m
PASS - Area of reinforcement provided is greater than minimum area of reinforcement required
Check stem design at base of stem
Depth of section; h = 300 mm
Rectangular section in flexure - Section 22.3
Design bending moment combination 2; M = 19.4 kNm/m
Depth of tension reinforcement; d = h - csr - sr / 2 = 244 mm
Compression reinforcement provided; None
Area of compression reinforcement provided; Asf.prov = 0 mm2/m
Tension reinforcement provided; No.4 bars @ 150 mm c/c
Area of tension reinforcement provided; Asr.prov =  * sr2 / (4 * ssr) = 845 mm2/m
Maximum reinforcement spacing - cl.7.7.2.3; smax = min(18 in, 3 * h) = 457 mm
PASS - Reinforcement is adequately spaced
Depth of compression block; a = Asr.prov * fy / (0.85 * f'c) = 15 mm
Neutral axis factor - cl.22.2.2.4.3; 1 = min(max(0.85 - 0.05  (f'c - 28 N/mm2) / 7 N/mm2, 0.65), 0.85) = 0.85
Depth to neutral axis; c = a / 1 = 18 mm
Strain in reinforcement; t = 0.003  (d - c) / c = 0.038439
Section is in the tension controlled zone
Strength reduction factor; f = min(max(0.65 + 0.25 *(t - ty) / 0.003, 0.65), 0.9) = 0.9
Nominal flexural strength; Mn = Asr.prov * fy * (d - a / 2) = 82.8 kNm/m
Design flexural strength; Mn = f  Mn = 74.5 kNm/m
M / Mn = 0.260
PASS - Design flexural strength exceeds factored bending moment
By iteration, reinforcement required by analysis; Asr.des = 214 mm2/m
Minimum area of reinforcement - cl.7.6.1.1; Asr.min = 0.0018 * h = 540 mm2/m
PASS - Area of reinforcement provided is greater than minimum area of reinforcement required
Rectangular section in shear - Section 22.5
Design shear force; V = 45.6 kN/m
Concrete modification factor - cl.19.2.4; =1
Depth of tension reinforcement d = 243.65 mm
Size effect modification factor - cl. 22.5.5.1.3; s = min((2 / (1 + (d / 1 mm) * 0.004)), 1.0) = 1
Reinforcement ratio;  = Asr.prov / d = 0.003
 Project Job Ref.

Section Sheet no./rev.

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Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
D 5/7/2021

Nominal concrete shear strength - eqn.22.5.5.1; Vc = min(0.66 * s *  * 1/3, 0.42 *  ) * (f'c * 1 N/mm2) * d = 127.6 kN/m
Strength reduction factor; s = 0.75
Design concrete shear strength - cl.7.6.3.1; Vc = s  Vc = 95.7 kN/m
V / Vc = 0.476
PASS - No shear reinforcement is required
Check stem design at prop
Depth of section; h = 300 mm
Rectangular section in shear - Section 22.5
Design shear force; V = 13.1 kN/m
Concrete modification factor - cl.19.2.4; =1
Depth of tension reinforcement d = 243.65 mm
Size effect modification factor - cl. 22.5.5.1.3; s = min((2 / (1 + (d / 1 mm) * 0.004)), 1.0) = 1
Reinforcement ratio;  = Asr.prov / d = 0.003
Nominal concrete shear strength - eqn.22.5.5.1; Vc = min(0.66 * s *  * 1/3, 0.42 *  ) * (f'c * 1 N/mm2) * d = 127.6 kN/m
Strength reduction factor; s = 0.75
Design concrete shear strength - cl.7.6.3.1; Vc = s  Vc = 95.7 kN/m
V / Vc = 0.137
PASS - No shear reinforcement is required
Horizontal reinforcement parallel to face of stem
Minimum area of reinforcement - cl.7.6.1.1; Asx.req = 0.0018 * tstem = 540 mm2/m
Transverse reinforcement provided; No.4 bars @ 200 mm c/c
Area of transverse reinforcement provided; Asx.prov =  * sx2 / (4 * ssx) = 633 mm2/m
PASS - Area of reinforcement provided is greater than area of reinforcement required
Check base design at toe
Depth of section; h = 350 mm
Rectangular section in flexure - Section 22.3
Design bending moment combination 2; M = 19.5 kNm/m
Depth of tension reinforcement; d = h - cbb - bb / 2 = 269 mm
Compression reinforcement provided; No.4 bars @ 150 mm c/c
Area of compression reinforcement provided; Abt.prov =  * bt2 / (4 * sbt) = 845 mm2/m
Tension reinforcement provided; No.4 bars @ 150 mm c/c
Area of tension reinforcement provided; Abb.prov =  * bb2 / (4 * sbb) = 845 mm2/m
Maximum reinforcement spacing - cl.7.7.2.3; smax = min(18 in, 3 * h) = 457 mm
PASS - Reinforcement is adequately spaced
Depth of compression block; a = Abb.prov * fy / (0.85 * f'c) = 15 mm
Neutral axis factor - cl.22.2.2.4.3; 1 = min(max(0.85 - 0.05  (f'c - 28 N/mm2) / 7 N/mm2, 0.65), 0.85) = 0.85
Depth to neutral axis; c = a / 1 = 18 mm
Strain in reinforcement; t = 0.003  (d - c) / c = 0.04269
Section is in the tension controlled zone
Strength reduction factor; f = min(max(0.65 + 0.25 *(t - ty) / 0.003, 0.65), 0.9) = 0.9
Nominal flexural strength; Mn = Abb.prov * fy * (d - a / 2) = 91.5 kNm/m
Design flexural strength; Mn = f  Mn = 82.4 kNm/m
 Project Job Ref.

Section Sheet no./rev.

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D 5/7/2021

M / Mn = 0.237
PASS - Design flexural strength exceeds factored bending moment
By iteration, reinforcement required by analysis; Abb.des = 196 mm2/m
Minimum area of reinforcement - cl.7.6.1.1; Abb.min = 0.0018 * h = 630 mm2/m
PASS - Area of reinforcement provided is greater than minimum area of reinforcement required
Rectangular section in shear - Section 22.5
Design shear force; V = 39 kN/m
Concrete modification factor - cl.19.2.4; =1
Depth of tension reinforcement d = 268.65 mm
Size effect modification factor - cl. 22.5.5.1.3; s = min((2 / (1 + (d / 1 mm) * 0.004)), 1.0) = 0.982
Reinforcement ratio;  = Abb.prov / d = 0.003
Nominal concrete shear strength - eqn.22.5.5.1; Vc = min(0.66 * s *  * 1/3, 0.42 *  ) * (f'c * 1 N/mm2) * d = 133.7 kN/m
Strength reduction factor; s = 0.75
Design concrete shear strength - cl.7.6.3.1; Vc = s  Vc = 100.3 kN/m
V / Vc = 0.389
PASS - No shear reinforcement is required
Check base design at heel
Depth of section; h = 350 mm
Rectangular section in flexure - Section 22.3
Design bending moment combination 2; M = 16.1 kNm/m
Depth of tension reinforcement; d = h - cbt - bt / 2 = 294 mm
Compression reinforcement provided; No.4 bars @ 150 mm c/c
Area of compression reinforcement provided; Abb.prov =  * bb2 / (4 * sbb) = 845 mm2/m
Tension reinforcement provided; No.4 bars @ 150 mm c/c
Area of tension reinforcement provided; Abt.prov =  * bt2 / (4 * sbt) = 845 mm2/m
Maximum reinforcement spacing - cl.7.7.2.3; smax = min(18 in, 3 * h) = 457 mm
PASS - Reinforcement is adequately spaced
Depth of compression block; a = Abt.prov * fy / (0.85 * f'c) = 15 mm
Neutral axis factor - cl.22.2.2.4.3; 1 = min(max(0.85 - 0.05  (f'c - 28 N/mm2) / 7 N/mm2, 0.65), 0.85) = 0.85
Depth to neutral axis; c = a / 1 = 18 mm
Strain in reinforcement; t = 0.003  (d - c) / c = 0.046942
Section is in the tension controlled zone
Strength reduction factor; f = min(max(0.65 + 0.25 *(t - ty) / 0.003, 0.65), 0.9) = 0.9
Nominal flexural strength; Mn = Abt.prov * fy * (d - a / 2) = 100.3 kNm/m
Design flexural strength; Mn = f  Mn = 90.3 kNm/m
M / Mn = 0.178
PASS - Design flexural strength exceeds factored bending moment
By iteration, reinforcement required by analysis; Abt.des = 147 mm2/m
Minimum area of reinforcement - cl.7.6.1.1; Abt.min = 0.0018 * h = 630 mm2/m
PASS - Area of reinforcement provided is greater than minimum area of reinforcement required
Rectangular section in shear - Section 22.5
Design shear force; V = 32.2 kN/m
Concrete modification factor - cl.19.2.4; =1
 Project Job Ref.

Section Sheet no./rev.

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Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
D 5/7/2021

Depth of tension reinforcement d = 293.65 mm

Size effect modification factor - cl. 22.5.5.1.3; s = min((2 / (1 + (d / 1 mm) * 0.004)), 1.0) = 0.959
Reinforcement ratio;  = Abt.prov / d = 0.003
Nominal concrete shear strength - eqn.22.5.5.1; Vc = min(0.66 * s *  * 1/3, 0.42 *  ) * (f'c * 1 N/mm2) * d = 138.6 kN/m
Strength reduction factor; s = 0.75
Design concrete shear strength - cl.7.6.3.1; Vc = s  Vc = 104 kN/m
V / Vc = 0.309
PASS - No shear reinforcement is required
Transverse reinforcement parallel to base
Minimum area of reinforcement - cl.7.6.1.1; Abx.req = 0.0018 * tbase = 630 mm2/m
Transverse reinforcement provided; No.3 bars @ 200 mm c/c each face
Area of transverse reinforcement provided; Abx.prov = 2 *  * bx2 / (4 * sbx) = 713 mm2/m
PASS - Area of reinforcement provided is greater than area of reinforcement required

40 No.4 bars @ 200 c/c

50
horizontal reinforcement
parallel to face of stem

No.4 bars @ 150 c/c

No.4 bars @ 150 c/c No.4 bars @ 150 c/c

No.4 bars @ 150 c/c

No.4 bars @ 150 c/c

50

75
No.4 bars @ 150 c/c

No.3 bars @ 200 c/c

transverse reinforcement
in base

Reinforcement details