1
CSEC Mathematics
Section 9 – Matrices and Vectors (Vol. 2
Page 967 – R. Toolsie)
Matrices
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers
or letters consisting of ‘m’ rows and ‘n’
columns enclosed in a pair of curved or
squared brackets and usually denoted by a
capital letter.
Represent the Order of a Matrix in the
Form m x n.
The order of a matrix is the number of rows
by the number of columns. That is, m n or
‘m by n’. Each number or letter is called an
3 4 7
element of the matrix. Thus, P = is
2 0 6
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a 2 3 matrix, since it consists of 2 rows
3 4 7 Row1
and 3 columns. P = Row 2 .
2 0 6
C1 C2 C3
3 4 7
P=
2 0 6
.
3 4
The matrix E = 5 1 is called a square
matrix, because it consists of the same rows
as columns. E is a 2 2 matrix.
0 0
The matrix F = is called a zero or
0 0
null matrix, because all the elements are
zero. This matrix is the identity matrix for
the addition of 2 2 matrices. Any 2 2
matrix added to the zero matrix will result in
the same 2 2 matrix.
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1 0
The matrix I = is called a unit
0 1
matrix. This matrix is the identity matrix for
multiplication of 2 2 matrices. Any matrix
multiplied by this matrix will result in the
same matrix.
Equal Matrices
Two matrices are equal if they are of the
same order and all the corresponding
elements are equal.
a b e f
Given that A =
c d
and B = .
g h
If
a b e f
A = B then = g h .
c d
That is, a = e, b = f, c = g and d = h.
Exercise
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x 3 2 3
1. Given that
5 2y
=
5 6
, find x and y.
Ans: x = – 2 y=3
Addition and Subtraction of Matrices
Matrices of the same order can be added or
subtracted, by adding or subtracting
corresponding elements.
Exercise
5 7 2 4
Given A = and B = 1 3 , find:
8 3
a. A + B
b. B + A
c. B – A Ans:
d. A – B
Addition of Matrix is Commutative, that
is, A + B = B + A
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Subtraction of matrices is not commutative,
that is A – B B – A
Scalar Multiplication
Under scalar multiplication, each element in
the pair of brackets is multiplied by the
scalar quantity or constant.
Exercise
2 3 1 5
Given A = and B = , find:
4 1 7 3
a. 3B b. 2A – B
1
c. 2 A + 4B
Multiplication of Matrices
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In order to multiply matrices, we multiply
the rows of the first matrix by the columns
of the second matrix.
a b e f
Given that A =
c d
and B = .
g h
a b e f ae bg af bh
AB = c d g h
=
ce dg
cf dh
e f a b ea fc eb fd
BA =
g h
c d
=
ga hc
gb hd
NOTE: A2 = A A = AA
Two matrices A and B are compatible or
conformable for multiplication if A is an ‘m
n’ matrix and B is an ‘n p’ matrix. The
resulting matrix will be an ‘m p’ matrix.
Multiplication is Associative
A(BC) = (AB)C
Multiplication of Matrices is non-
commutative
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Hence, AB BA.
Exercise
State the result of the product of the
following matrix multiplication.
1. 2 by 3 3 by 2
2. 3 by 1 1 by 2
3. 2 by 1 1 by 2
4. 1 by 3 3 by 2
5. 3 by 2 3 by 1
6. 2 by 1 2 by 1
Exercise
2 3 1 0
1. Given A = , B= and
1 0 2 3
2 0
C= , find:
1 3
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a.i) AB ii) BA b. BC c. AC
d. (AB)C e. A(BC) f. B2
g. CA2
2.
p 1
3. Find the value of p and q if
0 3
4 6 13 19
.
5 q 15 21
Ans: p = 2 q=–7
Determinant of a 2 2 Matrix (Vol. 2 Page
1088 – R. Toolsie)
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a b
Given a 22 matrix A = .
c d
The
determinant of the matrix A is:
det A or A = ad – bc. That is, the product
of the leading diagonal elements – the
product of the non-leading diagonal
elements.
Singular and Non-singular Matrix
A singular matrix is a matrix whose
determinant is equal to zero. If ‘A’ is a
singular matrix then
a b
A = c d = ad – bc = 0.
A non-singular matrix is a matrix whose
determinant is not equal to zero. If ‘A’ is a
non-singular matrix then
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a b
A = c d
= ad – bc 0.
Exercise
1. Find the determinant of the following 2
2 matrices and state whether the matrix is
singular or non-singular.
3 2 2 1
a. H = 1 4 b. D =
5 3
4 6 6 2
c. J =
2 3
d. M =
8 0
2. Find the value of k, given that the
following matrices are singular matrix.
8 k
a)
3 . Ans: k = - 6
4
6 3k
b) Ans: k = 5
2 5
Adjoint of a 2 2 Matrix
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a b
The adjoint of the matrix A =
c d
is: A
d b
adjoint = .
c a
The adjoint is obtained by
interchanging the leading diagonal elements
and multiply the non-leading diagonal
elements by – 1.
Exercise
State the adjoint of the following 2 2
matrices.
3 2 2 1
1. G = 2. K =
1 4 0 3
4 6 6 2
3. L = 4. T =
2 3 8 0
Inverse of a Non-singular 2 2 Matrix
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The inverse of a non-singular matrix
a b
A= is:
c d
1
a b 1
A –1
= =
c d
A A adjoint =
1 d b
. We can only find the inverse
ad bc c a
of a non-singular matrix. If the determinant
of a matrix A is zero, that is,
a b
A = c d
= ad – bc = 0, then the inverse of
A does not exist.
Exercise
Determine the inverse of the following non-
singular matrices.
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3 2 2 0
1. A = 2. H =
1 4 1 3
4 6 6 2
3. R = 4. W=
2 5 8 0
Using Matrix Method to Solve
Simultaneous Equations (Vol. 2 Page
1092 – R. Toolsie)
A pair of simultaneous equations can be
solved by writing it as a matrix equation in
the form
AX = B then X = A-1B which is used to
solve for the unknown in the equations.
1 0
Note: I =
0 1
is the identity matrix for
multiplication.
B– 1B = I and BI = B or IB = B
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A–1A = I and AI = A or IA = A
D – 1 D = I and DI = D or ID = D
Example
Express each of the following pair of
equations in matrix form, that is AX = B.
Then solve the following pair of equations
using matrix method.
4x 6 5 y
i. Ans: x = 1 & y = 2
3x 2 y 7
3 x 4 y 27
ii 5 x 19 2 y
Ans: x = 5 & y = 3
Exercise
3x y 18
a. Ans: x = 5 & y = 3
2x y 7
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5 x 3 y 21
b. Ans: x = 3 & y = 2
2 x 7 y 20
2 x y 1
c. Ans: x = 3 & y = 7
3x y 2
2x 5 y 3
d. Ans: x = 4 & y = 1
x 3y 1
2x 3y 1
e. Ans: x = 2 & y = – 1
x 2 y 4
3 x 5 y 21
f. Ans: x = 2 & y = 3
2 x 3 y 13
2 x 3 y 8
g. Ans: x = 2 & y = – 4
5 x 2 y 18
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Exercise
1. JANUARY 2016 – Question 11 b, c
a.
b.
2. MAY 2015 – Question 11a
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3. JANUARY 2015 – Question 11a
4. MAY 2014 – Question 11a, b
c. Solve for x and y.
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5. JANUARY 2014 – Question 11a
6. MAY 2013 – Question 11b
2 1
Given M = 4 3
.
a. Evaluate M – 1 , the inverse of M.
[2 marks]
b. Show that M – 1M = I. [2
marks]
c. Use a matrix method to solve for r, s, t
2 1 r s 2 1
and u in the equation 4 3 t u = 4 1
[5 marks]
7. JANUARY 2013 – Question 11b, c, d
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0 1
a. The matrix J = 1 0
represents a single
transformation.
The image of the point P under
transformation J is (5, 4). Determine the
coordinates of P.
[3 marks]
b. Write down a matrix, H, of size 2 x 2,
which represents an enlargement of scale
factor 3 about
the origin. [1 mark]
c. Determine the coordinates of the point (5,
– 7) under the combine transformation, H
followed
by J. [2 marks]
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8.
a.
b.
c.
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9.
10.
11.
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12.
13.
14.
15.
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16.
17.
18.
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Vectors
Physical quantities are divided into two
types, vectors and scalar quantities.
A scalar quantity has magnitude (size) but
no direction. For example, mass, length,
volume, speed, time, distance and density.
A vector quantity has both magnitude and
direction. For example, displacement,
weight, velocity, acceleration and force.
Note: Mass is a part of the magnitude of
weight.
Distance is the magnitude of
displacement.
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Speed is the magnitude of velocity.
Representing A Vector Quantity
A vector is a 2 1 matrix. It can be
represented by a straight line, with a length
directly proportional to the magnitude of the
quantity. An arrow is used to indicate the
direction of movement of the vector.
Ending Point
B
Starting Point
Vector AB
A
The vector AB can be represented in column
x x
matrix or column vector,
y
. Thus, AB = y ,
where x represents the horizontal movement
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and y represents the vertical movement. If x
is positive we move horizontally to the right
or if x is negative we move horizontally to
the left that number of units. If y is positive
we move vertically up or if y is negative, we
move that number of units vertically
downward.
A single common letter can also be used to
x
denote a vector. For example, a = y .
x
AB = a =
y B Ending Point
Starting Point y
Equal Vectors A x
B
=
D
A
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Inverse (Negative) Vectors
B
=
= D
A
Scalar Multiple of a Vector
B
=k
=
A D
Parallel Vectors
Two vectors are parallel if one vector is a
scalar multiple of the other vector. In the
diagram above, AB is parallel to CD since
they are a scalar multiple of each other. In
addition, two vectors are parallel if the
magnitude of one vector is a scalar multiple
of the magnitude of the other vector.
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Collinear Points
If two or more points lie on a straight line,
we say the points are collinear.
Given that A, B and C lie on the same line
and k, m, t are real numbers, then any one of
the following must exists:
AB = k BC C
B
A
BC = m AC
CA = t BA
Free Vectors (Displacement Vectors) and
Position Vectors
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A free vector is not drawn with respect to
the origin. Its starting point is not at the
origin.
P
A
X
K L
Exercise
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Write down the column vector for each free
vector above.
a. AB b. PQ c. KL d. XY
Position Vectors
A position vector is a vector which starts at
the origin. The vector OD is the
displacement of D from the origin O. OD is
called the position vector of D.
Any point (x, y) can be represented by a
x
position vector or column vector
y
.
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3 T
B
2
R
1
-x
0 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1
-2
-3 M
H
-y
Exercise
1. Use the graph above to write down the
coordinates of each point below.
i. B ii. M iii. R iv. T v. H
2. Write down the column vector for each
position vector.
i. OB ii. OM iii. OR iv. OT
v. OH
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Magnitude or Length of a Vector
The length of a vector OP , OP = x2 y 2
(using Pythagoras’ theorem). The magnitude
or length of a vector is always positive.
y y
tan = x
and = tan – 1 x where
= the angle between OP and the x-axis.
Unit Vector
A unit vector is a vector whose magnitude
1
(or modulus) is one unit. For example,
0
0
and
1
are unit vectors with length one unit.
Activity – Find the magnitude or modulus
1 0
of
0
and
1
.
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Triangle Law of Vectors
If two vectors are both going in a clockwise
direction or both going in a
counterclockwise direction, then we can
determine the sum of the two vectors by
completing a triangle. The sum of the two
vectors is called the resultant vectors.
Exercise
1. Determine the resultant of the following
vectors.
M H
a. R
D
B
G
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b.
2. Draw a diagram for each of the
following, then find the resultant vector.
a. JP and PS
b. YE and ER
c. FA and NA
d. QZ and VZ
e. AB and CB
Exercise
1. JANUARY 2016 – Question 11a
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2. MAY 2015 – Question 11b
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3. JANUARY 2015 – Question 11b
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4. MAY 2014 – Question 11b
5. JANUARY 2014 – Question 11b
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6. MAY 2013 – Question 11a
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7. JANUARY 2013 – Question 11a
The diagram below, not drawn to scale,
shows a parallelogram OKLM where O is
the origin. The point S is on KM such that
MS 2 SK . OK v and OM u .
M L
S
O K
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Express each of the following in terms of u
and v.
a. MK [1 mark]
b. SL [2 marks]
c. OS [2 marks]
8.
9.
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10.
11.
12.
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iii. Show that Y, P and X are on a straight
line. In other words, show that Y, P and X
are collinear.
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