This document provides an outline and overview of a lecture on synchronous machines. It discusses the construction of synchronous machines, including their field windings and armature windings. It also describes how synchronous machines can operate as motors or generators. As a motor, the synchronous machine imports AC power and runs at a constant synchronous speed. As a generator, it exports AC power, with the rotor's rotating magnetic field inducing voltages in the stationary armature windings.
This document provides an outline and overview of a lecture on synchronous machines. It discusses the construction of synchronous machines, including their field windings and armature windings. It also describes how synchronous machines can operate as motors or generators. As a motor, the synchronous machine imports AC power and runs at a constant synchronous speed. As a generator, it exports AC power, with the rotor's rotating magnetic field inducing voltages in the stationary armature windings.
This document provides an outline and overview of a lecture on synchronous machines. It discusses the construction of synchronous machines, including their field windings and armature windings. It also describes how synchronous machines can operate as motors or generators. As a motor, the synchronous machine imports AC power and runs at a constant synchronous speed. As a generator, it exports AC power, with the rotor's rotating magnetic field inducing voltages in the stationary armature windings.
This document provides an outline and overview of a lecture on synchronous machines. It discusses the construction of synchronous machines, including their field windings and armature windings. It also describes how synchronous machines can operate as motors or generators. As a motor, the synchronous machine imports AC power and runs at a constant synchronous speed. As a generator, it exports AC power, with the rotor's rotating magnetic field inducing voltages in the stationary armature windings.
Introduction A three-phase synchronous machine is doubly-exciteda.c machines because its field winding is energized from dc source and its armature winding is connected to ac source .
Under steady state conditions, its speed depends on the
frequency of armature currents and the number of field poles.
120𝑓 𝑁= 𝑁𝑠 = 𝑃
A synchronous generator called an alternator is universally
employed for the generator of three-phase power. In synchronous machines, the armature winding either exports ac power (synchronous generator) or imports ac power (synchronous motor) where as the field winding is always energized from dc source.
In other words the synchronous machines are double excited
energy conversion devices.
The generation of emf, in general depends on the relative
motion between the field flux and armature winding.
In view of this, an ac generator, alternator or synchronous
generator may have either rotating field poles and stationary armature or rotating field poles and stationary armature . Construction of synchronous machine Synchronous machines are constructed with :- high power armature winding on the stator low-power field winding on the rotor though small synchronous machines with the reverses arrangement may also be built. The advantage of providing the field winding on the rotor and armature winding on the stator are:- a. It is economical b. Stationary armature winding can be insulated satisfactorily for high voltage c. Stationary armature winding can be cooled more efficiently thus permitting construction of large synchronous machines say 1000mw or above capacity. d. Low power field winding on the rotor gives a lighter
rotor and therefore, low centrifudual force.
Hence higher rotor speeds are permissible increasing the
synchronous machine out put for given dimensions.
Synchronous machines are two types depending up
on the geometrical structure of the rotor
a) Salient-pole type
b) Cylindrical-rotor, round rotor or non-salient pole type
a) Salient-pole type Characterized by:
concentrated winding
have non-uniform air gap length
Larger diameter
Providing many poles
Short axial length of rotor
Used to drive pumps, cement mixtures, some other industrial
drives. b) Cylindrical-rotor, or non-salient pole type Characterized by:
field winding is distributed winding housed in the rotor slots.
uniform air gap length
Small diameter
Long axial length
Have no many poles
The stators of both types of synchronous machines are similar to induction motor stator.
That is , the synchronous machine stator consists of a cast iron,
stator frame, a cylindrical laminated and uniformly slotted stator core, a 3-phase distributed winding (placed in the stator slots), end covers, base etc.
The stator frame and end covers serves merely as mechanical
support to the stator core and are not designed to carry the magnetic flux. Synchronous motor Synchronous motor , usually of salient pole type, are of the same general construction as salient pole generators.
Under steady state the synchronous motor operate at consistent
120𝑓 speed as determined. 𝑁= 𝑃
Synchronous motor is a three phase AC motor which operates at
constant speed from no load to full load conditions. Are not self starting because the rotor is vibrate due to the attraction & repulsion of the poles. As load increases , speed will be decreased. Are used in many industries for power factor corrections Synchronous Generator A DC current is applied to the rotor winding, which then produces a rotor magnetic field. The rotor is then turned by a prime mover (eg. Steam, water etc.) producing a rotating magnetic field.
This rotating magnetic field induces a 3-phase set of voltages
within the stator windings of the generator.
“Field windings” applies to the windings that produce the main
magnetic field in a machine, and “armature windings” applies to the windings where the main voltage is induced. nous generator must have at least 2
d Windings
ature Windings pplied to the field circuit on the rotor. Since pecial arrangement is required to get the dc gs. The common ways are: rom an external dc source to the rotor by rushes. Some problems with slip rings and brushes:
They increase the amount of maintenance required on the
machine, since the brushes must be checked for wear regularly.
Brush voltage drop can be the cause of significant power
losses on machines with larger field currents.
Small synchronous machines – use slip rings and brushes.
Larger machines – brushless exciters are used to supply the dc field current.
A brushless exciter is a small ac generator with its field circuit
mounted on the stator and its armature circuit mounted on the rotor shaft. The 3-phase output of the exciter generator is rectified to direct current by a 3-phase rectifier circuit also mounted on the shaft of the generator, and is then fed to the main dc field circuit.
By controlling the small dc field current of the exciter generator
(located on the stator), we can adjust the field current on the main machine without slip rings and brushes.
Since no mechanical contacts occur between the rotor and stator, a
brushless exciter requires less maintenance. The Speed of Rotation of a Synchronous Generator
Synchronous generators are by definition synchronous, meaning
that the electrical frequency produced is locked in or synchronized with the mechanical rate of rotation of the generator.
A synchronous generator’s rotor consists of an electromagnet to
which direct current is supplied.
The rotor’s magnetic field points in the direction the rotor is
turned.
Hence, the rate of rotation of the magnetic field in the machine is
related to the stator electrical frequency by: nm P fe 120
