KIA 3006 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Session 2020/2021 Semester 2
Dr. Danial Jahed Armaghani
Deep foundations
Deep foundation (Pile)
Pile foundation, a kind of deep foundation, is actually a
slender column or long cylinder made of materials such as
concrete or steel which are used to support the structure and
transfer the load at desired depth either by end bearing or skin
friction.
If D/B > 5 then the foundation is
a deep foundation element,
where D is the depth of the
foundation (from bottom to
ground surface) and B the
diameter of the foundation.
Pile Classification
■ Materials
- Concrete
- Steel
- Timber
- Composite
■ Installation
- Driven Piles
- Bored Piles
- Screw Piles
Driven piles
Driven piles, also known
as displacement piles, are
a commonly-used form of
building foundation that
provide support for
structures, transferring
their load to layers of soil
or rock that have sufficient
bearing capacity and
suitable settlement
characteristics.
Bored Piles
Bored piles are reinforced concrete elements cast into drilled holes,
used to transfer heavy loads to a deeper competent soil or rock stratum.
Bored piles, executed in a low-vibrating continuous drilling method, can
be used for foundations and pit securing as well as for slope
stabilization.
Screw Piles
Screw piles, sometimes referred to as screw anchors, screw-piles, helical
piles, and helical anchors are a steel screw-in piling and ground anchoring
system used for building deep foundations. Screw piles are manufactured
using varying sizes of tubular hollow sections for the pile or anchors shaft.
The conditions that require
pile foundations (Vesic, 1977)
1. When one or more upper soil layers are highly
compressible and too weak to support the load
transmitted by the superstructure.
2. When bedrock is not encountered at a reasonable
depth below the ground surface, piles are used to
transmit the structural load to the soil gradually.
The resistance to the applied structural load is
derived mainly from the frictional resistance
developed at the soil–pile interface.
The conditions that require
pile foundations (Vesic, 1977)
3. When subjected to horizontal forces, pile
foundations resist by bending, while still supporting
the vertical load transmitted by the superstructure.
(Earth-retaining structures, foundations of tall
structures that subjected to high wind or earthquake
forces).
4. Expansive and collapsible soils. Expansive soils
swell and shrink as their moisture content increases
and decreases, and the pressure of the swelling can
be considerable.
The conditions that require
pile foundations (Vesic, 1977)
5. Transmission towers, offshore platforms and
basement mats below the water table which
subjected to uplifting forces. Piles are sometimes
used for these foundations to resist the uplifting
force.
6. Bridge abutments and piers. Usually pile
foundations are used to avoid the loss of bearing
capacity that a shallow foundation might suffer
because of soil erosion at the ground surface
Types of Piles
Steel Piles
– Pipe piles or rolled steel H-section piles. Pipe piles can be
driven into the ground with their ends open or closed.
– Wide-flange and I-section steel beams can also be used as
piles. However, H-section piles are usually preferred because
their web and flange thicknesses are equal.
Types of Piles
Steel Piles
Some general facts about steel piles:
Usual length: 15 m to 60 m (50 ft to 200 ft)
Usual load: 300 kN to 1200 kN (67 kip to
265 kip)
Advantages:
a. Easy to handle with respect to cutoff and
extension to the desired length
b. Can stand high driving stresses
c. Can penetrate hard layers such as dense
gravel and soft rock
d. High load-carrying capacity
Disadvantages:
a. Relatively costly
b. High level of noise during pile driving
c. Subject to corrosion
d. H-piles may be damaged or deflected
from the vertical during driving through hard
layers or past major obstructions
Types of Piles
Concrete Piles
Precast piles and cast-in-situ piles.
Some general facts about concrete piles are as follows:
Usual length: 10 m to 15 m (30 ft to 50 ft)
Usual load: 300 kN to 3000 kN (67 kip to 675 kip)
Precast Piles
Types of Piles
Timber Piles
Timber piles are tree trunks that have had their branches and bark carefully
trimmed off. The maximum length of most timber piles is 10 to 20 m (30 to
65 ft). To qualify for use as a pile, the timber should be straight, sound, and
without any defects.
Types of Timber Piles
Types of Piles
Composite Piles
The upper and lower portions of composite piles are made of different
materials. For example, composite piles may be made of steel and concrete
or timber and concrete. Steel-and-concrete piles consist of a lower portion of
steel and an upper portion of cast-in-place concrete.
This type of pile is used when the length of the pile required for adequate
bearing exceeds the capacity of simple cast-in-place concrete piles. Timber-
and-concrete piles usually consist of a lower portion of timber pile below the
permanent water table and an upper portion of concrete. In any case,
forming proper joints between two dissimilar materials is difficult, and for
that reason, composite piles are not widely used.
ESTIMATING PILE LENGTH
■ Selecting the type of pile to be used and estimating its necessary
length are fairly difficult tasks that require good judgment.
■ Piles can be further divided into three major categories, depending
on their lengths and the mechanisms of load transfer to the soil:
– point bearing piles
– Friction piles
Point Bearing Piles
■ If soil-boring records establish the presence of bedrock
or rocklike material at a site within a reasonable depth,
piles can be extended to the rock surface.
■ In this case, the ultimate capacity of the piles depends
entirely on the load-bearing capacity of the underlying
material; thus, the piles are called point bearing piles.
■ In most of these cases, the necessary length of the pile
can be fairly well established.
Point Bearing Piles
■ If, instead of bedrock, a fairly compact and hard
stratum of soil is encountered at a reasonable depth,
piles can be extended a few meters into the hard
stratum.
■ Piles with pedestals can be constructed on the bed of
the hard stratum, and the ultimate pile load may be
expressed as
Friction Piles
■ When no layer of rock or rocklike material is present at
a reasonable depth at a site, point bearing piles
become very long and uneconomical.
■ In this type of subsoil, piles are driven through the
softer material to specified depths.
■ However, if the value of Qp is relatively small, then
Equations for Estimating Pile Capacity
Point Bearing Capacity, Qp
■ The ultimate bearing capacity of shallow foundations was discussed.
According to Terzaghi’s equations:
Point Bearing Capacity, Qp
Point Bearing Capacity, Qp
Friction resistance, Qs
Allowable Load, Qall
Meyerhof’s Method for Estimating QP
■ Sand
Meyerhof’s Method for Estimating QP
Sand
Meyerhof’s Method for Estimating QP
■ Sand
Meyerhof’s Method for Estimating QP
Clay
Vesic’s Method for
Estimating QP
■ Sand
Vesic’s Method for Estimating QP
Vesic’s Method for Estimating QP
Vesic’s Method for Estimating QP
Clay
Vesic’s Method for Estimating QP
Clay
Example 9.1
SOLUTION
page 28
SOLUTION
page 31
Example 9.2
SOLUTION
page 34
Correlations for Calculating Qp with SPT
and CPT Results in Granular Soil
Example 9.3
Solution
Frictional Resistance (Qs) in Sand
Frictional Resistance (Qs) in Sand
Ranging from
0.5-0.8 friction
angle of the soil
Frictional Resistance (Qs) in Sand
Ko: the at-rest pressure coefficient, at a greater depth
Based on load test results in the field, Mansur and Hunter (1970) reported
the following average values of K.
Frictional Resistance (Qs) in Sand
Cone penetration testing (CPT)
CPT is an in-situ test that is used to identify the soil type. In this test a cone
penetrometer is pushed into the ground at a standard rate and data are
recorded at regular intervals during penetration. A cone penetration test rig
pushes the steel cone vertically into the ground. The cone penetrometer is
instrumented to measure penetration resistance at the tip and friction in the
shaft (friction sleeve) during penetration.
In 1936, Barentsen first introduced static cone and conducted experiments. The device
consisted of a 15-mm steel rod housed in a 19-mm ID pipe. At the bottom of the steel rod
attached was a cone having a 10 cm2 cone base with an angle of 60°. Different countries
around the world use the static cone penetration test method. Since 1986, geotechnical
applications were standardized by ASTM- D 3441. The standard cone penetrometer had a
cone tip angle of 60 degree with the cone base area of 1.55 square in.
Cone penetration testing (CPT)
Cone Penetrometer is used to measure the cone resistance (qc) and the frictional
resistance (fc). There are two types of cone penetrometers namely Mechanical friction-
cone penetrometer and Electric friction-cone penetrometer. The electric friction cone
penetrometer tip is attached to a string of steel rods. The tip is pushed into ground at a
steady rate of 0.8 in/sec. Wires from the transducers are threaded through the center
of the rod and continuously measure the cone resistance (qc), which is equal to the
vertical force applied to the cone, divided by horizontal projected area and side
resistance (fc), which is measured by the sleeve located above the cone with soil
surrounding it.
Electric Friction-
Cone Penetrometer
(after ASTM, 2001)
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
The SPT is an in-situ dynamic penetration test designed to provide information on
the geotechnical engineering properties of soil. This test is the most frequently
used subsurface exploration drilling test performed worldwide.
The SPT Test is carried out in a series of steps. It is done in a borehole. A standard split
spoon sampler is driven by using repeated blows with a 140 lb hammer. The hammer falls
through about thirty inches. The process starts by lowering the split spoon into the hole and
driving it for eighteen inches. The blows required to achieve six-inch penetration are
recorded. The split spoon is pulled out and the sample is preserved in an airtight container.
The penetration resistance is calculated. It is the number of blows required to drive the split
spoon for the last one foot of penetration. The initial 6 inches of penetration is ignored. The
N value is correlated with the relative density of granular soils, and undrained shear strength
of cohesive soils.
N60 where 60 is the percentage of the theoretical free-fall hammer energy.
Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
Standard Penetration Test/Split Spoon Sampler (after, ASTM
D1586)
Correlation between CPT and SPT
Correlation between CPT and SPT
Frictional Resistance (Qs) in Sand
Correlation with Standard Penetration Test Results
Meyerhof (1976), general form of Qs
for high- displacement driven piles
Frictional Resistance (Qs) in Sand
Correlation with Cone Penetration Test Results
Example 9.4
page 41
Solution
Example 9.5
Solution
Solution
Example 9.6
Solution
page 54
