h

IEEE Seismic Guide for Power

Transformers and Reactors

Energy and Power

Sponsoredby the
West Coast Subcommitteeof the
IEEE Transformers Committee of the
IEEE Power Engineering Society

26

fi-by the dEkWhdand Ehtmnics Engineem, Inc., 345East47th Stmet, New York NY 1001Z USA.

August 10. 1990 SH135D8

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 IEEE
C57.ll4-1990

IEEE Seismic Guide for Power Transformers

and Reactors

Sponsor
westcoastsubcommittee
of the IEEE "randormers Committee
of the IEEE Power Engineeringsociety

Approved February 15,1990

IEEEstandardsBoard

Abstract: IEEE C57.114-1990, IEEE Seismic Guide for Power Transformers and Reactors, specifies
recommendations for the design and installation of power transformers and reactors to withstand
the effects of earthquakes.
Keywords: Oil-immersed power transformers and reactors, performance requirements of
transformers and reactors during and following a design earthquake.

ISBN 1-55937-050-5

Capyright 0 1990 by

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394, USA

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form,

in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,
without prior permission of the publisher.

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 IEEE Standards documents are developed within the Technical
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 Foreword
(This Foreword is not a part of E E E C67.114-1990, IEEE Seismic Guide for Power Transformers and Reactors.)

This guide for the seismic design and installation of power transformers and reactors was
prepared by the Seismic Guide Working Group of the West Coast Subcommittee of the
Transformers Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society
Work on this guide began in 1973 with the purpose of developing common guidelines that could
be followed by all utilities in specifying requirements for the design of power transformers and
reactors to withstand the effects of earthquakes. In order to ensure t h a t the most up-to-date
summary of guidelines was presented, the IEEE Standards Board Review Committee a t their
March, 1986 meeting recommended a return of this guide t o the subcommittee level for updating.
This final result, therefore, will hopefully constitute a state-of-the-art summary of guidelines for
the seismic design and installation of power transformers and reactors.
At the time this document was published, i t was under consideration for approval a s an Amer-
ican National Standard. The Accredited Standards Committee on Transformers, Regulators, and
Reactors, C57,had the following members a t the time this document was sent to letter ballot:

K. Linsley, Chair C . H. White, Secretary

Organization Represented Name of Representative

American National Standards Institute.. ...................................................... C. Zegers

Electric Light and Power Group .................................................................. W. Cole
G. Gunnels
P. E. Orehek
D. Soffrin (Alt)
J. Sullivan
A. Velazquez
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ............................................. L. Savio
J. J. Bergeron
J. D. Borst
J. Davis
R. A. Veitch
National Electrical Manufacturers Association ................................... ...... G. D. Coulter
P. Dewever (Alt)
J. D. Douglas
P. J. Hopkinson (Alt)
W. C. Kendall
K. R. Linsley
L. S. McCormick
J. R. Miller
R. P. Miller, Sr.
J. J. Nay (Ah)
H. Robin
H. D. Smith (Alt)
Underwriters aboratories, Inc. ................................................................. W. O'Grady
R. W. Seelbach
Tennessee Valley Authority.. .................................................................... L. R. Smith
US Department of Agriculture,
Rural Electrical Association .................................................................. J. Arnold, Sr.
US Department of Energy,
Western Area Power Administration.. ...................................................... D. R. Torgerson

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 U. S.Department of the Interior,
Bureau of Reclamation ......................................................................... F. Cook, Sr.
US Department of the Navy,
Civil Engineering Corps.. ..................................................................... H. Stickley

The following members of the IEEE Transformers Committee were on the balloting committee
that approved this document for submission t o the IEEE Standards Board:
D. J. Allan G. Gunnels, Jr. W. H. Mutschler
B. F. Allen G. Hall J. W. McGill
R. Allustriarti J. H. Harlow C. J. McMillen
R. J. Alton F. W. Heinrichs W. J. McNutt
S. J. Antalis W. Henning E. T. Norton
E. H. A j e s k i K. R. Highton B. K. Pate1
J. C. Arnold P. J. Hoefler H. A. Pearle
R. Bancroft C. R. Hoesel D. Perco
P. L. Bellashi R. H. Kollister C. T. Raymond
J. J. Bergeron C. C. Honey C. A. Robbins
D. A. Bernard F. Huber, Jr. L. J. Savid
W. Binder C. Hurty W. E. Saxon
J. V. Bonucchi R. G. Jacobson V. Shenoy
J. D. Borst A. J. Jonnati B. E. Smith
G. H. Bowers C. P. Kappeler W. W. Stein
C. Brown J. J. Kelly L. R. Stensland
D. J. Cash W. N. Kennedy E. G. Strangas
0. R. Compton A. D. Kline D. Sundin
F. W. Cook, Sr. E. Koenig L. Swenson
J. Corkran J. G. Lackey A. L. Tanton
D. W. Crofts H. F. Light V. Thenappan
J. Davis T. G. Lipscomb R. C. Thomas
D. H. Douglas R. I. Lowe J. A. Thompson
J. D. Douglas M. L. Manning T. P. Traub
J. C. Dutton T. Massouda D. E. Truax
J. A. Ebert J. W. Matthews R. E. Uptegraff, Jr.
P. P. Falkowski S.P. Mehta B. Vaillancourt
H. G. Fischer C. K. Miller R. A. Veitch
M. Frydman C. Millian L. B. Wagenaar
H. E. Gabel, J r , R. E. Minkwitz, Sr. R. J. Whearty
D. Gerlach H. A. Moore A. Wilks
D. A. Gillies W. E. Morehart W. E. Wrenn
R. L. Grubb R. J. Musil D. A. Yannucci
E. J. Yasuda

At the time this guide was completed, the Seismic Guide Working Group was composed of the
following members:
S. K. Oklu, Chair
R. Allustiarti B. Isberg D. A. Roth
D. Gerlach H. Johnson D. W. Sundin
D. A. Gillies R. Norton L. Tauber

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 When the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on February 15, 1990, it had the fol-
lowing membership:
Marc0 W.Migliaro, Chair James M. Daly, Vice Chair
Andrew G. Salem, Secretary
Dennis Bodson Thomas L. Hannan L. Bruce McClung
Paul L. Borrill Kenneth D. Hendrix Donald T. Michael*
Fletcher J. Buckley John W. Horch Stig Nilsson
Allen L. Clapp Joseph L. Koepfinger* Roy T. Oishi
Stephen R. Dillon Michael A. Lawler Gary S . Robinson
Donald C. Fleckenstein Donald J. Loughry Terrance R. Whittemore
J a y Forster* John E. May, Jr. Donald W. Zipse
Lawrence V. McCall
*Member Emeritus

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 contents
SECTION PAGE

1.Scope a n d R e f e r e n c e s ................................................................................ 7
1.1 Scope ................................................................................................. 7
1.2 References .......................................................................................... 7

2 . Definitions ............................................................................................. 7

3. Performance Requirements ......................................................................... 8

3.1 Criteria for Adequacy ............................................................................. 8
3.2 Seismic Information Supplied by User .......................................................... 9

4. Recommended Installation Design Practices ..................................................... 12

4.1 Allowable Design Stresses for Seismic Loading ............................................... 12
4.2 Foundations ........................................................................................ 13
4.3 Anchoring .......................................................................................... 13
4.4 Interconnection to Adjacent Equipment ...................................................... 13

5. Qualification Methods ................................................................................ 13

5.1 Laboratory Qualification Tests .................................................................. 14
5.2 Methods of Analysis ............................................................................... 14
5.3 Combined Analysis with Laboratory Testing .................................................. 16
5.4 Rail Shipment Test ................................................................................ 16

6. Documentation ......................................................................................... 16
6.1 General ............................................................................................. 16
6.2 Analytical Data .................................................................................... 16
6.3Test Data ............................................................................................ 16
6.4 Extrapolation Data ................................................................................. 16

FIGURES

Fig 1 Seismic Response Spectra ......................................................................... 10

Fig 2 Seismic Zone Map of the United States from the "Uniform Building Code. 1988"........... 11
Fig 3 Sine Beat ............................................................................................ 15

TABLES

Table 1 Ground Acceleration Levels ................................................................... 9

Table 2 Typical Damping Values ..................................................................... 16

..

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 IEEE Seismic Guide for Power Transformers
and Reactors
LScopeandRe&rences 2. Definitions

1.1 Scope. This guide applies to oil-immersed The definitions in this section establish the
transformers and reactors. I t does not cover meaning of terms used in this guide.
Class 1 E equipment for nuclear plants, which
i s covered by IEEE Std 344-1987, IEEE allowable stress-The maximum stress per-
Recommended P r a c t i c e for S e i s m i c mitted by this guide.
Qualification of Class 1 E Equipment for Nu-
clear Power Generating Stations (ANSI) 111.’ continuous sine wave-A number of consec-
It provides direction for establishing proce- utive sinusoidal oscillations of the same fre-
dures to verify that oil-immersed power trans- quency and amplitude.
formers and reactors, as installed, will meet
damping-An energy dissipation mechanism
their performance requirements during and
that reduces the amplification and broadens
following a design earthquake. It may be used
the vibratory response in the region of reso-
by equipment manufacturers to establish pro-
nance. Damping i s usually expressed a s a
cedures t h a t will substantiate performance
percentage of critical damping. Critical
claims, or by equipment users to verify per-
damping i s defined a s “the least amount of
formance of representative power transform-
ers and reactors. Whenever the term Utrans- viscous damping t h a t causes a single degree of
freedom (SDOF) system to return t o its origi-
former” is used, it should be understood t o
mean “reactor” as well. nal position without oscillation after initial
disturbance.” A body with zero damping, on
1.2 References. This guide shall be used in the other hand, would vibrate with harmonic
conjunction with the following publications: motion indefinitely when deflected and re-
leased.
[ l l IEEE Std 344-1987, IEEE Recommended design earthquake-An earthquake that pro-
Practice for Seismic Qualification of Class 1 E duces the maximum vibratory ground motion
Equipment for Nuclear Power Generating Sta- the transformer is designed to withstand with-
tions (ANSI). out functional impairment.
[21 A I S C Specifications for the Design,
floor acceleration-The acceleration of a par-
Fabrication, and Erection of Structural Steel
for Building. ticular building floor (or equipment mount-
ing) resulting from the motion of a given
earthquake. The maximum floor acceleration
[31 Aluminum Construction Manual, Section
is the zero period acceleration (ZPA) of the
1, Specifications for Aluminum Structures,
Aluminum Association, publishers. floor response spectrum.
ground acceleration-The acceleration of the
[41 Shipp, John G. and Harringer, Edward R. ground resulting from the motion of a given
“Design of Threaded Anchor Bolts,” E n g i - earthquake. The maximum ground acceler-
neering Journal, AISC, second quarter of 1983. ation is the ZPA of the ground response spec-
trum.
‘The numbers in brackets refer to the references in 1.2. modal response-The response of a natural or
IEEE publications are available from the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE Service normal mode of a system caused by any vibra-
Center, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA. tion input.

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IEEE
C57.114-1990 IEEE SEISMIC GUIDE FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS AND REACTORS

natural frequency-The frequency o r frequen- ated by a seismic disturbance and one generated by an in-
ternal fault.
cies at which a body vibrates due t o its own
physical characteristics (mass and stiffness)
when the body is distorted in a specific direc- 3.1 Criteria for Adequacy. Before the
tion and then released. transformer is furnished to the user, it should
be shown to satisfy the performance criteria
response spectrum-A plot of the maximum re- described below under maximum excitation
sponse, a s a function of oscillator frequency, generated by the design earthquake.
of an array of SDOF damped oscillators sub- 3.1.1 Permanent Deformation. Permanent
jected t o the same base excitation. deformation of components internal to the
sine beats-A continuous sinusoid of one fre- transformer and of external bushings due to a
quency, amplitude modulated by a sinusoid of design earthquake is not acceptable. Minor
a lower frequency. deformation of transformer components ex-
ternal to the tank following a design earth-
time history-A record of acceleration, veloc- quake is acceptable provided it results in no
ity, or displacement as a function of time (such impairment of the essential functions of the
a s experienced by a building floor or the transformer.
ground) during an earthquake. 3.1.2 Misalignment. The degree of misa-
lignment of load and no-load tap changers,
zero period acceleration-The acceleration pump motors, and cooling fans o r cooling
level of the high-frequency, nonamplified por- groups should not prevent their normal func-
tion of the response spectrum. This acceler- tions during or after an earthquake.
ation corresponds to the maximum peak accel- 3.1.3 Dielectric Degradation. Displace-
eration of the time history used t o derive the ments, either permanent or temporary, be-
spectrum. Zero period acceleration is usually tween components of different potentials that
above 30 Hz. may result in reduced clearances causing
degradation of dielectric strength and in-
creased voltage stresses, but which should not
3.PerformanceRequirements impair the performance of the equipment a t its
specified rating.
3.1.4 Motion Limitation. Any motion lim-
The equipment should withstand the stresses itation applying specifically t o the trans-
and relative displacements caused by the user- former and its components is the responsi-
specified vibratory ground motion. The user bility of the manufacturer. The manufacturer
may also provide a response spectrum. The should advise the user of the maximum deflec-
maximum vertical ground acceleration tions and forces that can be accommodated a t
should be a t least two-thirds of the maximum the attachment points, and between these points
horizontal acceleration. The vertical and hor- and other interconnected equipment. Special
izontal components should be combined to pro- consideration should be given t o maintaining
duce the most severe equipment stress. The the functional capability of the bushing and the
transformer should be designed to survive the bushing interface with the transformer.
design earthquake. Survival encompasses re- The ability t o accommodate relative motion
tained functional capability of the trans- between adjoining equipment constitutes an
former, its components, and its auxiliary sys- especially crucial seismic requirement of the
tems during and following the design earth- transformer installation. In particular, spe-
quake. cial attention should be given by the user t o the
The natural frequencies and damping of the following kinds of relative motion:
equipment mounted in its service configura-
tion, with all accessories installed, should be (1) Between coupled equipment mounted on
determined and the dynamic response should adjoining foundations such that relative
be considered in its design. motion can occur between the founda-
NOTE: It is recognized, for example, that some fault pres-
tions.
sure relays that respond t o an internal rate of pressure rise (2) Between coupled transformers mounted
may not distinguish between a rate of pressure rise gener- on a common foundation.

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 IEEE
IEEE SEISMIC GUIDE FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS AND REACTORS C57.114-199O

(3) Connections between the transformer earthquakes in the particular area where the
and overhead conductors o r under- transformer will be installed.
ground cable terminations. This, prin- In lieu of special-response spectra, seismic
cipally, is a question of assuring ade- zone maps, such a s the one included in the
quate conductor slack and decoupling the uniform building code of 1988 (see Fig 21, are
conductor motion from the transformer. recommended for use with the smoothed re-
(4) Between underground control cables and sponse spectra shown in Fig 1, a s applied in
auxiliary power cables, conduit runs, Table 1.
transformer foundations, and trans- The smoothed response spectra shown in Fig
former control cabinet equipment. 1 are from earthquakes in the western United
3.1.5 O t h e r Conditions. Conditions that States and may not be representative of earth-
could affect the performance of the trans- quakes in other regions in the United States
former and that could reasonably be expected and in other parts of the world.
to occur simultaneously as the result of seis- 3.2.1 Maximum Acceleration. Typical val-
mic disturbances should be considered in the ues of maximum horizontal ground accelera-
seismic design of the transformer. Special at- tion range from 0.1 g (g = Acceleration due to
tention should be given by 'the manufacturer to gravity) to 0.5 g, with values over 0.5 g being
the maximum transient relative motion of required in some special instances, e.g.,
internal components and to the effect of the where equipment is installed in high priority
external short circuits that can occur during or facilities critical to maintaining continuity of
immediately following a seismic distur- service on a power system. The maximum
bance. ground acceleration of an earthquake is also
used a s a means of scaling or relating an
3.2 Seismic Information Supplied by User. earthquake with other earthquakes. If the
The user should provide information t o the equipment is not mounted on the ground, the
manufacturer t h a t will adequately describe acceleration a t the mounting location should
the seismic environment in which the trans- be used.
former will be installed, including references 3.2.2 Time History. The time history is the
to all applicable codes. Any condition that may most precise way of describing a particular
be of consequence during a seismic event earthquake. However, a particular earth-
should be described. quake time history may not be truly repre-
The user should describe either the maxi- sentative of the earthquake the equipment will
mum accelerations, time histories, or re- experience during its service life.
sponse spectra as discussed in 3.2.1, 3.2.2, and This is because the characteristics of real
3.2.3, respectively. A set of typical user's re- earthquakes vary from one earthquake to an-
sponse spectra is shown in Fig 1. The user other and from place to place. The following
should consider the adoption of the earthquake are the earthquake characteristics of major
criteria shown below to determine the maxi- concern:
mum earthquake that the transformer will be
required to withstand. (1) Maximum horizontal acceleration
When establishing the criteria, special at- (2) Maximum vertical acceleration
tention should be given to the frequency of (3) Frequency content of each earthquake

Table 1
Ground Acceleration Levels
Zone Acceleration (% of Gravity)
4 50
3 40
ZA, 2B 20
1 10
0 Local building code
NOTE: The above are minimum values. Consideration should be given to local faults and historical seismic data or
experience in setting level requirements.

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IEEE
(257114-1990 IEEE SEISMIC GUIDE FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS AND REACTORS

h
P
-U n
al a
k 0
(d
a w
W
al
k
PI
;z
0
0
a
L
Y

P
X
3
0
U
O S

Fig 1
SeismicResponse Spectra

10

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 IEEE
IEEE SEISMIC GUIDE FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS AND REACTORS C57114-1990

ZONE0
ZONE1 Nod- dunage, distant euthqu8ku may
Minor ZONE3 Major dunage, cotyesponds to intensity
VI11 and higher of the M M* S a l e
-use d a m y e b structures with funda- ZONE 4 Those u e u within Zone No 3 detennined
mental periods greater Uun 1.0 second, by the proximity to certain major fault
r intendtitl V and VI o f the
~ m t p o n d to systems,
MM*Sal.
ZONE 2 Moderate damage, comesponds to intensity
VI1 of the M M. Scale *Modified Mercalli Intensity S a l e of 1931

Fig 2
Seismic Zone Map of the United States from the "Uniform Building Code, 1988"

11

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IEEE
C57.114-1990 IEEE SEISMIC GUIDE FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS AND REACTORS
(4) Duration sign procedures a n d stress magnitudes.
Each earthquake is unique and exhibits dif- Subsections 4.1.2, 4.1.3, and 4.1.4 may be used
ferent characteristics. To allow for the above as recommended practices for the design of
variables, the worst possible earthquake accel- structural and load bearing members and re-
erations can be incorporated into groups of inforcing and stiffening elements.
ground motion earthquake time histories (en- 4.1.1 General. The maximum stress al-
sembles) of different frequency content and lowed for any material under seismic loading
duration. These individual time histories can should be in that material’s allowable stress
then be used in conjunction with each other to range. The allowable stresses, including in-
determine the effect of the design earthquake. creases for earthquake loads (to be used for
To use the time history method, four of the seismic design) for structural steel and alu-
eight ground motion acceleration time histo- minum, can be found in the documents de-
ries used to develop the response spectra in Fig scribed in 4.1.2 and 4.1.3.
1 can be obtained from the California Institute 4.1.2 Structural Steel. AISC Specifications
of Technology, Pasadena, California. for the Design, Fabrication, and Erection of
The earthquake records that may be used in Structural Steel for Building 121, as last re-
testing a mathematical model are the El vised, should be applied t o structural steel
Centro, California, 1940 NS (multiplied by a members.
factor of 1.121, the Olympia, Washington, 1949 4.1.3 Aluminum. Aluminum Construction
SlOE multiplied by a factor of 1.96); the Manual, Section 1, Specifications for Alumin-
Helena, Montana, 1935 EW (multiplied by a um Structures [3], a n Aluminum Association
factor of 3.03); and the Pacoima Dam, publication, a s last revised, should be applied
California, 1971 S16E (multiplied by a factor of to aluminum structural members.
0.46). For other than Zone 4 (see Fig 2 ) , the 4.1.4 Nonmetallic Materials. The allowable
above accelerations and time histories are t o stress of nonmetallic materials such as wood,
be scaled similarly, proportionate to the factors fiberglass, porcelain, etc., should be within a
shown in 3.2, e.g., Zone 3 users should use 80% range of 0.25 t o 0.5 times the average tested
of the values obtained in Fig 1. breaking strength.
3.2.3 Response Spectrum. Another descrip- 4.1.5 Special Consideration. While urging
tion of an expected earthquake environment is compliance with the criteria in 4.1.2 through
a response spectrum. A response spectrum (see 4.1.4, i t is recognized that the design earth-
Fig 1) is obtained by utilizing time histories. quake i s a dynamic phenomenon of limited
The response spectra shown in Fig 1 are duration. These factors lead to certain special
smoothed spectra and represent the average considerations not included in the general
spectrum shapes calculated from eight time references cited in the preceding paragraphs.
histories. Maximum ground acceleration of Thus, it is recognized that because of the very
the earthquake can be obtained by reading the limited duration of the design earthquake, low
zero period (typically taken as the acceleration cycle fatigue concepts may be of considerable
of bodies with frequencies over 30 Hz) accel- practical importance in determining effective
eration. Frequency content of the ground mo- design procedures and material selections.
tion is indicated by the shape of the response For example, the significant energy absorbing
spectrum curve. Earthquake duration and capacity of materials stressed cyclically into
mechanism cannot be determined from a re- the plastic zone has important implications for
sponse spectrum. damping under vibratory conditions. Such
damping has important influences upon the
magnitude of the dynamic, seismic response
4. Recommended Installation Design of the transformer and components subject to a
Practices design earthquake.
Hence, ductility and toughness of the mate-
rial may be desirable and important criteria
4.1 Allowable Design Stresses for Seismic for material selection and low cycle fatigue
Loading. The criteria for adequacy, a s de- limitations may offer a reasonable basis for
fined in Section 3, should be considered by the the specifications of the maximum allowable
user in determining proper installation de- stresses under seismic conditions. The max-

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 IEEE
IEEE SEISMIC GUIDE FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS AND REACTORS C57114-1990

imum stress on any component must not ex- due to earthquake loads should not be permit-
ceed the allowable seismic stress correspond- ted. It is recommended that mild ductile steel,
ing to N fully reversed cycles for the specific such as A36 or A307, be used, and that design
materials (where N = Fundamental frequency philosophy such as stated in the article,
(in Hz) of the transformer times the duration “Design of Threaded Anchor Bolts” by John G.
(in seconds) of strong motion (maximum ac- Shipp and Edward R. Harringer, Engineer-
celeration of 0.5 g)) due to the design earth- ing Journal, AISC, in the second quarter of
quake. Where special considerations of the 1983 141, be followed. The length of embedment
type cited dictate the application of stress mag- and the type of bonding to that portion of the
nitudes that are not in conformity with those anchor system within the foundation should be
cited in 4.1.2 through 4.1.4, justifications in determined by the user and should be greater
the form of detailed analysis should be made. than the strength of the bolts attaching the
equipment to the foundation. Consideration
4.2 Foundations. The transformer and all should be given by the user t o any unequal
interconnected equipment should be placed on distribution of dynamic earthquake loadings
a monolithic foundation so as to reduce differ- on the anchor bolts.
ential movement due to the design earth- All anchor systems must withstand the
quake. Provision should be made to accommo- forces resulting from the design earthquake.
date expected differential motions between
equipment mounted on separate foundations 4.4 Interconnection to Adjacent Equipment.
b u t which a r e interconnected. Provision Interconnection between the transformer and
should also be made for interconnected equip- other equipment m u s t be adequate t o
ment mounted on the same foundation but accommodate differential movement. Leads
having differing frequency content. Lastly, and interconnections must be long and
consideration should be given to the inter- flexible enough to allow this movement to oc-
action of underground conduits and the foun- cur without causing damage. Consideration
dations. should be given by the user to the change in
Foundations should withstand all forces re- dynamic characteristics of the equipment as a
sulting from the design earthquake in the result of any rigid bus being used t o make in-
vertical and horizontal directions simultane- terconnections between equipment.
ously.
A comprehensive soil survey is recom-
mended t o determine if any unusual condi- 5. Qualification Methods
tions exist at the site that would warrant spe-
cial design considerations for the founda- Qualification of seismic withstand capabil-
tions. ity may be demonstrated either by laboratory
test, analysis; a combination of laboratory test
4.3 Anchoring. I t is recommended t h a t and analysis, or by rail shipment test.
transformers be anchored by welding the base Qualification by laboratory test is the most pre-
t o structural steel members embedded in or ferred method, while qualification by rail
firmly anchored to a concrete foundation. shipment is the least preferred method. Prior
Size, location, and type of welds should be qualification by any of the above methods on a
shown on the manufacturer’s drawings. All transformer of similar rating and design
welds must conform to applicable AWS speci- may be used when justified to the satisfaction
fications. AISC weld allowables should be of the user.
used. However, the one-third increase in weld The employed seismic qualification method
allowable stress due t o earthquake loads should demonstrate the equipment’s capability
should not be permitted. to meet the requirements specified in Section
If bolts are to be used, size, strength, location, 3. The qualification methods listed in IEEE
and materials should be shown on the manu- Std 344-1987, IEEE Recommended Practice for
facturer’s drawings. The size and strength of Seismic Qualification of Class 1E Equipment
the anchor bolts should be determined by bolt for Nuclear Power Generating Stations
material allowable stresses. However, the (ANSI) [ll, will also satisfy the requirements
one-third increase in bolt allowable stresses of this guide.

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IEEE
CS7114-1990 ZEEE SEISMIC GUIDE FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS AND REACTORS

5.1 Laboratory Qualification Tests. The nished by the user.

equipment should be energized and monitored
during laboratory qualification testing. Tests 5.2 Methods of Analysis. The analysis should
should be performed by subjecting the equip- include evaluation of the effects of calculated
ment to vibratory motion which equals o r ex- stresses and maximum displacements on
ceeds the design earthquake, including all mechanical strength, alignment, electrical
significant frequencies and the direction of performance, and noninterruption of function
the expected motion. The equipment may be as related to the functional requirements of the
mounted on the vibration table or excited by equipment during a design earthquake.
other acceptable methods in a manner t h a t Analysis should only be used for equipment
simulates the intended service mounting and that can be modeled to correctly predict its re-
configuration (i.e., with t h e accessories sponse, and only if the preferred method of
mounted). Sufficient monitoring equipment laboratory testing is deemed impractical o r
should be used to allow verification of input economically unjustifiable. Each of the fol-
and to evaluate the performance of the equip- lowing methods of analysis will satisfy the
ment before, during, and after the test. Testing requirements of this guide.
should be conducted in two phases. 5.2.1 Response Spectrum Analysis of Flex-
6.1.1 Phase 1-A low amplitude frequency ible Equipment. The equipment should be
sweep in the range from 1 to 30 Hz should be modeled a s a series of discrete mass points
conducted in each principal direction to search connected by mass-free spring members. A
for resonant frequencies, sufficient number of mass points should be
6.1.2 Phase %Tests should be conducted at used t o ensure an adequate simulation of
the resonant frequencies determined in phase dynamic characteristics. The model should
1 with amplitudes of base acceleration equal to represent the equipment a s it will be mounted
- g (as specified by the user) in the horizontal in service.
directions, coincident with the equipment The resulting system is analyzed using the
axes, and 80% of the horizontal acceleration in design earthquake response spectrum curve
the vertical direction. The tests may be in one corresponding t o a n appropriate damping
axis at a time if it can be shown that no signif- value, applied simultaneously in the vertical
icant coupling exists in the equipment between and horizontal directions to produce the most
the horizontal and vertical axes to give addi- severe stresses. The total seismic response
tive responses in the unexcited axis or if an stress is normally determined by combining
adjusted input is applied that will account for the individual modal response stresses by the
the additive responses caused by the coupling. square root of the sum of the squares tech-
For continuous sinusoidal motion, the waves nique. When modes with closely spaced mo-
are applied for a duration of a t least 15 cycles. dal frequencies exist, an acceptable method for
Instead of continuous sinusoidal excitation, obtaining the system response is to take the ab-
sine beat testing may be used. The modulated solute sum of the response of the closely spaced
beat should contain a t least 10 cycles of signif- modes and combine this sum with other re-
icant motion with sufficient pause between maining modal responses using the square
beats to minimize superposition of motion. root of the sum of the squares rule. Two modes
The time duration of sine beat testing should having frequencies within 10% of each other
allow for a minimum of five such bursts at are considered a s modes with closely spaced
resonant frequency (see Fig 3). frequency.
5.1.3 Random Frequency Testing. Phase 1 5.2.2 Static Analysis. Static analysis should
and phase 2 testing may be eliminated if the be used only when the natural frequencies of
equipment withstands 30 seconds of combined the equipment exceed the frequency above
horizontal and vertical shaking having a which zero period acceleration occurs (usually
random excitation a t frequencies with one- 30 Hz). The equipment and interconnecting
third octave intervals between 1 and 30 Hz. components should be designed to withstand
Tests should be performed by subjecting the stresses resulting from a constant horizontal
equipment to a vibratory motion, which will acceleration of the equipment base. This
produce a test response spectrum that equals or should be equal to the zero period acceleration
exceeds the response spectrum that is fur- given by the design response spectra in any

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 IEEE
LEEE SEISMIC GUIDE FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS AND REACTORS C57114-1990

BEAT FREQUENCY

- TIME
TEST FREQUENCY

Fig 3
Sine Beat

horizontal direction simultaneous with verti- Equipment. The equipment, modeled a s in

cal acceleration equal to two-thirds of the hori- 5.2.1, may be dynamically analyzed by step-
zontal acceleration. by-step integration of the differential equation
5.2.3 Static Coefficient Analysis. As an al- of motion using ground motion acceleration
ternative to calculating the natural frequen- time histories o r other dynamic input, with
cies, the peak value of the design earthquake simultaneous application of horizontal and
response spectrum curve for a n appropriate vertical inputs. In lieu of step-by-step integra-
damping value may be used to compute the ap- tion analysis, the user may take a more prac-
propriate inertia forces. In the absence of any tical approach and assume dependent motions
specific test data, a damping value of 2% is and take the square root of the sum of the
considered conservative for this purpose. The squares of the maximum response due to each
peak response value should be multiplied by of the components of motion. When justified,
1.5 to account for the effects of both multifre- different values of damping may be assigned
quency excitation and multimode response. for different components of subassemblies in
The inertia forces on each component of the the equipment.
equipment should be concentrated a t its center 5.2.5 Damping. In the absence of detailed
of gravity, and the normal static stress analy- measurements, a 2% damping value is rec-
sis performed. The maximum horizontal in- ommended for use in analysis. Any damping
ertia force and the vertical inertia force should values used in the analysis greater than 2% of
be considered to occur separately with their re- the critical damping should be verified by test-
sultant stress calculated as the square root of ing. In any case, the damping associated with
the sum of the squares of the stresses induced joints or other components should be consid-
by the inertia forces. ered no more than the percentages of critical
5.2.4 Time History Analysis of Flexible damping in Table 2:

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IEEE
C57114-1990 ZEEE SEISMIC GUIDE FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS AND REACTORS

Table 2
Typical DampingValues
Item DampingValue (% of Critical)
Welded metal joint 4
Bolted metal-to-metal joint 8
Bolted insulation structure 5
Lightning arresters 8
Bushings 3

5.3 Combined Analysis with Laboratory 6.2 Analytical Data. If proof of performance is
Testing. Combined analysis and testing a s obtained by analytical means, i t should be
described by paragraph 8 of IEEE Std 344-1987 presented in a step-by-step form that may be
111 is recommended for transformers that are readily verified. T h e r e p o r t should
too large to be qualified by testing alone. include:

5.4 Rail Shipment Test. Qualification by rail (1) Transformer identification

n a y also satisfy the requirements of this (2) Transformer specification
guide provided that i t can be demonstrated by (3) Method of analysis
the manufacturer that the stresses experienced (4) Results and conclusions
during the rail shipment tests are equivalent (5) Approved signature and date
to the stresses experienced under maximum
excitation generated by the design earth- 6.3 Test Data. If proof of performance is ob-
quake. Additionally, the transformer should tained by testing, the test data should contain
meet the performance requirements in 3.1. the following:
It should be noted that transformers, which
are shipped by rail, may have temporary in- (1 Transformer identification
(2) Transformer specification
ternal and external bracing installed, and are
often shipped without oil. This bracing is in- (3) Test facility
stalled t o minimize movement of the core and (a) Location
other key components during shipment. This (b) Testing equipment
(4) Test method
bracing may be removed when the trans-
former has reached its final destination point. (a) Method of mounting during test
The validity of this test may be questioned if (b) Description of tests and inspections
the transformer is installed without this brac- performed to verify conclusions
ing and the transformer i s filled with oil. ( 5 ) Results and conclusions-are particu-
Special arrangements on the use of this quali- larly needed for natural frequencies and
fication test may be required as determined by maximum accelerations
the manufacturer and user in advance of the (6)Approved signature and date
design of the transformer.
Transformer components t h a t have been 6.4 ExtrapolationData. If proof of performance
removed for shipment should be qualified sep- is obtained by extrapolation from similar
arately by analysis or test, a s is found nec- equipment, the data should contain:
essary, o r mounted on the railway car in a
(1)Description of both types of equipment
manner t h a t actually or closely simulates the
intended service mounting. (2) Test data on original equipment
(3) A detailed description of the differences
between the two types of equipment
6. Documentation (4) Justification that the differences do not
degrade the seismic performance below
6.1 General. The documentation for a acceptable limits (may require some ad-
transformer should demonstrate t h a t the ditional analysis o r testing) including
equipment meets i t s performance require- any additional supporting data
ments when subjected to the seismic accel- (5)A detailed description and a justification
erations for which it is to be qualified. of the extrapolation methods employed

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