Casing
Casing design should follow the recommendations of drilling department based on the
well offset data and provide justification for deviation from its recommendations.
Thebasis of casing design will address parameters within which it is acceptable to plan
further wells in a program, campaign or area without further detailed design. When
these parameters are exceeded a detailed reassessment of the design is required.
Casing and liner setting depths shall be selected to provide a sufficient safety margin
between formation fracture pressure and casing cementing operation. Limitations on
allowable well control operations shall be detailed in the design.
All casing and liner shall be designed to withstand reasonably foreseeable well control
burst loading.
All production casing and liners shall be designed for burst to withstand the maximum
pressure resulting from a tubing leak at the wellhead applied over the packer fluid.
All casing shall be drifted as close to the point of use as necessary to detect any
handling damage that could impact well operations.
At least two downhole float valve shall be included on any casing string run through
hydrocarbon-bearing formation.
Only seamless grades of tubular are acceptable for casing and tubing which may be
exposed to H2S, CO2or NACE defined sour environments.
(i.e in case 0.2< pCO2S max <100 , 150oC< FBHT <200oC and chloride is more than 50,000 ppm it is
recommended to use 22% Cr casing material)
Corrosion Caused by CO2 and Cl -
In the presence of water, CO 2 gives rise to a corrosion form which is different to those
caused by the presence of H 2S. It also occurs only if the partial pressure of CO 2
exceeds a particular threshold. As in the case of SSC, the possibility that corrosions
exist in water cut values combined with the type of well and deviation profile, is
evaluated. If the conditions described in section 9.2.1 exist, then the pCO 2 is then
calculated.
Oil Bearing Wells
The problem exists where there is wetting water; i.e.:
Water cut >15% for vertical wells.
Water cut >1% for horizontal or highly deviated wells (> 80 degrees).
Under saturated Oil Wells
The partial pressure of CO2 is calculated:
pCO2 = Pb x Y (CO2)/100
Where:
Pb = Bubble point pressure at reservoir temperature
Y (CO2) = Mole fraction of CO2 in separated gas at bubble point pressure (from the
PVTs)
pCO2 = Partial pressure of CO2 [atm]
Corrosion occurs if pCO2 >0.2 atm.
The pCO2 values calculated in this way are used to evaluate the corrosion at bottom
hole andwellhead; i.e. pCO2 at wellhead is assumed as corresponding to reservoir
conditions.
Oversaturated Oil
The oil is considered oversaturated when the gas separates in the fluid because the
pressure of the system is lower than bubble point pressure. Two situations may arise:
Case A
FTHP <Pb
FBHP >Pb
Case B
FTHP <Pb
FBHP <Pb
Calculation of Partial Pressure in Case A:
Calculation of pCO2 in reservoir conditions:
FBHP >Pb pCO2 is calculated in the same way as under saturated oil wells earlier in this
section.
pCO2 = Pb x Y (CO2)/100
Where:
Pb = bubble point pressure at reservoir temperature
Y (CO2) = mole fraction in separated gas at bubble point pressure (from the PVTs)
pCO2 = partial pressure of CO2 [atm]
Corrosion occurs if pCO2 >0.2 atm.
Calculation of PCO2 at Wellhead:
pCO2 = STHP x Y (CO2)/100
Where:
pCO2 = partial pressure of CO2 [atm]
Y (CO2) = mole fraction in separated gas at STHP(3)
STHP = static tubing head pressure [atm]
Corrosion occurs if pCO2 >0.2 atm.
Note:
If the percentage (ppm) of CO2 in the gas under static conditions is not known, the
corresponding value in reservoir conditions is assumed as being partial pressure at the
wellhead.
Calculation of Partial Pressure in Case B:
Calculation of pCO2 at reservoir conditions:
pCO2 = FBHP x Y (CO2)/100
Where:
FBHP = flowing bottom-hole pressure [atm]
Y (CO2) = mole fraction in separated gas at pressure FBHP (from the PVTs)
pCO2 = partial pressure of CO2 [atm]
Calculation of pCO2 at Wellhead:
The calculation method is the same as the one used in the wellhead conditions in case
A:
pCO2 = STHP x Y (CO2)/100
Where:
pCO2 = partial pressure of CO2 [atm]
Y (CO2) = mole fraction in separated gas at STHP (4)
STHP = static tubing head pressure [atm]
There is corrosion if pCO2 >0.2 atm.
