573272

review-article2015
JDRXXX10.1177/0022034515573272Journal of Dental ResearchGlobal Burden of Untreated Caries

Clinical Review
Journal of Dental Research
DS1­–DS20
Global Burden of Untreated Caries: © International & American Associations
for Dental Research 2015

A Systematic Review and Metaregression Reprints and permissions:

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DOI: 10.1177/0022034515573272
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N.J. Kassebaum1,2, E. Bernabé3, M. Dahiya4, B. Bhandari4,

C.J.L. Murray1, and W. Marcenes4

Appendix Table 1.  Scientific Papers Included in the Review on the Epidemiology of Untreated Caries in Deciduous Teeth: Incidence versus
Prevalence.
Incidence

Al-Malik MI, RD Holt, R Bedi. 2002. Erosion, caries and rampant caries in preschool children in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol.
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28:267–273.
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23:340–343.
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Health District. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 8:199–204.
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project. Community Dent Health. 24:264–267.

(continued)

1
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington,
Seattle, Washington, USA
2
Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of
Washington and Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
3
Division of Population and Patient Health, King’s College London
Dental Institute, London, UK
4
Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and
Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

Corresponding Author:
W. Marcenes, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of
Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, Turner
Street, London E1 2AD, UK.
Email: w.marcenes@qmul.ac.uk
DS2 Journal of Dental Research 

Appendix Table 1. (continued)

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Prevalence

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(continued)
Global Burden of Untreated Caries DS3

Appendix Table 1. (continued)

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DS4 Journal of Dental Research 

Appendix Table 1. (continued)

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(continued)
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Scientific papers are reports produced by commercial publishers, and survey reports are produced by governments.
DS6 Journal of Dental Research 

Appendix Table 2.  Characteristics of the Studies on Untreated Caries in Deciduous Teeth Included in the Review, by Regions.

Region Study Typea Report Typeb Country Publication Year Coveragec

Asia Pacific, high income P: 2 SP: 3 Japan: 1 1980–1990: 0 N: 1
  I: 1 SR: 0 Singapore: 2 1991–2000: 2 S: 1
  M: 0 2001–2010: 1 C: 1
Asia, East P: 7 SP: 12 China: 10 1980–1990: 0 N: 3
  I: 5 SR: 0 Hong Kong: 2 1991–2000: 6 S: 6
  M: 0 2001–2010: 6 C: 3
Asia, South P: 11 SP: 11 India: 9 1980–1990: 2 N: 0
  I: 0 SR: 0 Nepal: 1 1991–2000: 0 S: 5
  M: 0 Bangladesh: 1 2001–2010: 9 C: 6
Asia, Southeast P: 5 SP: 7 Indonesia: 1 1980–1990: 1 N: 1
  I: 2 SR: 0 Philippines: 2 1991–2000: 1 S: 5
  M: 0 Vietnam: 1 2001–2010: 5 C: 1
  Malaysia: 1  
  Thailand: 1  
  Cambodia: 1  
Australasia P: 4 SP: 6 Australia: 4 1980–1990: 0 N: 1
  I: 2 SR: 0 New Zealand: 2 1991–2000: 0 S: 3
  M: 0 2001–2010: 6 C: 2
Caribbean P: 3 SP: 3 Antigua: 1 1980–1990: 0 N: 2
  I: 0 SR: 0 Suriname: 1 1991–2000: 2 S: 1
  M: 0 Saint Vincent: 1 2001–2010: 1 C: 0
Europe, Central P:10 SP: 11 Hungary: 2 1980–1990: 1 N: 6
  I: 1 SR: 0 Bulgaria: 1 1991–2000: 5 S: 4
  M: 0 Slovenia: 2 2001–2010: 5 C: 1
  ...d  
Europe, Eastern P: 3 SP: 4 Russia: 1 1980–1990: 0 N: 2
  I: 1 SR: 0 Estonia: 1 1991–2000: 3 S: 2
  M: 0 Latvia: 1 2001–2010: 1 C: 0
  Lithuania: 1  
Europe, Western P: 54 SP: 64 Belgium: 2 1980–1990: 13 N:7
  I: 10 SR: 0 Denmark: 2 1991–2000: 27 S: 38
  M: 0 Finland: 3 2001–2010: 24 C: 19
  ...e  
Latin America, Central P: 3 SP: 4 Mexico 3 1980–1990: 1 N: 0
  I: 1 SR: 0 Colombia: 1 1991–2000: 0 S: 0
  M: 0 2001–2010: 3 C: 4
Latin America, Southern P: 3 SP: 3 Chile: 1 1980–1990: 1 N: 1
  I: 0 SR: 0 Argentina: 2 1991–2000: 1 S: 0
  M: 0 2001–2010: 1 C: 2
Latin America, Tropical P: 9 SP: 11 Brazil: 11 1980–1990: 0 N: 0
  I: 2 SR: 0 1991–2000: 3 S: 4
  M: 0 2001–2010: 8 C: 7
North Africa / Middle East P: 18 SP: 24 Iraq: 1 1980–1990: 2 N: 6
  I:6 SR: 0 Turkey: 1 1991–2000: 8 S: 12
  M: 0 Saudi Arabia: 14 2001–2010:14 C: 6
  ...f  
North America, high income P: 4 SP: 7 Canada: 2 1980–1990: 1 N: 0
  I: 3 SR: 0 US: 5 1991–2000:2 S: 5
  M: 0 2001–2010: 4 C: 2
Oceania P: 1 SP: 1 Fiji: 1 1980–1990: 0 N: 0
  I: 0 SR: 0 1991–2000: 0 S: 1
  M: 0 2001–2010: 1 C: 0
Sub-Saharan Africa, East P: 9 SP: 10 Kenya: 2 1980–1990: 3 N: 2
  I: 1 SR: 0 Tanzania: 3 1991–2000: 4 S: 8
  M: 0 Uganda: 2 2001–2010: 3 C: 0
  Madagascar: 2  
  Sudan:1  
Sub-Saharan Africa, Southern P: 6 SP: 7 Zimbabwe: 2 1980–1990: 1 N: 3
  I: 1 SR: 0 Swaziland:1 1991–2000: 4 S: 2
  M: 0 South Africa: 4 2001–2010: 2 C: 2
Sub-Saharan Africa, West P: 4 SP: 4 Niger: 1 1980–1990: 0 N: 3
  I: 0 SR: 0 Burkina Faso: 1 1991–2000: 2 S: 1
  M: 0 Sierra Leone: 1 2001–2010: 2 C: 0
  Saint Helena: 1  

a
Prevalence, incidence, and mortality.
b
Scientific paper and survey report.
c
National, subnational, and community.
d
Bosnia-Herzeg, 1; Romania, 1; Serbia, 1; Poland, 2; Kosovo, 1.
e
France, 4; Germany, 2; Greece, 4; Iceland, 1; Ireland, 1; Israel, 6; Italy, 10; Netherlands, 1; Norway, 1; Portugal, 1; Spain, 5; Sweden, 6; United Kingdom, 15.
f
Jordan, 2 ; Kuwait, 2; Oman, 1; United Arab Emirates, 1; Iran, 2.
Global Burden of Untreated Caries DS7

Appendix Table 3.  Age-standardized Prevalence and Incidence Rates and 95% Uncertainty Intervals of Untreated Dental Caries in Deciduous Teeth
in 1990 and 2010 for Both Sexes Combined.

Prevalence Incidence

Region/Country 1990 2010 1990 2010

Global 8.9 8.6–9.2 8.8 8.5–9.1 15,437 14,354–16,589 15,205 14,132–16,451

Asia Pacific, High Income 10.8 9.8–11.8 9.6 8.6–10.7 18,282 16,028–21,162 15,848 13,502–18,858
 Brunei 10.4 8.2–12.9 9.2 7.2–11.7 18,545 14,572–23,765 16,068 12,161–20,953
 Japan 11.1 10.3–11.9 9.9 9.0–10.8 18,195 16,223–20,677 15,831 13,608–18,529
 Singapore 9.4 8.8–10.1 8.5 7.7–9.4 18,469 14,228–23,375 16,122 12,587–20,726
  South Korea 10.4 8.2–12.8 9.2 7.2–11.5 18,446 14,241–23,226 15,868 12,132–20,181
Asia, Central 8.4 7.3–9.7 8.4 7.3–9.6 15,165 12,398–18,195 15,122 12,500–18,122
 Armenia 8.4 6.5–10.7 8.4 6.6–10.7 15,302 11,506–19,942 15,171 11,292–19,802
 Azerbaijan 8.5 6.6–10.6 8.3 6.6–10.5 15,070 11,413–19,423 15,232 11,498–19,739
 Georgia 8.4 6.6–10.4 8.4 6.5–10.6 15,125 11,290–19,308 15,124 11,314–19,807
 Kazakhstan 8.4 6.6–10.6 8.3 6.5–10.5 15,187 11,264–19,682 15,153 11,035–19,546
 Kyrgyzstan 8.4 6.6–10.8 8.3 6.4–10.5 15,187 11,469–19,540 15,095 11,234–19,894
 Mongolia 8.4 6.5–10.5 8.4 6.5–10.5 15,187 11,617–19,753 15,007 11,106–19,451
 Tajikistan 8.5 6.5–10.8 8.4 6.6–10.6 15,186 11,572–19,608 15,116 11,237–19,469
 Turkmenistan 8.5 6.5–10.7 8.4 6.4–10.7 15,235 11,282–19,991 15,111 11,299–19,566
 Uzbekistan 8.4 6.5–10.7 8.4 6.5–10.5 15,149 11,292–19,973 15,107 11,405–19,485
Asia, East 10.1 9.6–10.6 9.2 8.5–9.9 17,677 16,013–19,448 17,009 14,858–19,590
 China 10.1 9.5–10.6 9.2 8.5–9.8 17,670 16,010–19,496 17,007 14,855–19,634
  North Korea 10.2 8.1–12.6 9.3 7.3–11.8 17,937 14,017–22,678 17,115 13,192–22,165
 Taiwan 10.4 8.3–13.0 9.3 7.3–11.5 17,860 13,814–22,271 17,106 13,100–22,143
Asia, South 8.9 8.1–9.9 9.4 8.6–10.3 15,633 12,207–19,922 15,734 12,356–19,987
 Afghanistan 8.5 6.6–10.6 9.1 7.2–11.3 14,796 11,381–19,065 15,651 11,986–19,787
 Bangladesh 8.3 7.4–9.2 8.8 8.0–9.6 15,730 11,718–20,694 15,724 11,778–20,305
 Bhutan 8.6 6.7–10.8 9.1 7.1–11.4 15,670 11,601–20,681 15,758 11,889–20,563
 India 9.1 8.2–10.1 9.6 8.7–10.6 15,639 11,620–20,621 15,766 11,672–21,037
 Nepal 8.3 7.4–9.3 8.8 8.0–9.7 15,711 11,741–20,615 15,721 11,864–20,180
 Pakistan 8.6 6.9–11.1 9.1 7.0–11.4 15,716 11,868–20,664 15,737 11,852–20,554
Asia, Southeast 9.8 9.0–10.6 10.4 9.6–11.2a 18,567 15,516–21,870 19,895 16,820–23,315
 Cambodia 9.9 9.0–10.9 10.1 9.3–11.1a 18,924 14,517–24,505 19,961 15,058–25,947
 Indonesia 9.8 8.8–10.7 10.3 9.4–11.3a 18,631 14,058–23,400 19,909 15,423–25,591
 Laos 9.8 7.7–12.3 10.4 8.1–12.9 18,675 14,144–24,194 19,989 15,136–26,236
 Malaysia 9.7 8.8–10.6 10.3 9.3–11.2a 18,248 15,662–21,197 19,596 16,850–22,747a
 Maldives 9.9 7.8–12.3 10.3 8.0–12.8 18,772 14,049–24,117 19,998 15,123–25,351
 Myanmar 9.8 7.7–12.1 10.4 8.2–13.0 18,539 14,031–23,786 19,849 15,489–25,350
 Philippines 10.2 9.3–11.1 10.8 9.8–11.7a 18,535 15,941–21,333 19,914 17,181–22,973a
  Sri Lanka 9.9 7.8–12.5 10.5 8.2–12.9 18,577 14,016–23,851 20,135 15,463–25,871
 Thailand 9.7 8.8–10.8 10.3 9.3–11.3a 18,583 14,018–23,758 19,830 15,256–25,273
 Timor-Leste 9.9 7.8–12.4 10.4 8.2–12.8 18,555 14,402–23,570 20,005 15,153–26,190
 Vietnam 9.6 8.6–10.6 10.1 9.1–11.0a 18,495 14,100–24,022 19,941 15,150–25,891
Australasia 5.8 5.1–6.6 4.9 4.3–5.5b 10,309 8,814–11,976 8,858 7,609–10,138b
 Australia 5.7 5.1–6.5 4.8 4.2–5.4b 10,288 8,903–11,931 8,835 7,626–10,103b
  New Zealand 6.1 5.4–6.9 5.2 4.6–5.9b 10,409 7,865–13,505 8,962 6,706–11,420b
Caribbean 8.3 7.2–9.6 8.3 7.3–9.6 14,250 11,825–17,194 14,465 11,768–17,669
  Antigua and Barbuda 8.3 6.6–10.5 8.3 6.5–10.4 14,344 10,917–18,694 14,414 10,944–18,634
 Barbados 8.3 6.5–10.3 8.3 6.5–10.4 14,250 10,745–18,276 14,390 11,020–18,861
 Belize 8.3 6.6–10.5 8.3 6.4–10.7 14,295 10,768–18,584 14,361 10,963–18,538
 Cuba 8.3 6.5–10.5 8.4 6.6–10.6 14,135 10,557–18,333 14,461 10,851–18,769
 Dominica 8.4 6.5–10.7 8.4 6.6–10.7 14,207 10,657–18,259 14,585 11,160–18,873
  Dominican Republic 8.3 6.4–10.6 8.3 6.5–10.4 14,216 10,675–18,780 14,476 10,846–18,682
 Grenada 8.4 6.5–10.7 8.3 6.6–10.4 14,421 10,742–18,775 14,362 10,986–18,794
 Guyana 8.3 6.5–10.5 8.4 6.6–10.6 14,146 10,839–18,230 14,427 11,173–18,728
 Haiti 8.4 6.6–10.5 8.4 6.6–10.4 14,362 10,782–18,651 14,507 10,885–18,916
 Jamaica 8.3 6.5–10.5 8.3 6.4–10.5 14,252 10,907–18,476 14,415 10,870–18,509
  Saint Lucia 8.3 6.4–10.5 8.3 6.4–10.5 14,207 10,635–18,495 14,336 10,694–18,957
  Saint Vincent and the 8.3 7.5–9.1 8.3 7.4–9.2 14,289 10,986–18,281 14,352 10,913–18,904
  Grenadines
 Suriname 8.2 7.4–9.0 8.2 7.4–9.1 14,397 10,948–19,010 14,479 10,854–19,036

(continued)
DS8 Journal of Dental Research 

Appendix Table 3. (continued)

Prevalence Incidence

Region/Country 1990 2010 1990 2010

  The Bahamas 8.3 6.5–10.5 8.2 6.4–10.4 14,257 10,970–18,420 14,248 10,726–18,602
  Trinidad and Tobago 8.4 6.5–10.6 8.3 6.4–10.6 14,412 10,890–18,778 14,350 10,897–18,705
Europe, Central 9.1 8.4–9.9 8.9 8.2–9.7 15,767 13,211–18,763 15,539 13,056–18,431
 Albania 9.0 7.1–11.3 9.0 7.0–11.2 15,786 12,028–20,448 15,571 11,670–19,977
  Bosnia and Herzegovina 8.8 8.0–9.7 8.7 7.7–9.5 15,910 12,132–20,321 15,609 11,741–20,034
 Bulgaria 9.1 7.2–11.3 9.0 7.1–11.4 15,561 13,345–17,842 15,419 13,277–17,765
 Croatia 9.0 7.0–11.3 8.9 7.0–11.0 15,833 12,192–20,247 15,549 11,707–19,705
  Czech Republic 9.0 7.1–11.3 8.9 7.0–11.2 15,549 11,903–20,325 15,610 11,868–20,054
 Hungary 8.9 8.0–9.7 8.8 7.9–9.6 15,701 11,982–20,556 15,435 11,804–19,936
 Macedonia 9.0 7.2–11.5 8.9 7.1–11.2 15,876 12,293–20,332 15,641 11,850–19,995
 Montenegro 9.1 7.2–11.3 9.0 7.2–11.3 15,748 11,910–20,273 15,577 11,931–20,593
 Poland 9.3 8.5–10.2 9.1 8.2–10.0 15,879 12,072–20,538 15,482 11,642–20,130
 Romania 9.0 8.2–9.9 8.9 8.1–9.8 15,713 12,097–20,452 15,630 12,018–20,487
 Serbia 9.0 8.3–10.0 8.9 8.1–9.8 15,773 11,863–20,281 15,619 12,045–20,088
 Slovakia 9.1 7.0–11.6 8.9 7.0–11.2 15,679 12,179–19,944 15,478 11,776–20,290
 Slovenia 8.8 8.0–9.7 8.7 7.9–9.5 15,866 12,002–20,253 15,641 11,646–20,206
Europe, Eastern 8.1 7.3–9.1 8.0 7.0–8.9 13,886 11,893–16,203 13,857 11,808–16,256
 Belarus 8.2 6.5–10.4 8.1 6.3–10.2 13,998 10,738–18,336 13,989 10,539–18,072
 Estonia 8.1 7.2–8.9 7.9 7.0–8.8 13,967 10,701–17,920 14,039 10,592–18,167
 Latvia 8.3 7.4–9.2 8.1 7.3–9.0 13,936 10,551–17,873 13,985 10,634–18,063
 Lithuania 8.1 7.2–8.9 7.9 7.1–8.8 13,966 10,692–18,282 13,834 10,400–17,866
 Moldova 8.2 6.5–10.4 8.0 6.3–10.1 14,048 10,622–18,316 13,921 10,576–18,471
 Russia 8.1 7.3–9.0 7.9 7.1–8.9 13,829 11,974–15,946 13,824 11,913–15,973
 Ukraine 8.3 6.5–10.4 8.0 6.3–10.1 14,007 10,696–18,169 13,928 10,691–17,927
Europe, Western 6.5 6.1–6.9 6.5 6.0–7.0b 10,154 9,147–11,317 10,877 9,538–12,469b
 Andorra 6.4 5.1–8.0 6.5 5.1–8.3b 10,181 7,940–12,850 10,900 8,387–13,699b
 Austria 6.5 5.2–8.1 6.5 5.1–8.2b 10,205 7,930–12,918 10,919 8,528–13,821b
 Belgium 6.5 5.9–7.0 6.4 5.8–7.1b 9,913 8,771–11,144 10,596 9,121–12,218b
 Cyprus 6.5 5.1–8.1 6.5 5.1–8.1b 10,197 7,850–13,005 10,919 8,408–14,124b
 Denmark 6.0 5.5–6.6 6.1 5.5–6.8b 10,154 7,985–12,646 10,930 8,377–13,968b
 Finland 6.4 5.9–7.0 6.3 5.7–7.0b 10,231 9,012–11,497 10,929 9,507–12,711b
 France 6.5 6.0–7.1 6.5 5.9–7.2b 10,176 7,952–12,869 10,979 8,452–14,179b
 Germany 6.6 6.0–7.2 6.5 5.9–7.1b 10,050 8,946–11,275 10,660 9,264–12,299b
 Greece 6.7 6.2–7.2 6.6 6.0–7.2b 10,208 9,062–11,525 10,911 9,450–12,503b
 Iceland 6.4 5.8–7.0 6.3 5.7–7.0b 10,265 8,080–13,005 10,934 8,300–13,988b
 Ireland 6.5 5.9–7.0 6.4 5.8–7.1b 10,278 8,116–12,918 11,011 8,491–14,034b
 Israel 6.3 5.8–6.9 6.3 5.7–6.9b 10,273 8,056–12,953 10,996 8,480–14,205b
 Italy 6.0 5.5–6.5 6.0 5.4–6.6b 9,981 8,834–11,262 10,737 9,316–12,232b
 Luxembourg 6.5 5.2–8.1 6.6 5.1–8.2b 10,232 7,926–12,958 10,924 8,503–13,829b
 Malta 6.5 5.1–8.1 6.4 5.1–8.0b 10,253 7,844–12,997 10,883 8,371–13,823b
 Netherlands 6.4 5.8–7.0 6.4 5.8–7.1b 10,122 8,973–11,354 10,915 9,480–12,578b
 Norway 6.3 5.8–6.8 6.3 5.7–7.0b 10,188 7,906–13,024 10,929 8,451–13,893b
 Portugal 6.5 5.9–7.1 6.5 5.8–7.1b 10,229 8,017–12,964 11,013 8,346–14,022b
 Spain 6.4 5.9–7.0 6.4 5.8–7.0b 10,247 7,934–12,914 10,912 8,449–13,906b
 Sweden 6.3 5.9–6.8 6.3 5.8–6.9b 10,050 8,978–11,368 10,805 9,465–12,462b
 Switzerland 6.5 5.2–8.1 6.5 5.0–8.2b 10,229 7,961–12,978 10,948 8,349–14,224
  United Kingdom 7.0 6.5–7.5 6.9 6.4–7.5b 10,337 9,220–11,593 11,041 9,557–12,689b
Latin America, Andean 8.4 7.1–9.9 8.3 7.0–9.8 14,500 11,523–18,007 14,470 11,507–17,830
 Bolivia 8.4 6.7–10.4 8.4 6.5–10.6 14,492 11,011–18,730 14,545 10,964–19,018
 Ecuador 8.5 6.6–10.6 8.3 6.5–10.5 14,587 11,117–19,150 14,424 10,826–18,930
 Peru 8.5 6.7–10.6 8.3 6.5–10.6 14,461 10,804–18,692 14,462 10,896–18,707
Latin America, Central 7.5 6.7–8.2 7.1 6.4–7.9b 12,601 10,650–14,886 11,909 10,127–13,939b
 Colombia 7.4 6.5–8.2 7.0 6.3–7.8b 12,702 9,767–16,571 11,921 9,155–15,323
  Costa Rica 7.6 5.8–9.6 7.2 5.5–9.1 12,707 9,528–16,341 11,985 8,862–15,374
  El Salvador 7.5 5.8–9.5 7.1 5.5–9.0 12,674 9,684–16,289 11,883 8,986–15,213
 Guatemala 7.5 5.8–9.4 7.2 5.5–9.0 12,744 9,707–16,643 11,981 8,993–15,573
 Honduras 7.5 5.9–9.5 7.2 5.6–9.1 12,731 9,679–16,729 11,996 9,010–15,538
 Mexico 7.5 6.7–8.3 7.2 6.4–8.0b 12,503 10,713–14,601 11,850 10,181–13,735b
 Nicaragua 7.6 5.9–9.6 7.2 5.6–9.0 12,681 9,718–16,342 11,927 9,014–15,127

(continued)
Global Burden of Untreated Caries DS9

Appendix Table 3. (continued)

Prevalence Incidence

Region/Country 1990 2010 1990 2010

 Panama 7.5 5.8–9.4 7.2 5.6–9.1 12,732 9,687–16,555 12,039 9,159–15,609

 Venezuela 7.5 5.9–9.6 7.2 5.7–9.0 12,671 9,652–16,462 12,021 9,079–15,264
Latin America, Southern 7.8 7.1–8.6 7.9 7.0–8.7 13,659 10,892–16,950 13,598 10,824–16,682
 Argentina 7.8 7.0–8.6 7.8 6.9–8.7 13,632 10,492–17,644 13,582 10,367–17,471
 Chile 7.9 7.1–8.8 7.9 7.1–8.8 13,735 10,341–17,933 13,630 10,302–17,554
 Uruguay 7.9 6.2–10.0 8.0 6.3–10.1 13,622 10,286–17,761 13,660 10,241–17,671
Latin America, Tropical 9.4 8.7–10.1 9.1 8.4–9.8 15,397 13,299–17,833 14,558 12,807–16,548
 Brazil 9.4 8.7–10.2 9.1 8.4–9.8 15,393 13,300–17,863 14,552 12,808–16,535
 Paraguay 9.5 7.3–11.7 9.2 7.1–11.6 15,543 11,886–19,959 14,694 11,196–18,941
North Africa / Middle East 8.4 7.7–9.3 9.0 8.3–9.8 14,935 12,747–17,406 15,589 13,545–18,043
 Algeria 8.5 6.7–10.7 9.1 7.2–11.3 14,999 11,443–19,531 15,489 11,788–20,221
 Bahrain 8.5 6.7–10.5 9.0 7.1–11.3 14,968 11,510–19,378 15,523 11,978–19,581
 Egypt 8.5 6.8–10.7 9.1 7.1–11.5 14,846 11,298–18,740 15,636 12,097–20,501
 Iran 8.2 7.4–9.0 8.7 7.9–9.5 15,067 11,511–19,372 15,521 11,863–19,972
 Iraq 8.3 7.5–9.1 9.0 8.1–9.8 14,905 11,470–19,177 15,753 11,956–20,014
 Jordan 8.3 7.5–9.1 9.0 8.2–9.8 14,524 12,462–16,850 15,251 13,304–17,413
 Kuwait 8.3 7.5–9.1 9.0 8.2–9.8 15,006 11,638–19,154 15,809 12,094–20,354
 Lebanon 8.5 6.7–10.4 9.1 7.1–11.5 14,907 11,531–19,563 15,668 12,038–19,847
 Libya 8.6 6.7–10.6 9.2 7.2–11.5 14,972 11,409–19,122 15,713 12,087–20,250
 Morocco 8.5 6.7–10.5 9.1 7.2–11.4 14,934 11,360–19,233 15,584 12,116–19,873
 Oman 8.4 7.6–9.3 8.9 8.2–9.7 15,099 11,669–19,500 15,617 11,974–20,144
 Palestine 8.5 6.8–10.5 9.1 7.2–11.3 14,868 11,354–18,549 15,673 12,089–19,850
 Qatar 8.6 6.7–10.7 9.1 7.2–11.7 15,090 11,644–19,481 15,665 12,082–19,707
  Saudi Arabia 9.1 8.3–9.9 9.7 8.9–10.4 15,046 12,985–17,364 15,697 13,726–17,958
 Syria 8.5 6.6–10.6 9.1 7.1–11.4 14,968 11,198–18,862 15,657 12,085–20,248
 Tunisia 8.5 6.7–10.7 9.1 7.2–11.3 14,902 11,463–19,062 15,582 11,828–20,145
 Turkey 8.4 7.6–9.2 9.0 8.2–9.8 14,839 11,178–18,838 15,476 12,005–19,490
  United Arab Emirates 8.4 7.6–9.3 8.9 8.2–9.7 14,888 11,362–19,100 15,461 11,980–19,444
 Yemen 8.5 6.7–10.6 9.1 7.3–11.6 14,966 11,536–19,397 15,592 11,981–19,932
North America, High Income 9.2 8.3–10.1 9.2 8.3–10.1 14,576 12,618–16,758 14,853 12,698–17,174
 Canada 8.5 7.7–9.3 8.4 7.6–9.3 14,520 12,592–16,731 14,727 12,586–17,071
  United States 9.2 8.4–10.2 9.3 8.4–10.2 14,582 12,612–16,815 14,865 12,671–17,232
Oceania 8.0 6.6–9.6 8.1 6.5–9.9 15,459 11,925–19,698 15,578 12,137–19,806
  Federated States of 8.1 6.3–10.2 8.0 6.3–10.0 15,707 11,727–21,066 15,487 11,728–20,247
  Micronesia
 Fiji 7.9 7.2–8.7 7.9 7.1–8.7 15,535 11,555–20,566 15,421 11,496–20,470
 Kiribati 8.0 6.2–10.1 8.1 6.2–10.3 15,551 11,504–20,492 15,538 11,653–20,600
  Marshall Islands 7.9 6.1–10.1 8.0 6.2–10.2 15,534 11,664–20,635 15,609 11,816–20,494
  Papua New Guinea 8.0 6.2–10.2 8.1 6.2–10.3 15,424 11,278–20,427 15,596 11,703–20,501
 Samoa 8.0 6.1–10.2 8.1 6.2–10.3 15,532 11,790–20,495 15,590 11,575–20,664
  Solomon Islands 8.0 6.1–10.1 8.0 6.2–10.3 15,501 11,694–20,049 15,570 11,503–20,617
 Tonga 8.0 6.3–10.1 8.1 6.3–10.1 15,630 11,761–20,501 15,576 11,636–20,268
 Vanuatu 8.1 6.3–10.0 8.0 6.3–10.2 15,566 11,918–20,080 15,570 11,619–20,443
Sub-Saharan Africa, Central 7.7 6.2–9.3 7.7 6.3–9.2 13,040 10,149–16,242 13,080 10,389–16,139
 Angola 7.7 5.8–9.8 7.7 5.8–9.6 13,036 9,907–17,033 13,016 9,836–17,014
  Central African Republic 7.7 6.0–9.7 7.7 6.0–9.7 13,036 9,791–16,835 13,042 9,531–16,812
 Congo 7.8 6.0–9.9 7.7 6.0–9.7 13,110 9,885–17,121 13,010 9,711–17,011
  Democratic Republic of the 7.7 5.9–9.8 7.7 5.9–9.8 13,036 9,679–16,820 13,107 9,984–16,866
Congo
  Equatorial Guinea 7.7 6.0–9.7 7.6 5.9–9.7 13,065 9,896–17,308 13,028 9,792–17,015
 Gabon 7.7 6.0–9.8 7.6 6.0–9.7 13,143 9,768–17,349 13,034 9,792–17,074
Sub-Saharan Africa, East 7.8 7.1–8.5 7.9 7.2–8.8 12,977 11,108–15,071 12,861 10,912–15,061
 Burundi 7.8 6.2–9.7 7.9 6.2–10.0 13,001 9,991–16,938 12,755 9,698–16,580
 Comoros 7.9 6.3–9.9 8.0 6.3–10.1 13,124 10,108–16,590 12,832 9,893–16,708
 Djibouti 7.9 6.2–9.8 7.9 6.3–10.0 12,945 9,959–16,453 12,806 9,898–16,545
 Eritrea 7.8 6.1–9.9 8.0 6.2–10.0 12,905 9,963–16,407 12,886 9,976–16,739
 Ethiopia 7.8 6.2–9.8 8.0 6.4–10.1 12,912 9,864–16,748 12,908 9,818–16,698
 Kenya 7.1 6.4–7.8 7.1 6.4–8.0b 13,021 10,099–16,794 12,910 9,973–16,664
 Madagascar 8.3 7.6–9.0 8.4 7.6–9.4 12,935 9,964–16,740 12,812 9,741–16,591

(continued)
DS10 Journal of Dental Research 

Appendix Table 3. (continued)

Prevalence Incidence

Region/Country 1990 2010 1990 2010

 Malawi 7.9 6.2–9.7 8.0 6.2–10.1 13,022 10,131–16,692 12,860 9,779–16,529

 Mauritius 9.8 7.7–12.2 10.4 8.2–12.9 18,383 14,105–23,641 19,887 15,200–25,834
 Mozambique 7.9 6.2–10 8.0 6.3–10.1 12,984 9,924–16,608 12,815 9,773–16,512
 Rwanda 8.0 6.2–10.0 7.9 6.2–9.9 13,103 10,030–16,920 12,750 9,585–16,253
 Seychelles 10.0 7.7–12.6 10.7 8.5–13.4 18,642 14,281–24,004 20,214 15,276–26,214
 Somalia 7.8 6.1–9.8 7.9 6.2–10.0 12,873 9,886–16,322 12,848 9,681–16,479
 Sudan 7.7 7.0–8.5 7.8 7.0–8.7 13,054 9,938–16,661 12,933 9,824–16,605
 Tanzania 7.8 7.1–8.6 8.0 7.1–8.9 12,956 9,989–16,687 12,825 9,755–16,872
 Uganda 7.9 7.2–8.7 8.0 7.2–8.9 12,818 11,137–14,613 12,705 10,938–14,658
 Zambia 7.8 6.1–10.0 7.9 6.3–10.0 12,916 9,754–16,195 12,800 9,701–16,233
Sub-Saharan Africa, Southern 6.8 6.2–7.4 7.0 6.2–7.8b 10,997 9,697–12,517 11,204 9,561–12,864b
 Botswana 6.8 5.3–8.5 7.0 5.4–8.9 11,041 8,723–14,258 11,322 8,709–14,342
 Lesotho 6.8 5.4–8.4 7.0 5.5–8.8 11,173 8,665–14,368 11,368 8,611–14,669
 Namibia 6.8 5.3–8.5 7.0 5.4–8.8 11,083 8,546–14,138 11,330 8,703–14,613
  South Africa 6.8 6.1–7.5 7.0 6.2–7.8b 10,953 9,760–12,350 11,169 9,654–12,786b
 Swaziland 6.8 6.1–7.5 7.0 6.2–7.9b 11,128 8,641–14,058 11,269 8,587–14,693
 Zimbabwe 6.7 6.0–7.4 6.9 6.1–7.7b 11,074 8,457–13,936 11,245 8,519–14,275
Sub-Saharan Africa, West 7.8 6.7–9.1 7.8 6.7–9.0 12,872 10,702–15,471 12,952 10,605–15,795
 Benin 7.8 6.0–9.8 7.8 6.0–9.9 12,888 9,560–16,658 12,999 9,846–17,001
  Burkina Faso 7.7 6.9–8.6 7.7 6.8–8.6 12,879 9,848–16,392 12,962 9,706–17,000
 Cameroon 7.9 6.1–10.0 7.8 6.0–9.9 12,978 9,814–16,839 12,982 9,778–16,988
  Cape Verde 7.9 6.2–9.9 7.8 6.1–9.9 12,983 9,777–16,941 12,840 9,692–16,686
 Chad 7.8 6.1–9.8 7.8 6.1–9.8 12,973 9,923–16,439 13,016 9,810–16,950
  Côte d’Ivoire 7.9 6.2–10.1 7.7 6.1–9.9 12,821 9,735–16,582 12,939 9,961–16,581
 Ghana 7.8 6–10.2 7.8 6.2–9.9 12,915 9,820–16,651 12,968 9,653–16,738
 Guinea 7.8 6.1–9.8 7.9 6.0–10.0 12,849 9,834–16,546 13,000 9,616–17,171
 Guinea-Bissau 7.8 6.1–9.9 7.8 6.1–9.8 12,885 9,672–16,967 12,937 9,752–16,963
 Liberia 7.8 6.1–9.8 7.8 6.1–9.9 12,901 9,544–16,730 12,944 9,506–16,612
 Mali 7.9 6.2–9.8 7.8 6.2–10.0 12,930 9,530–16,886 12,945 9,968–16,741
 Mauritania 7.8 6.1–9.9 7.9 6.1–9.9 12,894 9,584–16,524 12,902 9,657–16,890
 Niger 7.8 7.0–8.7 7.8 7.0–8.7 12,883 9,641–16,465 12,901 9,670–16,535
 Nigeria 7.8 6.1–9.9 7.8 6.0–9.9 12,846 9,607–16,773 12,951 9,836–17,135
 Senegal 7.9 6.1–9.8 7.8 6.0–9.9 12,828 9,666–16,566 12,941 9,804–17,103
  Sierra Leone 7.7 6.9–8.6 7.6 6.7–8.5b 12,900 9,558–16,772 12,959 9,670–16,943
  São Tomé and Príncipe 7.9 6.2–10.1 7.8 6.2–9.7 13,061 9,848–16,810 13,054 9,813–17,005
  The Gambia 7.8 6.0–9.9 7.8 6.2–9.8 12,958 9,753–16,827 12,902 9,825–16,938
 Togo 7.8 6.1–10.0 7.8 6.2–9.9 12,865 9,691–16,894 12,866 9,636–16,589

Prevalence, per 100 population; incidence rate, per 100,000 person-years.

a
Indicates a prevalence or incidence significantly higher than the global mean for 2010.
b
Indicates a prevalence or incidence significantly lower than the global mean for 2010.

Appendix Table 4.  Studies Included in the Review on the Epidemiology of Untreated Caries in Permanent Teeth.
Incidence

Scientific papers

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Andlaw RJ, CK Burchell, GJ Tucker. 1982. Comparison of dental health of 11-year-old children in 1970 and 1979, and of 14-year-old children in 1973
and 1979: studies in Bristol, England. Caries Res. 16:257–264.

(continued)
Global Burden of Untreated Caries DS11

Appendix Table 4. (continued)

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DS12 Journal of Dental Research 

Appendix Table 4. (continued)

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Global Burden of Untreated Caries DS13

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Appendix Table 4. (continued)

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Appendix Table 5.  Characteristics of the Studies on Untreated Caries in Permanent Teeth Included in the Review, by Region.

Region Study Typea Report Typeb Country Publication Year Coveragec

Asia Pacific, high income P: 0 SP: 3 Japan: 2 1980–1990: 0 N: 0

  I: 3 SR: 0 Singapore: 1 1991–2000: 3 S: 3
  M: 0     2001–2010: 0 C: 0
Asia, East P: 0 SP: 9 China: 7 1980–1990: 3 N: 3
  I: 9 SR: 0 Hong Kong: 2 1991–2000: 5 S: 4
  M: 0     2001–2010: 1 C: 2
Asia, South P: 7 SP: 9 India: 6 1980–1990: 2 N: 0
  I: 2 SR: 0 Nepal: 1 1991–2000: 3 S: 7
  M: 0 Bangladesh: 1 2001–2010: 4 C: 2
      Pakistan: 1    
Asia, Southeast P: 3 SP: 8 Indonesia: 2 1980–1990: 3 N: 0
  I: 5 SR: 0 Philippines: 1 1991–2000: 2 S: 6
  M: 0 Vietnam: 1 2001–2010: 3 C: 2
  Cambodia: 1  
  Malaysia: 2  
      Thailand: 1    
Australasia P: 4 SP: 7 Australia: 8d 1980–1990: 0 N: 5
  I: 7 SR: 4 New Zealand: 3 1991–2000: 3 S: 3
  M: 0     2001–2010: 8 C: 3
Caribbean P: 3 SP: 4 Bahamas: 1 1980–1990: 1 N: 4
  I: 1 SR: 0 Haiti: 1e 1991–2000: 2 S: 0
  M: 0 Saint Vincent: 1 2001–2010: 1 C: 0
      Antigua: 1    
Europe, Central P: 4 SP: 10 Hungary: 2 1980–1990: 2 N: 4
  I: 6 SR: 0 Bulgaria: 1 1991–2000: 6 S: 6
  M: 0 Slovenia: 2 2001–2010: 2 C: 0
  Bosnia-Herz: 1  
  Romania: 1  
  Serbia: 2  
      Slovakia: 1    
Europe, Eastern P: 0 SP: 2 Lithuania: 1 1980–1990: 0 N: 1
  I: 2 SR: 0 Russia: 1 1991–2000: 1 S: 1
  M: 0     2001–2010: 1 C: 0
Europe, Western P: 17 SP: 58 Belgium: 2 1980–1990: 22 N: 11
  I: 44 SR: 3 Denmark: 2 1991–2000: 24 S: 31
  M: 0 Finland: 3 2001–2010: 15 C: 19

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DS16 Journal of Dental Research 

Appendix Table 5. (continued)

Region Study Typea Report Typeb Country Publication Year Coveragec

  France: 2  
  Germany: 3d,e  
  ...f  
Latin America, Andean P: 0 SP: 1 Ecuador: 1 1980–1990: 0 N: 0
  I: 1 SR: 0 1991–2000: 0 S: 0
  M: 0   2001–2010: 1 C: 1
Latin America, Southern P: 1 SP: 1 Argentina: 1 1980–1990: 1 N: 1
  I: 0 SR: 0 1991–2000: 0 S: 0
  M: 0   2001–2010: 0 C: 0
Latin America, Central P: 0 SP: 2 Mexico : 1 1980–1990: 0 N: 0
  I: 2 SR: 0 Panama: 1 1991–2000: 1 S: 1
  M: 0     2001–2010: 1 C: 1
Latin America, Tropical P: 3 SP: 5 Brazil: 5 1980–1990: 0 N: 0
  I: 2 SR: 0 1991–2000: 1 S: 3
  M: 0   2001–2010: 4 C: 2
North Africa / Middle East P: 4 SP: 12 Saudi Arabia: 7 1980–1990: 2 N: 3
  I: 8 SR: 0 Iran: 1 1991–2000: 8 S: 7
  M: 0 Kuwait: 2 2001–2010: 2 C: 2
  Iraq: 1  
      Oman: 1    
North America, high income P: 1 SP: 23 Canada: 6 1980–1990: 9 N: 0
  I: 22 SR: 0 US: 17 1991–2000: 11 S: 10
  M: 0     2001–2010: 3 C: 13
Sub-Saharan Africa, East P: 7 SP: 13 Kenya: 3 1980–1990: 5 N: 1
  I: 6 SR: 0 Uganda: 1 1991–2000: 6 S: 10
  M: 0 Zambia: 1 2001–2010: 2 C: 2
  Tanzania: 4  
  Mozambique: 1  
  Madagascar: 1  
  Sudan: 1  
      Zanzibar: 1    
Sub-Saharan Africa, Southern P: 4 SP: 7 Zimbabwe: 3 1980–1990: 2 N: 4
  I: 3 SR: 0 South Africa: 2 1991–2000: 4 S: 3
  M: 0 Swaziland: 1 2001–2010: 1 C: 0
      Namibia: 1    
Sub-Saharan Africa, West P: 3 SP: 7 Nigeria: 3 1980–1990: 2 N: 1
  I: 4 SR: 0 Burkina Faso: 1 1991–2000: 3 S: 6
  M: 0 Sierra Leone: 1 2001–2010: 2 C: 0
  Ghana: 1  
      Guinea-Bissau: 1    
a
Prevalence, incidence, and mortality.
b
Scientific paper and survey report.
c
National, subnational, and community.
d
Countries of 1 study: Australia and Germany.
e
Countries of 1 study: Haiti and Germany.
f
Greece, 4; Iceland, 3; Israel, 5; Italy, 3; Netherland, 4; Norway, 3; Spain, 5; Sweden, 7; Switzerland, 1; United Kingdom, 14.
Global Burden of Untreated Caries DS17

Appendix Table 6.  Age-standardized Prevalence and Incidence Rates and 95% Uncertainty Intervals of Untreated Dental Caries in Permanent Teeth
in 1990 and 2010 for Both Sexes Combined.

Prevalence Incidence

Region/Country 1990 2010 1990 2010

Global 35.5 33.7–37.6 35.4 33.7–37.3 28,689 27,069–30,381 27,257 25,808–28,928

Asia Pacific, high income 25.1 19.5–32.4 25.2 19.8–31.9a 49,883 41,697–59,384 50,197 41,917–59,874b
 Brunei 25.2 18.5–33.6 25.4 18.2–33.6a 41,878 29,452–57,671 43,281 29,599–61,549b
 Japan 25.3 18.2–34.5 25.5 18.5–34.4 53,009 42,681–64,352 53,529 43,653–65,856b
 Singapore 12.0 9.6–14.7 12.2 9.9–14.9a 50,552 41,779–60,719 51,274 41,728–62,011b
  South Korea 25.4 18.3–34.1 25.6 18.9–34.3 42,204 29,685–58,460 42,870 30,429–60,403b
Asia, Central 38.7 33.5–44.7 38.7 33.7–44.3 34,736 29,982–40,412 34,406 29,231–40,694
 Armenia 38.7 28.6–51.8 38.8 28.4–53.2 34,859 24,178–50,395 34,440 24,282–47,806
 Azerbaijan 38.5 28.1–51.1 38.5 28.1–51.3 34,749 24,383–47,678 34,521 23,950–48,120
 Georgia 38.6 28.7–51.8 38.6 28.7–51.5 34,580 24,059–47,675 34,150 23,034–47,671
 Kazakhstan 38.8 28.7–51.9 38.5 28.6–51.4 34,677 23,668–46,738 34,080 24,046–47,536
 Kyrgyzstan 38.6 27.8–51.9 38.7 27.5–52.1 34,831 24,490–48,789 34,365 23,037–47,531
 Mongolia 39.0 28.6–53.5 38.8 28.0–52.1 34,507 23,493–48,585 34,317 24,214–48,335
 Tajikistan 38.6 28.3–52.1 38.8 28.0–52.7 34,531 24,465–46,565 34,518 23,735–48,076
 Turkmenistan 38.6 28.1–52.0 39.1 28.4–52.6 34,570 24,027–47,647 34,480 24,217–47,433
 Uzbekistan 38.8 27.7–52.3 38.7 28.0–51.6 34,899 24,247–47,586 34,549 23,749–48,174
Asia, East 34.3 28.7–40.5 34.3 28.7–40.2 19,209 14,923–24,191 19,057 15,042–24,052a
 China 34.3 28.4–40.7 34.3 28.6–40.5 19,010 14,594–24,117 18,856 14,637–23,959a
  North Korea 34.8 25.1–46.6 34.5 24.8–45.9 24,835 17,462–35,038 24,730 16,684–34,836
 Taiwan 34.5 25.4–46.4 34.2 24.6–45.5 24,643 17,150–34,774 24,718 17,011–34,564
Asia, South 41.6 36.0–47.5 40.8 35.9–46.6 16,229 13,119–19,946 16,293 13,079–19,917a
 Afghanistan 34.0 24.9–44.7 33.8 24.4–45.2 25,325 17,567–35,287 24,903 17,588–34,327
 Bangladesh 39.5 30.7–50.1 38.8 30.0–49.1 23,323 16,321–32,046 23,356 16,282–32,875
 Bhutan 36.4 26.9–47.9 36.0 26.4–47.4 23,358 16,691–32,673 23,200 16,444–31,910
 India 42.1 35.2–49.5 41.4 35.5–48.4 14,223 10,689–18,727 14,113 10,504–18,353a
 Nepal 36.8 28.4–46.2 36.5 28.4–46.3 23,619 16,409–33,455 23,189 15,965–32,370
 Pakistan 41.7 33.9–51.8 41.0 32.3–50.9 23,653 16,237–32,954 23,126 15,921–31,463
Asia, Southeast 34.6 30.7–39.4 35.0 30.9–39.7 28,952 24,259–34,644 28,848 24,344–34,263
 Cambodia 38.3 29.7–49.2 38.5 30.4–47.7 28,821 20,054–39,758 28,758 19,832–40,812
 Indonesia 33.0 25.3–41.8 33.3 25.8–41.5 28,944 20,405–40,081 28,778 19,855–39,627
 Laos 35.3 25.9–47.9 35.6 26.0–47.8 28,843 20,169–40,228 28,607 19,910–40,426
 Malaysia 35.3 26.3–47.0 35.6 26.0–49.0 28,904 20,187–39,394 28,690 19,818–40,447
 Maldives 35.0 25.4–46.2 35.3 25.3–47.6 28,759 20,106–39,443 28,598 19,835–39,835
 Myanmar 35.4 25.5–47.6 35.4 25.9–47.8 28,866 20,428–39,486 28,927 20,078–40,590
 Philippines 44.9 35.6–55.4 45.3 36.6–55.8 29,051 20,082–40,591 29,110 20,387–40,109
  Sri Lanka 35.3 25.4–47.6 35.7 25.9–47.9 28,824 19,911–39,576 28,814 19,733–40,028
 Thailand 35.6 25.6–48.0 35.4 26.2–48.2 28,883 19,900–40,739 28,552 19,866–40,182
 Timor-Leste 35.4 25.6–47.9 35.7 26.1–48.8 28,996 20,463–40,857 28,966 19,821–40,374
 Vietnam 27.8 22.4–34.7 28.1 22.5–34.6 29,084 19,700–39,740 29,049 20,286–40,786
Australasia 19.3 16.4–22.5 19.9 17.0–23.4a 14,857 12,433–17,854 14,029 11,557–16,911a
 Australia 18.8 15.5–22.6 19.4 16.2–23.5a 14,188 11,468–17,453 13,399 10,591–16,477a
  New Zealand 21.7 17.9–26.1 22.2 17.9–26.8a 18,189 13,621–24,123 17,080 12,942–22,229a
Caribbean 35.5 30.1–41.2 35.9 30.6–42.1 27,704 23,084–32,666 27,199 22,994–32,431
  Antigua and Barbuda 35.5 26.2–47.7 35.8 25.9–48.0 29,806 21,393–41,061 29,923 21,078–40,865
 Barbados 35.7 26.3–47.4 35.8 25.9–49.2 29,990 20,721–41,070 29,770 20,888–41,090
 Belize 35.7 25.3–47.9 35.6 26.6–47.5 29,654 20,752–40,672 29,916 20,682–41,784
 Cuba 35.4 25.6–47.2 36.0 25.9–47.8 29,931 21,305–41,402 29,788 20,512–41,754
 Dominica 35.4 26.7–47.7 35.8 26.4–48.0 29,778 20,952–41,370 30,154 21,193–41,683
  Dominican Republic 35.5 26.1–46.8 35.7 25.7–47.8 29,751 21,201–40,854 30,114 20,631–42,148
 Grenada 35.7 25.7–48.3 35.9 25.9–47.3 29,525 20,984–40,805 29,796 21,045–41,942
 Guyana 35.4 26.0–45.9 35.7 26.4–47.6 30,073 21,011–41,015 29,928 21,135–41,551
 Haiti 35.3 25.5–47.5 35.6 25.5–48.6 19,806 15,159–25,091 19,794 15,480–24,514a
 Jamaica 35.6 25.9–47.2 35.9 26.8–47.7 29,648 20,774–39,947 29,920 20,607–40,991
  Saint Lucia 35.5 26.0–47.2 35.9 26.2–48.7 29,779 20,694–41,151 30,252 21,165–41,945
  Saint Vincent and the 35.6 25.8–48.0 35.4 26.2–47.2 37,996 30,408–46,270 38,101 31,379–45,987b
  Grenadines
 Suriname 35.5 25.9–47.3 36.0 25.9–48.7 29,979 20,950–41,892 29,943 20,857–42,149
  The Bahamas 41.7 33.3–51.9 42.1 33.7–53.1 29,837 20,035–42,069 29,609 20,630–40,878
  Trinidad and Tobago 35.5 25.8–47.1 35.9 26.3–48.7 29,753 20,936–40,958 29,854 21,260–41,577
(continued)
DS18 Journal of Dental Research 

Appendix Table 6. (continued)

Prevalence Incidence

Region/Country 1990 2010 1990 2010

b
Europe, Central 47.4 42.3–53.3 47.3 41.8–53.1 47,378 41,509–54,190 46,876 41,146–53,486b
 Albania 43.4 31.9–57.3 43.5 32.0–58.1 43,391 29,823–61,495 42,944 30,305–60,411b
  Bosnia and Herzegovina 57.5 47.8–68.5 57.7 47.3–68.1b 42,925 30,237–59,648 42,628 29,853–59,750b
 Bulgaria 43.3 30.8–57.0 43.7 31.5–57.4 43,205 33,424–55,104 42,936 32,624–55,024b
 Croatia 43.5 31.8–57.2 43.4 31.4–57.6 42,816 29,469–59,019 43,024 30,264–58,790b
  Czech Republic 43.5 32.1–58.5 43.5 31.3–58.2 42,885 30,257–59,674 42,968 30,062–59,278b
 Hungary 37.7 28.3–48.4 37.9 28.6–49.6 45,455 38,149–53,296 45,549 37,780–54,693b
 Macedonia 43.3 31.8–56.7 43.4 32.2–58.6 42,825 29,368–58,727 43,034 29,888–59,437b
 Montenegro 43.7 31.9–59.3 43.8 31.9–58.5 42,889 29,707–62,303 43,325 30,510–60,213b
 Poland 43.4 32.0–57.7 43.6 31.8–58.9 43,029 29,892–59,179 42,706 29,624–59,065b
 Romania 64.5 54.7–74.4 64.4 55.3–73.9b 65,483 52,811–81,053 64,710 51,910–79,170b
 Serbia 43.5 31.5–58.4 43.3 31.6–57.6 42,826 29,799–57,865 43,052 30,270–61,207b
 Slovakia 43.6 32.1–58.1 43.3 32.4–57.4 42,973 30,636–58,572 42,818 30,231–58,479b
 Slovenia 43.3 36.5–50.6 43.4 36.7–51.3 35,727 29,835–42,374 35,675 29,500–42,335b
Europe, Eastern 43.3 35.1–53.8 43.1 34.3–53.9 35,208 27,090–45,781 35,184 27,020–45,042
 Belarus 42.7 31.3–57.3 42.8 31.3–57.5 34,937 24,486–49,635 34,918 24,826–48,810
 Estonia 42.8 31.8–57.6 42.5 30.4–56.4 35,257 24,031–47,833 35,019 24,429–48,764
 Latvia 43.1 31.6–56.8 42.4 31.1–57.3 35,282 25,176–49,256 35,190 24,641–48,952
 Lithuania 68.0 60.6–75.1 68.0 60.1–75.6a 35,830 27,871–45,865 35,711 27,979–45,939
 Moldova 42.3 30.5–56.3 42.6 31.0–57.0 35,060 24,638–48,328 35,459 24,236–51,690
 Russia 43.0 31.3–57.6 42.6 30.9–58.2 35,234 24,143–49,733 35,178 24,405–49,189
 Ukraine 42.6 30.6–56.1 42.9 31.7–56.6 35,154 24,822–48,452 35,202 24,609–49,213
Europe, Western 35.3 32.5–38.6 35.8 33.1–39.0 50,741 46,755–54,816 49,344 45,036–53,912b
 Andorra 36.0 26.0–48.1 36.3 26.3–49.2 43,877 30,830–61,216 43,017 29,959–58,815b
 Austria 35.6 25.8–47.4 36.1 26.2–48.9 43,728 30,616–61,825 42,884 30,349–58,314b
 Belgium 33.2 25.0–42.8 33.8 25.6–44.1 25,415 18,956–33,989 24,450 18,016–32,170
 Cyprus 35.8 26.0–47.9 36.0 26.2–47.8 43,735 30,942–61,295 42,332 29,276–58,032b
 Denmark 35.6 25.8–47.9 35.9 26.0–48.3 29,278 26,069–32,919 28,324 24,867–31,913
 Finland 26.5 22.7–31.0 26.8 22.6–31.3a 54,643 47,466–62,366 53,113 45,877–60,684b
 France 36.8 28.4–47.4 37.3 29.1–47.6 55,958 48,921–63,571 54,136 47,040–61,960b
 Germany 24.9 20.5–29.8 25.3 20.8–30.4a 62,769 53,148–74,218 60,970 50,924–72,058b
 Greece 40.1 32.1–49.6 40.5 33.0–49.9 47,954 42,042–54,442 46,323 40,281–53,195b
 Iceland 40.6 32.6–48.7 41.1 33.5–49.8 78,934 67,661–91,868 76,472 64,436–90,968b
 Ireland 36.7 27.8–47.4 37.0 28.2–48.3 44,095 31,232–61,148 42,722 30,077–59,753b
 Israel 44.6 35.9–55.5 45.3 36.2–56.3 53,442 41,896–67,227 51,123 40,784–63,754b
 Italy 46.8 39.5–55.5 47.3 40.1–56.2b 37,941 27,842–50,680 36,770 27,181–50,178
 Luxembourg 35.6 25.9–48.8 36.4 26.7–49.5 44,345 30,942–61,736 42,480 30,129–60,633b
 Malta 35.8 26.4–48.3 36.2 26.7–48.8 43,764 30,329–61,938 42,879 29,885–59,318b
 Netherlands 44.1 35.3–54.6 44.6 35.7–54.8 47,256 40,559–54,163 45,724 39,162–52,876b
 Norway 35.9 26.0–47.9 36.4 26.6–49.0 25,328 21,435–29,663 24,535 20,565–28,568
 Portugal 35.8 25.7–47.4 36.2 26.5–49.0 44,039 32,106–61,767 43,183 30,664–59,313b
 Spain 35.5 29.7–42.8 35.9 30.3–42.9 38,026 32,810–43,537 36,560 31,316–42,325b
 Sweden 41.8 33.8–51.1 42.0 33.8–51.6 34,450 30,098–39,187 33,231 28,918–38,012
 Switzerland 35.7 26.1–47.8 36.0 26.1–48.6 47,502 40,361–55,692 46,004 38,845–54,018b
  United Kingdom 32.6 29.0–36.7 33.0 29.2–37.1 65,814 57,451–75,474 63,888 54,564–72,936b
Latin America, Andean 36.3 29.7–43.9 36.3 29.3–44.3 47,406 38,624–58,757 47,568 38,857–58,365b
 Bolivia 36.2 26.2–49.2 36.6 26.6–50.0 41,046 28,844–57,166 41,584 29,014–57,801b
 Ecuador 36.4 26.7–48.9 36.4 26.4–48.9 63,989 50,312–79,813 63,925 49,810–80,788b
 Peru 36.3 26.6–47.8 36.2 26.5–48.0 41,447 29,435–59,572 41,445 29,568–57,418b
Latin America, Central 34.9 29.1–41.1 34.8 29.1–41.2 25,572 21,473–29,972 25,660 21,751–30,150
 Colombia 34.9 25.9–46.7 34.7 25.7–46.6 29,000 20,308–40,519 29,127 19,597–40,509
  Costa Rica 34.8 25.3–45.7 35.1 25.9–46.6 29,187 20,594–40,786 28,807 20,605–40,414
  El Salvador 34.9 24.9–45.4 35.2 26.0–47.4 29,076 20,500–40,041 29,012 20,388–40,518
 Guatemala 34.8 25.5–46.4 34.7 25.4–45.9 29,457 20,577–40,175 29,021 20,302–39,354
 Honduras 34.7 25.3–46.5 34.9 25.4–46.8 29,171 20,075–40,445 28,942 20,238–40,315
 Mexico 34.9 25.1–46.4 34.8 25.5–46.8 22,175 17,366–28,378 22,173 17,221–28,264
 Nicaragua 34.8 25.5–45.6 34.9 25.1–47.7 29,015 20,468–40,515 29,109 20,657–39,982
 Panama 34.7 25.2–45.9 34.7 25.3–46.7 30,078 22,488–38,977 29,632 22,955–38,016
 Venezuela 34.7 25.6–46.6 35.3 25.3–47.3 29,139 20,368–39,639 28,820 20,696–39,577
(continued)
Global Burden of Untreated Caries DS19

Appendix Table 6. (continued)

Prevalence Incidence

Region/Country 1990 2010 1990 2010

b
Latin America, Southern 44.7 38.1–52.8 44.9 38.1–52.4 35,524 27,175–45,745 35,533 27,168–45,433
 Argentina 48.4 39.9–59.2 48.7 39.8–58.9b 35,583 24,126–49,383 35,540 24,106–49,200
 Chile 37.5 27.2–50.5 37.1 27.1–50.8 35,509 25,273–48,900 35,518 24,500–49,777
 Uruguay 37.1 26.9–50.5 37.4 27.2–49.2 34,959 24,066–48,731 35,527 24,905–48,693
Latin America, Tropical 27.5 21.6–35.6 27.6 21.8–34.7 48,751 38,385–61,029 48,151 37,790–59,975b
 Brazil 27.4 21.2–35.7 27.4 21.4–34.7 49,028 38,436–61,639 48,470 37,922–60,753b
 Paraguay 32.8 23.8–44.7 32.5 23.7–44.0 38,472 26,483–54,207 38,675 27,314–53,575
North Africa / Middle East 34.2 30.2–38.9 34.1 30.2–38.5 24,009 21,006–27,216 23,626 20,646–26,882
 Algeria 34.3 25.6–45.6 34.2 25.2–45.8 25,475 17,655–34,472 24,906 17,262–34,483
 Bahrain 34.3 25.2–45.5 33.9 24.1–45.2 25,317 17,421–35,328 25,012 17,486–34,671
 Egypt 34.3 25.1–46.5 34.1 24.3–46.2 25,448 17,724–35,196 25,038 17,614–34,511
 Iran 34.2 24.8–45.6 34.2 25.0–45.5 18,441 12,974–25,304 18,095 12,596–25,033a
 Iraq 34.1 24.8–46.0 34.2 25.3–46.4 25,599 18,347–35,030 25,165 17,528–34,805
 Jordan 34.1 25.2–45.9 33.9 24.5–45.4 25,633 17,624–36,320 25,182 17,260–34,256
 Kuwait 34.5 25.5–45.8 34.0 24.9–45.4 29,212 23,290–35,758 28,608 22,855–35,335
 Lebanon 33.9 24.1–46.2 34.1 24.7–46.3 25,550 18,190–35,626 25,227 17,585–34,505
 Libya 34.0 24.8–45.6 34.1 24.5–45.6 25,590 17,611–36,704 25,105 17,807–34,655
 Morocco 34.4 25.7–45.3 34.0 24.6–44.7 25,467 17,748–34,394 25,007 17,629–35,477
 Oman 33.9 24.5–45.0 33.7 24.6–45.8 25,426 17,620–36,304 24,941 16,875–34,119
 Palestine 34.3 25.0–45.9 34.1 25.2–45.4 25,395 18,021–35,616 24,901 17,174–33,783
 Qatar 33.9 24.8–46.5 33.6 24.2–46.3 25,182 17,190–35,207 24,650 16,851–35,171
  Saudi Arabia 33.8 24.6–46.5 34.0 24.5–46.0 21,282 16,996–26,467 21,005 17,094–25,477
 Syria 34.4 25.1–46.5 34.3 24.9–45.7 25,483 17,836–34,767 25,149 17,429–35,132
 Tunisia 34.1 24.8–45.2 34.0 25.1–46.0 25,437 17,632–35,119 25,098 17,571–34,996
 Turkey 34.3 25.1–46.3 34.2 25.1–46.2 25,267 17,187–35,995 25,090 17,668–34,991
  United Arab Emirates 34.2 24.4–46.4 33.9 24.2–47.1 25,361 17,605–35,532 24,963 17,308–35,577
 Yemen 34.1 25.1–46.1 34.1 24.3–46.8 25,563 17,792–35,369 25,059 17,331–34,760
North America, High 22.3 19.2–25.4 22.0 19.1–25.4a 60,821 51,817–71,377 62,610 52,773–74,950b
 Income
 Canada 31.2 25.5–38.0 30.6 24.3–37.6 61,144 50,151–74,264 63,148 51,606–77,548b
  United States 21.3 18.1–24.7 21.1 17.9–24.7a 60,785 51,081–72,471 62,553 51,879–75,813b
Oceania 35.4 28.3–44.1 35.2 27.7–43.6 28,855 22,265–37,155 28,669 21,527–37,532
  Federated States of 35.2 26.0–48.0 35.0 26.1–47.8 28,912 20,201–40,032 29,038 20,118–40,540
  Micronesia
 Fiji 35.4 25.8–47.9 35.2 25.5–47.1 28,837 20,481–39,762 28,788 20,169–39,806
 Kiribati 35.4 25.5–47.8 35.4 26.0–47.0 28,690 19,997–39,555 28,811 19,608–40,567
  Marshall Islands 35.4 26.4–46.9 35.2 25.9–47.2 28,893 20,231–40,304 28,554 20,294–39,935
  Papua New Guinea 35.4 25.8–47.6 35.2 25.6–46.2 28,874 20,223–40,552 28,596 19,472–40,142
 Samoa 35.2 26.0–46.5 35.1 25.4–46.4 28,929 20,221–40,552 29,129 20,532–40,090
  Solomon Islands 35.3 25.5–47.2 35.0 25.5–47.0 28,738 19,570–39,550 28,979 20,116–40,179
 Tonga 34.8 25.1–46.3 35.2 25.6–48.2 28,747 20,307–39,778 28,798 20,080–40,024
 Vanuatu 35.4 25.4–48.6 35.3 26.0–48.3 28,735 20,078–40,205 28,947 20,207–40,265
Sub-Saharan Africa, Central 36.3 29.2–45.1 36.4 29.2–45.5 27,426 21,270–35,498 27,742 21,109–35,911
 Angola 36.6 26.6–48.9 36.5 26.2–50.2 27,323 19,296–37,219 27,539 19,185–37,891
  Central African Republic 36.3 25.9–48.6 36.4 26.5–48.9 27,373 19,302–38,174 27,511 19,287–38,288
 Congo 36.4 26.4–48.4 36.5 26.3–49.0 27,495 19,300–38,326 27,701 19,484–39,027
  Democratic Republic 36.2 26.4–48.1 36.4 26.2–48.4 27,454 18,920–38,375 27,823 18,834–39,167
   of the Congo
  Equatorial Guinea 36.6 26.9–49.5 36.1 26.1–48.4 27,460 19,074–37,740 27,390 19,038–38,293
 Gabon 36.3 26.8–47.6 36.5 26.5–48.5 27,445 19,157–37,688 27,838 19,313–38,625
Sub-Saharan Africa, East 32.9 29.4–36.8 32.8 29.6–36.3 27,813 24,544–31,702 27,959 24,441–31,790
 Burundi 35.2 26.1–46.8 35.3 25.1–47.6 27,700 19,462–37,641 27,737 18,944–39,655
 Comoros 34.7 25.3–45.5 35.3 25.4–46.9 27,811 19,505–38,823 27,823 19,176–38,546
 Djibouti 34.9 25.6–46.8 35.4 25.6–48.6 27,643 19,254–37,594 27,733 19,008–38,824
 Eritrea 35.3 25.9–47.8 34.8 25.2–47.7 27,903 19,355–39,073 27,750 19,386–38,544
 Ethiopia 35.5 25.4–47.6 35.1 26.1–45.4 27,575 19,178–37,965 27,820 18,945–39,099
 Kenya 29.0 23.3–36.4 28.8 23.2–35.6 27,760 18,738–38,482 27,819 19,374–38,195
 Madagascar 56.6 49.8–63.6 56.4 49.6–63.7b 46,533 36,860–57,341 47,020 37,231–58,590b
 Malawi 35.1 26.0–46.2 34.8 25.4–46.3 27,653 19,744–38,357 27,705 19,398–38,267
(continued)
DS20 Journal of Dental Research 

Appendix Table 6. (continued)

Prevalence Incidence

Region/Country 1990 2010 1990 2010

 Mauritius 35.2 25.4–46.9 35.8 25.9–48.2 28,978 20,191–40,850 28,946 20,515–40,778

 Mozambique 35.4 25.5–47.1 35.1 25.6–47.0 20,440 15,681–26,254 20,512 15,841–26,937
 Rwanda 35.1 25.8–47.2 35.1 25.5–46.3 27,517 19,356–37,104 27,820 19,302–39,276
 Seychelles 35.5 25.7–47.6 35.5 25.8–47.4 29,149 19,939–40,325 28,755 19,671–39,913
 Somalia 35.4 26.1–47.5 35.2 25.9–48.5 27,743 19,271–38,834 27,868 19,611–37,977
 Sudan 25.6 19.5–32.8 25.8 19.5–33.7a 27,824 19,223–38,076 27,655 19,713–38,636
 Tanzania 27.3 22.6–32.7 27.4 22.7–32.8a 24,074 17,534–32,837 24,111 17,399–32,173
 Uganda 28.7 21.8–37.9 28.8 21.6–37.9 27,560 19,635–37,982 27,533 19,423–38,783
 Zambia 31.0 24.8–38.0 30.6 24.8–38.0 27,605 18,867–37,872 27,993 19,742–38,808
Sub-Saharan Africa, 37.1 32.9–41.9 36.9 32.6–41.7 29,380 22,735–37,822 28,975 22,290–37,110
 Southern
 Botswana 40.2 29.3–53.9 40.4 29.3–54.6 29,156 20,386–41,261 28,783 19,823–40,887
 Lesotho 39.9 28.7–53.7 40.6 29.6–54.3 29,223 20,670–41,207 29,086 19,831–41,965
 Namibia 40.8 34.6–47.4 40.9 34.7–47.9 29,048 19,986–40,029 29,019 19,685–40,624
  South Africa 30.8 25.4–36.5 30.9 25.8–37.0 29,434 20,719–41,136 28,919 20,130–40,047
 Swaziland 59.1 50.1–69.5 59.5 49.8–69.3b 29,163 20,271–40,309 28,940 20,030–40,359
 Zimbabwe 58.8 49.6–68.6 59.1 50.1–69.0b 29,306 19,973–41,058 29,225 20,362–40,324
Sub-Saharan Africa, West 31.1 28.5–34.2 31.0 28.2–33.7 16,044 14,233–18,039 16,249 14,358–18,166
 Benin 34.3 25.7–45.0 34.1 24.6–45.8 22,118 15,404–30,670 21,864 15,437–29,898
  Burkina Faso 38.3 29.9–48.2 38.1 30.2–47.8 22,034 15,001–30,629 22,046 15,164–30,888
 Cameroon 34.0 25.1–45.2 33.9 25.0–45.0 21,881 15,489–30,800 21,889 15,387–29,650
  Cape Verde 34.0 24.9–45.8 33.8 24.9–45.5 21,785 15,393–31,148 22,153 15,337–29,963
 Chad 33.9 24.2–45.7 33.7 25.0–46.0 21,921 15,832–30,875 21,946 15,139–30,434
  Côte d’Ivoire 34.2 25.4–46.4 33.9 24.8–46.0 21,740 15,377–30,272 21,825 15,229–30,453
 Ghana 27.5 21.3–34.8 27.3 20.8–34.3 21,791 15,155–30,449 21,894 15,266–29,736
 Guinea 34.0 24.9–46.3 34.0 25.2–45.3 21,722 15,172–30,183 22,054 15,668–30,903
 Guinea-Bissau 33.8 24.2–46.3 34.0 24.6–46.2 23,035 17,696–29,341 22,921 17,515–29,449
 Liberia 34.3 25.5–46.0 33.9 24.2–46.5 21,894 15,338–31,036 21,942 15,167–30,284
 Mali 34.2 25.0–45.9 34.0 25.1–45.3 21,928 15,419–30,643 22,028 15,289–30,561
 Mauritania 34.5 25.3–46.6 33.6 24.8–45.5 21,864 15,197–30,534 21,864 15,318–29,574
 Niger 34.3 25.4–46.0 34.1 24.5–46.2 21,890 15,223–30,643 21,846 15,083–29,652
 Nigeria 28.4 24.5–32.7 28.0 24.2–32.2a 9,940 7,822–12,382 9,945 7,804–12,671a
 Senegal 34.4 25.4–45.5 34.3 24.9–46.4 21,795 14,987–29,819 21,933 15,164–30,573
  Sierra Leone 41.7 34.0–50.3 41.4 34.1–50.6 21,797 15,032–30,548 21,978 15,429–30,328
  São Tomé and Príncipe 34.3 25.3–47.1 34.1 24.1–45.9 21,876 15,128–30,242 21,870 15,581–30,333
  The Gambia 34.0 25.0–45.3 34.1 25.0–46.6 22,021 15,335–30,695 22,052 15,383–31,342
 Togo 33.9 24.4–44.9 33.9 24.6–45.5 21,770 15,425–30,235 21,836 15,269–30,585

Prevalence, per 100 population; incidence rate, per 100,000 person-years.

a
Indicates a prevalence or incidence significantly lower than the global mean for 2010.
b
Indicates a prevalence or incidence significantly higher than the global mean for 2010.