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64-Bit Computing
Introduction:
The question of why we need 64-bit computing is often asked but rarely
answered in a satisfactory manner. There are good reasons for the confusion surrounding the
question.That is why first of all; let's look through the list of users who need 64 addressing
and 64-bit calculations today: oUsers of CAD, designing systems, simulators do need RAM
over 4 GB. Although there are ways to avoid this limitation (for example, Intel PAE), it
impacts the performance. Thus, the Xeon processors support the 36bit addressing mode
where they can address up to 64GB RAM.
The idea of this support is that the RAM is divided into segments, and an
address consists of the numbers of segment and locations inside the segment. This approach
causes almost 30% performance loss in operations with memory. Besides, programming is
much simpler and more convenient for a flat memory model in the 64bit address space - due
to the large address space a location has a simple address processed at one pass. A lot of
design offices use quite expensive workstations on the RISC processors where the 64bit
addressing and large memory sizes are used for a long time already. oUsers of data bases.
Any big company has a huge data base, and extension of the maximum
memory size and possibility to address data directly in the data base is very costly. Although
in the special modes the 32bit architecture IA32 can address up to 64GB memory, a
transition to the flat memory model in the 64bit space is much more advantageous in terms of
speed and ease of programming. oScientific calculations. Memory size, a flat memory model
and no limitation for processed data are the key factors here. Besides, some algorithms in the
64bit representation have a much simpler form. oCryptography and safety ensuring
applications get a great benefit from 64bit integer calculations.
The labels "16-bit," "32-bit" or "64-bit," when applied to a
microprocessor, characterize the processor's data stream. Although you may have heard the
term "64-bit code," this designates code that operates on 64-bit data. In more specific terms,
the labels "64-bit," 32-bit," etc. designate the number of bits that each of the processor's
general-purpose registers (GPRs) can hold. So when someone uses the term "64-bit
processor," what they mean is "a processor with GPRs that store 64-bit numbers." And in the
same vein, a "64-bit instruction" is an instruction that operates on 64-bit numbers. In the
diagram above black boxes are code, white boxes are data, and gray boxes are results. The
instruction and code "sizes" are not to be taken literally, since they're intended to convey a
general feel for what it means to "widen" a processor from 32 bits to 64 bits.
Not all the data either in memory, the cache, or the registers is 64-bit data.
Rather, the data sizes are mixed, with 64 bits being the widest. Note that in the 64-bit CPU
pictured above, the width of the code stream has not changed; the same-sized opcode could
theoretically represent an instruction that operates on 32-bit numbers or an instruction that
operates on 64-bit numbers, depending on what the opcode's default data size is. On the other
hand, the width of the data stream has doubled. In order to accommodate the wider data
stream, the sizes of the processor's registers and the sizes of the internal data paths that feed
those registers must be doubled.
Now let's take a look at two programming models, one for a 32-bit
processor and another for a 64-bit The registers in the 64-bit CPU pictured above are twice as
wide as those in the 32- bit CPU, but the size of the instruction register (IR) that holds the
currently executing instruction is the same in both processors. Again, the data stream has
doubled in size, but the instruction stream has not. Finally, the program counter (PC) has also
doubled in size.
For the simple processor pictured above, the two types of data that it can
process are integer data and address data. Ultimately, addresses are really just integers that
designate a memory address, so address data is just a special type of integer data. Hence,
both data types are stored in the GPRs and both integer and address calculations are done by
the ALU.Many modern processors support two additional data types: floating-point data and
vector data. Each of these two data types has its own set of registers and its own execution
unit(s).
