EVALUATION OF WATER QUALITY INDEX AND PHYSICO-
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF RATUWA RIVER OF DAMAK IN DRY
SEASON
Babita Koirala, Roshani Ghimire, and Arun Kumar Shrestha
Damak Multiple Campus, Jhapa, Nepal
Corresponding author: arundmk1010@gmail.com
Abstracts
Water quality is the index of the good health and well-being of society. So it is one of the great concerns
all over the world. Our objective is to analyze the physicochemical parameters and calculate the WQI of
Ratuwa River in the dry season especially from January to April. In the present study, we measured 17
physicochemical parameters using the standard APHA method. The laboratory test was carried out in the
Nepal Batabaraniya Sewa Kendra, Biratnagar. Calculate the water quality index and the result showed
that WQI ranged from 113.90 to 197.43. And it was highest in March and lowest in February.
Introduction
Water is an elixir of life [1]. It is an essential component of the environment and it sustains life on the
earth. All organisms depend on water for survival. Clean and safe water is an absolute need for a healthy
and productive life. Water has a profound influence on human health and the quality of the water supplied
is important in determining the health of individuals and whole communities. Safe drinking water is a
major concern with reference to public health importance as the health and wellbeing of the human race is
closely tied up with the quality of water used [2]. Rivers play a major role in the assimilation or
transportation of municipal and industrial wastewater [3]. The contaminated river water is not a good sign
for human health and other aquatic organisms as it creates numerous health hazards. Several health
hazards will also arise due to the contamination of water. There are a number of reported cases of
typhoid, diarrhea and other water-borne diseases arising from the consumption of contaminated water [4].
So with an increased understanding of the importance of drinking water quality to public health and raw
water quality to aquatic life, there is a great need to assess surface water quality [5]. Access to safe
drinking water is the key to sustainable development and essential to food production, quality health, and
poverty reduction. Quality of water can be checked by examining its various Physico-chemical and
microbial parameters. Any alteration beyond the permissible range in these parameters makes the water
polluted and may be unfit for any purpose for which it is intended to use. Natural calamities ad
anthropogenic activities also pollute the river so regular monitoring and analyzing of river water are
necessary. The first time, Shrestha and Basnet (2018) had evaluated the water quality index of Ratuwa
River during the pre and post-monsoon period and their results showed the extremely high value of WQI
[6]. The present work is the continuation of that work and in the work; we have attempted to evaluate the
WQI in the dry season to compare it with previous work.
In this study, Seventeen physicochemical parameters such as color, turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity
(EC), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), sulphate, chloride, nitrate, total
phosphorus (TP), total hardness, total alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, iron, sodium and dissolved
oxygen (DO) of samples are analyzed to understand the pollution level of Ratuwa river. Their average
values are compared with NDWQS standards and also used to evaluate WQI. Such a type of work is vital
to inform and create awareness among the people and authorities of the municipality about the pollution
status of river and direct consequences on their health and recreational works. The monitoring of these
parameters can also play a vital role in the conservation and management of Ratuwa River.
Water Quality Index Computation
WQI is an effective tool that represents the overall water quality at a certain place and time based on
physicochemical and microbial parameters [4]. Horton (1965) has first used the concept of WQI then
developed by Brown et.al. (1970) and improved by Deininger (Scottish development department, 1975).
The calculation of WQI using this method is given in Equation (1).
WQI =
∑ qn W n (1)
∑Wn
Where q n a ndW nbe the Quality rating and Unit weight of nth water quality parameter.
The quality rating (q n) is calculated using the relation given in Equation (2)
( V n−V io)
q n=
[ ( S n−V io ) ]
×100(2)
Where, V n , V io ∧S n be the estimated value, ideal value and standard permissible value of the nth
parameter. For all parameters, ideal values (V ¿¿ io) ¿ were taken as zero for drinking water except for
pH=7.0 and DO =14.6 mg/l. The unit weight (W ¿¿ n) ¿ is calculated using the relation given in Equation
(3).
K
W n= (3)
Sn
Where K = proportional constant and it is calculated by using the relation given in Equation (4).
1
K= (4)
1
∑ (S n=1,2,3…
)
Methods and Materials
Ratuwa is a small perennial river and serves as the border of eastern Damak. It originates from Siwalik
hill and mixes to the Kankai River in Bihar before merging to Ganga River. The water sample was
collected in a one-liter plastic bottle just a few hundred meters away from the Ratuwa Bridge. The sample
was collected from the sampling site from January to April of 2018 in an interval of one month by
pumping from a depth of 5-10 cm below the surface of the water in order to avoid contamination from the
surface of the river basin. It was then brought to the Nepal Batabaraniya Sewa Kendra, Biratnagar for the
measurement of all parameters the bottles were rinsed before filling samples, sealed tightly and labeled in
the field. Standard procedures for the measurement and their average values with standard deviation are
shown in Table 2.
Result and Discussions
pH
The pH is the measure of the hydrogen ion concentration. Acid water tends to be corrosive to plumbing
and faucets, particularly, if the pH is below 6. Alkaline water is less corrosive, water with a pH above 8.5
may tend to have a bitter or soda-like taste. The pH of all four months was found to be basic with a
minimum of 7.4 in January and a maximum of 7.96 in February. The slight alkalinity may be due to the
presence of bicarbonate ions, which are produced by the free combination of CO 2 with water to form
carbonic acid, which affects the pH of the water [7]. Carbonic acid (H 2CO3) dissociates partly to produce
(H+) and bicarbonate ions.
Color
Color is one of the most important physical parameters of water. The color of the water is influenced by
the presence of suspended particles and dissolved particles. Suspended particles are things such as algae,
sediments, or small particles of a mineral. Dissolved particles are things such as tannins (a yellowish-
brown organic acid that is found in plant tissues), or particles of iron and manganese from rocks or soil.
Water that is blue has a very low amount of dissolved particles in it. According to NDWQS guideline,
watercolor of 5 Hazen is more desirable but color up to 15 Hazen is acceptable for drinking purposes [8].
The color of Ratuwa River varied from 1 in the month of March to 2.5 in the month of February.
Electrical Conductivity
Electrical conductivity measures the ionic condition of water which is greatly affected by temperature, the
concentration of impurities, and mobility of ions [9]. It is directly related to the concentration of salts
dissolved in water, and therefore to the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). Salts dissolve into positively
charged ions and negatively charged ions, which conduct electricity. The electrical Conductivity of
Ratuwa River varied from a minimum 197 in the month of February and a maximum of 226.5 in the
month of January with a mean 208.5 and SD 12.656.
TDS and TSS
TSS is the part of total solids retained by a filter, whereas TDS is the remaining part that passes through
the filter. A higher amount of TDS imparts the color, total alkalinity and conducting nature of water
whereas TSS causes turbidity in water [10]. Both TDS and TSS, a value greater than 500mg/L is not
desirable for drinking purposes. However, the optimum value of 1000mg/L is acceptable according to the
NDWQS guideline. The high value of TDS causes gastrointestinal irritation to the human and prolonged
use of such water may result in the formation of kidney stones and may cause a heart attack [10] . The
higher value of TDS was recorded in the month of January (113.25) and TSS was also higher in January
(124). Both TDS and TSS are on the permissible limits according to the NDWQS guideline. Higher
values of TDS and TSS may be due to domestic and municipal wastes discharged nearby sampling
stations.
Chloride
Chlorine ions are the most essential and dominant anions found in river water. They enter the river water
from natural as well as anthropogenic activities [11]. Chlorine is found in the combined state in the form
of soluble salts like magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, and sodium chloride. In our study, chloride
ions varied from 3 in April to 8 in January. These values are relatively low in comparison to the NDWQS
guideline. It implies that Ratuwa River is less contaminated due to chloride.
Total hardness
Calcium and magnesium dissolved in water are the two most common minerals that make water hard.
Total Hardness is an important parameter of water quality whether it is to be used for domestic, industrial
or agricultural purposes [12]. Hard water is not a health hazard. In fact, the National Research Council
(National Academy of Sciences) states that hard drinking water generally contributes a small amount of
total calcium and magnesium human dietary needs. In our study hardness level varied from 63 in April to
130 in February with mean 86.750. According to NDWQS guideline 300 is the standard limit which
showed that the water was moderately hard in February. It might be due to the runoff of soil containing
those minerals causing hardness and due to discharging of domestic and municipal effluents [13].
Sulphate
Sulphates can be naturally occurring or the result of municipal or industrial discharges. Runoff from
fertilized agricultural lands also contributes sulphates to water bodies. The sulphate ions varied from 20 in
the month of April and 30 in the month of February. The maximum value of sulphur at February may be
due to more use of river water for agricultural purposes since sources of sulphur are runoff water off
agricultural fields, which contain relatively large quantities of organic and mineral sulfur compounds. An
excess amount of sulphate causes diarrhea. It provides an objectionable taste at 300-400 mg/L and bitter
taste at 500 mg/L [12]. According to NDWQS the standard value for sulphate is 200. So the value of
sulphate ions present in Ratuwa River is relatively low compared to a standard one.
Iron
It is one of the most important constituents of blood in humans and other living organisms. Iron is an
essential element for human nutrition and metabolism but in excess quantities results in toxic effects like
hemochromatosis in tissues [14]. Iron is an essential element for drinking purposes if it is in the
permissible range; however, its higher concentration in water is hazardous for health. The amount of iron
in Ratuwa River was in the range of 0.36 in the month of February to 0.66 in March. These values are
higher than the standard value given by NDWQS which is 0.3. The presence of iron in Ratuwa River
might due to the presence of different minerals containing iron.
Total Phosphorous
Under normal water flows, roughly two-thirds of the total phosphorus load to lakes and rivers comes from
nonpoint sources such as runoff from pasture and croplands, urban and rural agricultural runoffs. Lakes
that appear relatively clear in spring can resemble green soup in late summer due to algae blooms fueled
by phosphorus [15]. The level of phosphorous in Ratuwa River was found to be 0.07 in February and less
than 0.05 in March. However, there is no recommended value of phosphorous given by NDWQS.
Nitrate
It is generally present in water by the aerobic decay of organic nitrogenous compounds. Nitrogen exists
in the environment in many forms and changes forms as it moves through the nitrogen cycle. However,
excessive concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen or nitrite-nitrogen in drinking water can be hazardous to
health, especially for infants and pregnant women. In our samples, the nitrate was below the certain limit
(<0.05mg/L) so that the instrument could not detect it. The result shows that the presence of sources of
nitrate such as chemical fertilizer, plant decays, and animal debris is extremely low.
Total Alkalinity
Alkalinity is the capacity of water to resist changes in pH that would make the water more acidic. The
value of alkalinity in water provides an idea of natural salts present in water [16]. The maximum value of
alkalinity of Ratuwa River was observed to be in February (161.50mg/L) and minimum in January
(79.9mg/L) with mean 104.125 and SD 38.425 and concentration of January month was above the
desirable limit as prescribed by WHO. The maximum value of alkalinity in February was might be
because of the use of limestone that contains calcium carbonate used in the home which runoff into the
river water.
Calcium
Calcium occurs in water naturally. Calcium is an important determinant of water hardness. Most calcium
in surface waters comes from streams flowing over limestone, dolomite, gypsum and other calcium-
containing rocks and minerals. The highest concentration of calcium was observed in the month of
February (47.29mg/L) and lowest in April (14.03mg/L) with mean 24.2475mg/L and standard deviation
15.57047mg/L. A higher concentration of calcium in the month of February may be due to the discharge
of more industrial effluences and construction materials.
Magnesium
Magnesium is found in large concentrations in both the earth crust and the human body. It is an element
essential for chlorophyll growth and acts as a limiting factor for the growth of phytoplankton [4]. The
maximum concentration of magnesium was evaluated in March (9.48 mg/L) and minimum in February
(2.67 mg/L) with an average of 6.135 mg/L and SD 2.79696. Higher concentration may be due to
industrial effluent since they contain magnesium in a higher amount.
Potassium
Potassium is macronutrient essential for plant growth. Though potassium is extensively found in some of
the igneous and sedimentary rocks, its concentration in natural waters is usually quite low. This is due to
the fact that potassium minerals offer resistance to weathering and dissolution [17]. The highest value of
potassium at Ratuwa River was observed to be in January (6 mg/L) and least in February (0.44 mg/L)
with mean 3.447 and SD 2.288. A higher value of Potassium in January may be due to rocks, the use of
fertilizers, and the increase in polluted water.
Dissolved Oxygen
Dissolved oxygen is the amount of gaseous water by direct absorption from the atmosphere by rapid
movement or as a waste product of plant photosynthesis. A low DO (less than 2 mg/L) would indicate
poor water quality and thus would have difficulty in sustaining a much sensitive aquatic life [18]. The
range of DO in Ratuwa River was observed to be between 2.65-3.67 mg/L with a mean of 2.985 and SD
0.464. A higher value of DO in January may be due to the addition of organic waste such as sewage, the
addition of nutrients that change the flow of water and addition of chemicals coming out from hospitals.
Sodium
It is a mineral that is essential for the normal functioning of the human body but its excess increases the
risk of hypertension, heart stroke, and heart disease and stomach cancer. Sodium is released naturally
through mineral deposits in ground and surface water and seawater spray off roofs used to collect
rainwater. The highest value of sodium was in January (6.41mg/L) and lowest in February (0.60 mg/L)
with a mean of 4.430 and SD 2.697 but these values were very less in comparison with WHO and
NWDQS standards.
Water Quality Index
WQI of Ratuwa River was computed from the average values of physicochemical parameters taken
during the first four months of the year. The calculation of the WQI on the basis of these parameters is
also shown in Table 2 and the corresponding water quality status is also shown in Table 1. The rating of
water quality status shown in Table 1 indicated that the river water is not appropriated for any purpose
like drinking, irrigation, industrial purposes and fish culture since WQI values in each month exceeded
100. The main physico-chemical parameter responsible for the maximum value of WQI may be iron since
it has exceeded the desirable range as prescribed by WHO and NWDQS. As we compare the results of
four-month, it can be clearly seen that month with a lesser value of iron, March has comparatively lower
WQI and March which has the highest concentration of iron has maximum WQI values. A higher
concentration of iron may be due to weathering of iron, industrial effluent, acid-mine drainage, and
sewage. This result reveals that river water needs some treatment before consumption, and it should be
protected from the perils’ of contamination.
Table 1: WQI of different months of Ratuwa River
Months WQI Status Possible Usage
January 165.568 Unfit for Proper treatment required before use.
drinking
February 113.904 Very Poor Restricted use for irrigation
Table 2: Evaluation of mean and standard deviation
Parameters January February March Apri Mean Standard Method
l Deviation
Color 1.5 2.5 1 1.5 1.625 0.629 APHA-2120C
EC 226.5 197 203.6 207. 208.725 12.656 APHA-2510
8
TDS 113.25 98.5 101.8 103. 104.362 6.328 APHA-2540C
9
TSS 124 20 16 4 41 55.749 APHA-2540 D
Chloride 8 4 4 3 4.75 2.217 APHA-2500B
Sulphate 23 30 21 20 23.5 4.509 APHA-4500
SO42- C
Iron 0.55 0.36 0.66 0.62 0.547 0.133 APHA-3111B
Nitrate <0.05 <.05 <.05 <.05 -- -- APHA-4500
Total 0.06 0.07 <.05 0.06 0.063 0.005 APHA-4500
Phosphorus
Total 75 130 79 63 86.75 29.624 APHA-2340
Hardness
Total 79.9 161.5 86.7 88.4 104.125 38.425 APHA-2320
Alkalinity
Calcium 20.04 47.29 15.63 14.0 24.247 15.570 APHA-3500
3
Magnesium 5.83 2.67 9.48 6.56 6.135 2.796 APHA-3500
Potassium 6 0.44 3.53 3.82 3.447 2.288 APHA-3500
DO 3.67 2.86 2.65 2.76 2.985 0.464 APHA-4500
pH 7.4 7.96 7.56 7.89 7.702 0.266 APHA-4500 H+
Sodium 6.41 0.6 4.48 6.23 4.43 2.697 APHA-3500
250
200
150
Mean(mg/L)
100
50
Fig 1 Bar Diagram of Average Value of Different Physico-chemical Parameters along with Error Bar
Table 3: Determination of WQI of January Month
S.N Parameters Observed Standard Unit weight Quality q n×W n
valuesV n values Sn Wn ratingq n
1 Color 1.5 5 0.05152 30 1.5456
2 EC 226.5 300 8.58667E-4 75.5 0.06483
3 TDS 113.25 500 5.152E-4 22.65 0.01167
4 TSS 124 500 5.152E-4 24.8 0.01278
5 Chloride 8 250 0.00103 3.2 0.0033
6 Sulphate 23 200 0.00129 11.5 0.01481
7 Iron 0.55 0.3 0.85867 183.33333 157.42222
8 Nitrate <0.05 45 -- -- --
9 Total 0.06 No limit -- -- --
Phosphorus listed
10 Total 75 300 8.58667E-4 25 0.02147
Hardness
11 Total 79.9 200 0.00129 39.95 0.05146
Alkalinity
12 Calcium 20.04 75 0.00343 26.72 0.09177
13 Magnesium 5.83 50 0.00515 11.66 0.06007
14 Potassium 6 No listed -- -- --
limit
15 DO 3.67 6 0.04293 127.09302 5.45653
16 pH 7.4 8.5 0.03031 26.66667 0.80816
17 Sodium 6.41 200 0.00129 3.205 0.00413
∑ W n=0 . 999 ∑ qn W n=165 . 568
WQI=
165.625
Table 4: Determination of WQI of February Month
Parameters Observed Standard Unit weight Quality q n×W n
values¿ ¿) values¿ ¿) ¿ ¿) rating¿ ¿)
Color 2.5 5 0.05152 50 2.576
EC 197 300 8.58667E-4 65.66667 0.05639
TDS 98.5 500 5.152E-4 19.7 0.01015
TSS 20 500 5.152E-4 4 0.00206
Chloride 4 250 0.00103 1.6 0.00165
Sulphate 30 200 0.00129 15 0.01932
Iron 0.36 0.3 0.85867 120 103.04
Nitrate <.05 45 -- -- --
Total 0.07 No limit -- -- --
Phosphorus listed
Total 130 300 8.58667E-4 43.33333 0.03721
Hardness
Total 161.5 200 0.00129 80.75 0.10401
Alkalinity
Calcium 47.29 75 0.00343 63.05333 0.21657
Magnesium 2.67 50 0.00515 5.34 0.02751
Potassium 0.44 No listed -- -- --
limit
DO 2.86 6 0.04293 136.51163 5.8609
pH 7.96 8.5 0.03031 64 1.93958
Sodium 0.6 200 0.00129 0.3 3.864E-4
∑ qn W n=¿113.89
∑ W n=0 . 999 1
WQI=113.904
Table 5: Determination of WQI of March Month
Parameters Observed Standard Unit weightW n Quality q n×W n
valuesV n values Sn ratingq n
color 1 5 0.051 20 1.0304
EC 203.6 300 8.586E-4 67.86667 0.05827
TDS 101.8 500 5.152E-4 20.36 0.01049
TSS 16 500 5.152E-4 3.2 0.00165
Chloride 4 250 0.001 1.6 0.00165
Sulphate 21 200 0.001 10.5 0.01352
Iron 0.66 0.3 0.858 220 188.90667
Nitrate <.05 -- -- -- --
Total <.05 No limit -- -- --
Phosphorus listed
Total 79 300 8.586E-4 26.33333 0.02261
Hardness
Total 86.7 200 0.001 43.35 0.05583
Alkalinity
Calcium 15.63 75 0.003 20.84 0.07158
Magnesium 9.48 50 0.005 18.96 0.09768
Potassium 3.53 No listed -- -- --
limit
DO 2.65 6 0.042 138.95349 5.96574
pH 7.56 8.5 0.030 37.33333 1.13142
Sodium 4.48 200 0.001 2.24 0.00289
0.999 ∑ qn W n=¿
197.3704
WQI=197.437
Table 6: Determination of WQI of April Month
Parameters Observed Standard Unit weightW n Quality q n×W n
valuesV n values Sn ratingq n
Color 1.5 5 0.05152 30 1.5456
EC 207.8 300 8.58667E-4 69.26667 0.05948
TDS 103.9 500 5.152E-4 20.78 0.01071
TSS 4 500 5.152E-4 0.8 4.1216E-4
Chloride 3 250 0.00103 1.2 0.00124
Sulphate 20 200 0.00129 10 0.01288
Iron 0.62 0.3 0.85867 206.666 177.457
Nitrate <.05 -- -- -- --
Total 0.06 No limit -- -- --
Phosphorus listed
Total 63 300 8.58667E-4 21 0.01803
Hardness
Total 88.4 200 0.00129 44.2 0.05693
Alkalinity
Calcium 14.03 75 0.00343 18.70667 0.06425
Magnesium 6.56 50 0.00515 13.12 0.06759
Potassium 3.82 No listed -- -- --
limit
DO 2.76 6 0.04293 137.67442 5.91082
pH 7.89 8.5 0.03031 59.33333 1.79815
Sodium 6.23 200 0.00129 3.115 0.00401
-- --
∑ W n=¿0.999 ∑ qn W n=¿18
66 7.00788
WQI=187.0714
Conclusions
Analysis of seventeen different physicochemical parameters was carried out and they were compared with
Nepal and WHO standards. Color, EC, TDS, TSS, Chloride, Sulphate, Iron, TH, Nitrate, Phosphorus,
DO, Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, and Sodium were within the desirable range while comparing with
standard values but iron exceeded the desirable limit (0.3mg/L) in all four months. WQI for January,
February, March, and April were determined to be 165.625, 113.903, 197.437and 187.071. Since all
values were determined to be greater than 100, it indicated that Ratuwa River is unsuitable for drinking
and various other purposes. Iron may be one of the major factors responsible for the higher value of WQI
since it exceeded the desirable range.
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