Edexcel A level Mathematics Exam Practice

Worked solutions and mark schemes

1 Proof
For example, a = -2, b = 1
1 (i) 
(ii) For example, a = 1, b = -1
2 (i)  A ⇔ B, x is always positive or zero, so can only equal x when x is positive or zero; thus, the two
statements are equivalent.
(ii) A ⇒ B, John being a pilot implies he has good eyesight, whereas good eyesight does not imply
you are a pilot.
(iii) A ⇒ B , as the two distinct roots come from a positive discriminant; when the discriminant is
zero, there is only one distinct root, so the reverse implication is not true.
3 x − 2 = 0 ⇒ x ( x − 2 ) = 0 is correct
x ( x − 2 ) = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or  x = 2 is correct
There is no contradiction: the fact that x = 0 or 2 includes the possibility that x = 2 only.

4 9 + 8 + 7 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 + 0 = 1 × 9 × 10 = 45, which is a multiple of 3.

2
Hence, 9 876 543 210 is a multiple of 3.
As it ends in 0, it is also a multiple of 2; it is, therefore, a multiple of 6.

5 The equation is equivalent to n 3 − n = 571423

Factorising: n (n − 1)(n + 1) = 571423
(n − 1) n (n + 1) is a product of three consecutive integers and is, therefore, a multiple of 3.
The sum of the digits of 571 423 is 22, which is not a multiple of 3.
Hence, 571 423 itself is not a multiple of 3.
So, the two sides of the equation cannot be equal, and it is not possible for a positive integer n to satisfy
n3 = n + 571 423
6 Rewrite the quadratic by completing the square:

a ( () )
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ⇔ a x 2 + b x + c = 0
a

()
⇔ x2 + b x + c = 0
a a

⇔ (x + b ) − ( b )
2 2
+c =0
2a 2a a
Now ‘solve’ the equation:

(x + 2ba ) = ( 2ba )
2 2 2
− c = b − 24ac
a 4a
⇔ ( 2ax + b ) 2 = b 2 − 4ac
⇔ 2ax + b = ± b 2 − 4ac
2
⇔ x = −b ± b − 4ac
2a

1
7 Create a right-angled triangle as shown.
1
1
b

Chapter 1 Proof
θ

Then, cos θ = a and sin θ = b

1 1
By Pythagoras’ theorem, a 2 + b 2 = 1, so that cos 2θ + sin 2θ = 1
8 Let n = N + 1
Then N ( N + 2 ) = (n − 1)(n + 1) = n 2 − 1, which is never a
perfect square.
9 Test all pairs of integers with a product of 6.
Starting with 1 × 6:
x − 2 = 1, y + 3 = 6 ⇒ x = 3, y = 3
x − 2 = −1, y + 3 = −6 ⇒ x = 1, y = −9 (not valid)
x − 2 = 2, y + 3 = 3 ⇒ x = 4, y = 0 (not valid)
x − 2 = −2, y + 3 = −3 ⇒ x = 0, y = −6 (not valid)
x − 2 = 3, y + 3 = 2 ⇒ x = 5, y = −1 (not valid)
x − 2 = −3, y + 3 = −2 ⇒ x = −1, y = −5 (not valid)
x − 2 = 6, y + 3 = 1 ⇒ x = 8, y = −2 (not valid)
x − 2 = −6, y + 3 = −1 ⇒ x = −4, y = −4 (not valid)
So, x = 3,  y = 3 is the only pair that satisfies the equation.
10 (i) Assume that A ⇒ B and that B is not true.
If A is true then, because A ⇒ B, we have a contradiction, as we are
assuming that B is not true. Hence, A is not true.
So, B ' ⇒ A '
(ii) Assume that B ' ⇒ A ' and that A is true.
If B is not true then, because B ' ⇒ A ' , we have a contradiction, as we
are assuming that A is true. Hence, B is true.
So, A ⇒ B
Alternatively, we can replace A with B ' and B with A ' in part (i).
(iii) To prove that A ⇔ B , we can prove that A ⇒ B and B ⇒ A.
From parts (i) and (ii), A ⇒ B and B ' ⇒ A ' are equivalent.
Also, B ⇒ A and A ' ⇒ B ' are equivalent.
So, we can prove instead that A ⇒ B and A ' ⇒ B '

2
Mark scheme
Answer Marks Guidance
1
1 (i) For example, a = −2,  b = 1 B1 Or other correct example
(ii) For example, a = 1,  b = −1 B1 Or other correct example

Chapter 1 Proof
2 (i) A⇔B B1 Correct choice
x is always positive or zero so can only equal x B1 Valid explanation
when x is positive or zero; thus the two statements
are equivalent
(ii) A⇒B B1 Correct choice
John being a pilot implies he has good eyesight, B1 Valid explanation
whereas good eyesight does not imply you are
a pilot
(iii) A ⇒ B B1 Correct choice
The two distinct roots come from a positive B1 Valid explanation
discriminant; when the discriminant is zero, there
is only one distinct root
3 x − 2 = 0 ⇒ x ( x − 2 ) = 0 is correct B1 Confirms correct statement
x ( x − 2 ) = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or  x = 2 is correct B1 Confirms correct statement
There is no contradiction B1 Denies contradiction
The fact that x = 0 or 2 includes the possibility B1 Valid explanation
that x = 2 only
4 9 + 8 + 7 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 + 0 = 45 B1 Proves multiple of 3
9 876 543 210 is a multiple of 3
As it ends in 0, it is also a multiple of 2 B1 Proves multiple of 2
It is, therefore, a multiple of 6 B1 States conclusion
5 n (n − 1)(n + 1) = 571423 M1 Reformulates original
problem
(n − 1) n (n + 1)… A1 Correct factorisation
…is a product of three consecutive integers… B1 Interprets product as
consecutive integers
…and is, therefore, a multiple of 3 B1 Identifies multiple of 3
Sum of the digits of 571 423 is 22, which is not a M1 Tests for divisibility by 3
multiple of 3
571 423 is not a multiple of 3 A1 Correct conclusion that
571 423 is not a multiple of 3
So, result is not true B1 Correct conclusion
6 ax 2 + bx + c = 0   B1 Rearranges to enable

( () )
completing of the square
⇔ a x2 + b x + c = 0
a a

⇔ ()
x2 + b x + c = 0
a a

⇔ (x + b ) − ( b )
2 2
+ c =0 B1 Completes the square (any
2a 2a a
method)

3
 Answer Marks Guidance

(
⇔ x+ b
2a )
2 2
= b − 24ac
B1 Rearranges to enable square 1
4a root to be taken
⇔ ( 2ax + b ) = b − 4ac
2 2

⇔ 2ax + b = ± b 2 − 4ac

Chapter 1 Proof
2 B1 Final step correct
⇔ x = −b ± b − 4ac
2a
7 Create a right-angled triangle with correct labels B1 With appropriate labelling
(hypotenuse need not be 1)
B1 Hypotenuse of 1 (oe method)
a2 + b2 = 1 B1 Uses Pythagoras’ theorem
⇒ cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ = 1 B1 Completely convincing
8 Let n = N + 1 B1 Reformulates problem
N(N + 2) = n2 - 1 B1 Substitutes and simplifies
Which is never a perfect square B1 Completely convincing
9 Proof by exhaustion attempted B1 At least four possibilities
considered
B1 All eight possibilities
considered
Correct answers B1 At least four correct
B1 At least six correct
x = 3, y = 3 is the only pair that satisfies the B1 Completely correct solution
equation (conclusion need not be
stated explicitly)
10 (i) Assume that A ⇒ B and that B is not true B1 Makes assumption
If A is true, then, because A ⇒ B, we have a B1 Reaches contradiction
contradiction, as we are assuming that B is not
true; hence, A is not true
So, B ' ⇒ A ' B1 Conclusion stated
(ii) Assume that B ' ⇒ A ' and that A is true B1 Makes assumption
If B is not true, then, because B ' ⇒ A ' , we have B1 Reaches contradiction
a contradiction, as we are assuming that A is true;
hence, B is true
So, A ⇒ B B1 Conclusion stated
(iii) To prove A ⇔ B , we can prove that A ⇒ B and B1 States equivalent implications
B ⇒ A
From parts (i) and (ii), A ⇒ B and B ' ⇒ A ' are B1 Uses previous parts
equivalent
Also, B ⇒ A and A ' ⇒ B ' are equivalent B1 States another equivalence
So, we can prove instead that A ⇒ B and B1 Conclusion stated
A' ⇒ B '

4
 2 Trigonometry
1 Using inverse sine button on your calculator:
2
sin −1 0.25 = 14.5°.
2 (i) To convert from degrees to radians, divide by 180 and multiply by π :

Chapter 2 Trigonometry
⇒ 315 ÷ 180 × π = 315 π
180
= 7π
4
(ii) To convert from radians to degrees, divide by π and multiply by 180:
⇒ 2 4 π ÷ π × 180 = 22 × 180
9 9
= 440°
3 Using the formula for the length of an arc, l = rθ :
20 = rθ
And the area of a sector, area = 1 r 2θ :
2
1 2 1
160 = r θ ⇒ 160 = r × 20 ⇒ r = 16
2 2
1 2 1
160 = r θ ⇒ 160 = r × 20 ⇒ r = 16 cm
2 2
4 Using exact values for the trigonometric functions:
8 × sin 315° × cos 30° = 8 × − 1 × 3 = − 3
2 2
n 315° × cos
30° = 8 × − 1 × 3 = − 3
2 2
5 Using the formula for the length of an arc, l = rθ :
3
6 = 8θ ⇒ θ = 4
Using the formula for the area of a sector, area = 1 r 2θ :
2
1
area = × 8 × 2 3
2 4
= 24 cm 2

6 Using formula for the area of a triangle, area = 1 ab sin θ :

2
area = 1 × 14 × 10 × sin 0.5 = 33.6 cm 2
2
14 × 10 × sin 0.5 = 33.6 cm 2
7 Drawing a diagram makes this clearer:

10 cm
12 cm

10 cm

The segment is shaded in the diagram.

5
 The first step is to determine the angle, θ , using trigonometry in the right-angled triangle that is half
the isosceles triangle in the diagram. 2
sin θ = 6
2 10
= 0.6

Chapter 2 Trigonometry
⇒ θ = 2 × 0.6435
= 1.287 radians
The area of the segment is the difference between the area of the sector and the area of the triangle:
area = 1 × 10 2 × 1.287 − 1 × 10 × 10 × sin1.287 
2 2
= 16.4 cm 2

8 cos θ = 0.43, so principal solution from the calculator is:

cos −1(0.43) = 64.5° ⇒ θ = 64.5°
y = cos θ is symmetric about θ = 0, so 0.43 = cos( −64.5°) ⇒ θ = −64.5°
y = cos θ is periodic, with period 360°, so 0.43 = cos( −64.5° + 360°) = cos(295.5°) ⇒ θ = 295.5°
9 (i) Substituting the exact values into the equation gives:

sin π × cos π = 2 × 2
4 4 2 2
= 1
2
(ii) Another solution will require the same signs for sine and cosine, so the third quadrant is indicated:

( ) ( )
sin − 3π = cos − 3π
4 4
=− 2
2

( ) 4 ( )
So, sin − 3π × cos − 3π = − 2 × − 2
4 2 2
= 1
2
So, x = − 3 π
4
10 (i) perimeter = 2r + arc length, so arc length = 12 - 2r
(12 − 2r )
arc length = rθ , so θ =
r
= 12 − 2
r
sector area = 1 r 2θ
2

(
= 1 r 2 12 − 2
2 r )
= 6r − r 2
Or
sector area = 1 r 2θ
2
= 1 r (rθ )
2
= 1 r (arc length)
2

= 1 r (12 − 2r )
2
= 6r − r 2
6
 (ii) area = 6r - r2 = r(6 - r) = 9 - (r - 3)2, which is a maximum when r = 3
(By symmetry or from graph.)
Or
2
d (6r − r 2 ) = 6 − 2r , which is zero when r = 3
dr

Chapter 2 Trigonometry
when r = 3,
θ = 12 − 2
r
=4−2
= 2 rad
Or
when r = 3,
arc length = 12 - 2r
      =6
6 = rθ , so θ = 6
3
 = 2
11 (i) Using the small angle approximations:
2 2
cos θ ≈ 1 − θ so 1 − cos θ ≈ θ
2 2
sin 2θ ≈ 2θ , and θ sin 2θ ≈ 2θ 2
θ2
So, 1 − cosθ ≈ 2 2 = 1
θ sin 2θ 2θ 4

(ii) For small positive angles, θ radians:

 1 − 1 + 9θ 2 
lim
θ →0( θ tan 3θ )
(1 − cos 3θ )
= lim 
θ →0 

θ 3θ
2



= lim  9θ 2 
2

θ → 0  6θ 

= 3
2
12 (i) hypotenuse of triangle = 5 cm = radius of circle
So, chord at horizon coincides with base of triangle.
()
angle at vertex of triangle = 2 arctan  3
4
= 1.287 rad (or 73.7°)
sector of circle contains angle 2π - 1.287 = 4.996 rad (286.3°)
So, shaded area = 1 × 5 2 × 4.996
2
= 62.45
= 62.5 cm2 (3 s.f.)

(ii) area of semicircle = 1 × π × 5 2

2
= 39.27 cm2

area of triangle = 1 × 6 × 4
2
= 12 cm2

7
 So, shaded area = 39.27 - 12


= 27.27
= 27.3 cm2 (3 s.f.)
2
(iii) distance of centre of circle below horizon = 1 cm
()

Chapter 2 Trigonometry
angle at centre of circle = 2 arccos  1
5
= 2.739 rad

area of segment above horizon = 1 × 5 2 × ( 2.739 − sin 2.739 )

2
= 29.34 cm2

So, shaded area = 29.34 - 12

= 17.3 cm2 (3 s.f.)
13 (i) Each hexagon is made of six equilateral triangles.
The radius of the circle is the same as the edge of the triangles that make up the smaller hexagon
and the same as the perpendicular height of the triangles that make up the larger hexagon.
The area of each equilateral triangle of edge r cm is 1 r 2 sin π = 3 r 2
2 3 4
So, the area of the smaller hexagon is 3 3 r 2
2
The hypotenuse of each equilateral triangle of perpendicular height r cm is r ÷ 3 = 2 3 r
2 3
2
So, the area of each of these triangles is 
1 2 3 π
r  sin = 3 r2
2 3  3 3

So, the area of the larger hexagon is 2 3r 2

The shaded area is 2 3r 2 − 3 3 r 2 = 3 r 2

2 2
(ii) area of circle = π r 2
area of smaller hexagon < area of circle < area of larger hexagon
So, 3 3 r 2 < π r 2 < 2 3r 2
2
⇒ 3 3 <π <2 3
2
14 (i) A

For the larger circle, the arc length AC = 15 cm and r = 10 cm.
So, angle ABC = 1.5 rad.
The straight line distance AC = 2 × 10 × sin 0.75 = 13.63 cm.
The smaller circle passes through the centre of the larger circle, so the diameter of the smaller
circle is 10 + 4, so the radius is 7 cm.

8
 The angle subtended at the centre of the smaller circle by the chord AC is 2θ , where
2 × 7 × sin θ = 13.63, so 2θ = 2.681rad , and the angle subtended at the centre of the smaller
circle by the major arc is 2π − 2θ = 3.60 rad.
2
So, the length of the major arc AC is (7 × 3.60) = 25.2 cm and the perimeter is 40.2 cm.
(ii) area of crescent = (area of segment of smaller circle subtended by angle 3.60 rad)

Chapter 2 Trigonometry
- (area of segment of larger circle subtended by angle 1.5 rad)
area of segment of smaller circle = 1 × 7 2 (3.60 − sin 3.60)
2
= 99.04 cm2
area of segment of larger circle = 1 × 10 2 (1.5 − sin1.5)
2
= 25.13 cm2
So, area of crescent shape = 99.07 - 25.13
= 73.9 cm2

Mark scheme
Answer Marks Guidance
1 14.5° B1 cao
2 (i) 7π B1 cao
4
(ii) 440° B1 cao
3 20 = rθ B1 Uses arc length formula
160 = 1 r 2θ = 1 × r × 20 M1 Solves equation
2 2
16 cm A1 cao
4 8×− 1 × 3 M1 Substitutes exact values correctly
2 2
− 3 A1 cao

5 6 = 8θ ⇒ θ = 3 B1 Correct angle
4
area = × 8 × 3
1 2
M1 Uses area formula
2 4
24 cm2 A1 cao
6 1 × 14 × 10 × sin 0.5 M1 Uses area formula
2
33.6 cm2 A1 awrt 33.6
7 sin θ = 0.6 ⇒ θ = 1.287 M1 Determines the value of the angle
2
1 × 10 2 × 1.287 M1 Determines the area of the sector
2
− 1 × 10 × 10 × sin1.287  M1 Determines the area of the triangle
2
16.4 cm2 A1 awrt 16.4
8 arccos(0.43) = 64.5° B1 Principal solution to 3 s.f. or better (1.13 rad)
-64.5° M1 Finds negative of their principal solution, must
be in range -90° to 360° (° may be implied)
-64.5° + 360° = 295.5° A1 Adds 360° to their negative angle (° may be
implied)
Alternatively, from B1 M0 or B0 M0
SC1 for 360° - their 64.5°
9
 Answer Marks Guidance

9 (i) sin π = 2 , cos π = 2 M1 States either in an exact form

2
4 2 4 2
2 × 2 = 1 A1 Shows that
2 2 2
sin π   × cos π = 1

Chapter 2 Trigonometry
4 4 2
using exact expressions
(ii) − 3π B1 cao
4
10 (i) arc length = 12 - 2r M1 Finds expression for arc length, seen or
implied
sector area = 6r - r2 A1 oe
(ii) Maximum when r = 3 B1 Identifies where maximum occurs
θ = 12r
−2 M1 Uses expression for angle, or uses arc
length = 12 - 2 × 3) = 6
= 2 rad A1 cao (rad may be implied)
2 2
cos θ ≈ 1 − θ so 1 − cos θ ≈ θ Uses approximation for cos θ
11 (i) M1
2 2
sin 2θ ≈ 2θ so θ sin 2θ ≈ 2θ 2 M1 Uses approximation for sin θ
θ2
1 − cosθ ≈ 2 = 1 A1 Deduces given result
θ sin 2θ 2θ 2 4

1 − cos 3θ = 1 − 1 + 9 θ
2
(ii) B1 Uses small angle formula for cos
2
θ tan 3θ = θ 3θ B1 Uses small angle formula for tan
 2
lim  9θ 2  B1 Simplifies
θ → 0  6θ 

3 B1 cao
2

12 (i) 4()
2π − 2 arctan 3 = 4.996... rad M1 Uses or calculates an appropriate angle
(0.64, 1.29, 2.50, 5.00 rad oe)
1 × 5 2 × 4.996 = 62.5cm 2 A1 cao
2
1 × π × 5 2 and 1 × 6 × 4
(ii) 39.27 - 12 M1
2 2
27.3 cm2 A1 cao
1
()
(iii) 2 arccos 5 = 2.739 rad B1 Uses or calculates an appropriate angle
(1.37, 2.74 rad oe)
1 × 5 2 × 2.739 − sin 2.739 = 29.34
2 ( ) M1 ft

29.34 - 12 = 17.3 cm2 A1 17.3 (3 s.f.)

13 (i) area of smaller hexagon
= 6 × 1 r 2 sin π M1 Uses = 6 × 1 r 2 sin π
2 3 2 3

= 3 3r2 A1 Seen or implied

2

10
 Answer Marks Guidance
edge of larger hexagon = 2 3 r
3
M1 Uses edge length × 1 r 2 sin π
2 3
3
area of larger hexagon = 2 3r 2 A1 Seen or implied

Chapter 3 Sequences and series

shaded area = 2 3r 2 − 3 3 r 2 M1 Finds difference between their hexagon areas, oe
2
= 3r2 A1 cao in surd form
2
13 (ii) area of smaller hexagon < π r 2 M1 Forms inequality for π r 2 bounded between
< area of larger hexagon the areas of the two hexagons;
May set r = 1 or some specific value
⇒ 3 3 <π <2 3 A1 cao in surd form
2
14 (i) 15 = 1.5 rad B1 1.5 or 0.75 for angle at B
10
2 × 10 × sin 0.75 = 13.63 cm M1 Calculates length of chord AC
7 cm B1 Finds radius of small circle (seen or implied)
14 sin θ = 13.63, so A1 2.68 to 2.69 or 1.34 to 1.35
2θ = 2.681rad
2π − 2θ = 3.60 rad M1 Finds angle, 2π − their 2.682
7 × 3.60 = 25.2 cm M1 7 × their 3.60
15 + 25.2 = 40.2 cm A1 40 to 40.5

(ii) 1 × 7 2 (3.60 − sin 3.60) 99.04 cm2 M1 Finds area of smaller segment

2 =
ft their 7 and their 3.60
1 × 10 2 (1.5 − sin1.5) =
2 25.13 cm2 B1 Finds area of larger segment
cao
= 99.07 - 25.13 = 73.9 cm2 A1 Finds area of crescent shape
cao

3 Sequences and series

1 Substitute n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 into the expression for the nth term:
4 - 7 × 1 = -3
4 - 7 × 2 = -10
4 - 7 × 3 = -17
4 - 7 × 4 = -24
4 - 7 × 5 = -31
2 Using the formula for the general term, un = a + d(n - 1), with a = -2, d = 1.5:
u n = −2 + 1.5 (n − 1) ⇒ u n = −3.5 + 1.5n
3 Substituting:
2 × 0.5 = 1
2 × 0.5 2 = 0.5
2 × 0.5 3 = 0.25
2 × 0.5 4 = 0.125
2 × 0.5 5 = 0.0625
11
4 Write the information given using algebra:

u 3 = ar 2 = 2; u 4 = ar 3 = 4   1
3
⇒ r = 2; a = 1 ; u n = 1 × 2 n − 1 = 1 × 2 n
2 2 4
5 1 + 2 + 3 + … + 100 is an arithmetic series with a = 1 and d = 1

Chapter 3
S n = n ( 2a + (n − 1) d ) and n = 100 ⇒ S100 = 100 ( 2 + 99 × 1) = 5050
2 2
6 Geometric series converges if r n → 0 as n → ∞

1 Sequences
Proof
This only happens if r < 1
(
a rn − 1
7 Sum of a geometric series = r − 1
)
As n → ∞,  if   r < 1,  r n → 0

and series
So, S ∞ = − a = a
r −1 1− r

8 Sum of a geometric series =

(
a rn − 1 )
,  a = 3,  r = 1.5
r −1

( n
3 1.5 − 1 )
> 100
0.5

(
1.5n > 100 + 1 = 17 2
6 3 )
1.5 7 ≈ 17.09, 1.5 8 ≈ 25.63 
Eight terms are needed for the sum to exceed 100.
9 (i) General arithmetic series is S n = n ( 2a + (n − 1) d )
2

General geometric series is S n =

a rn − 1 ( )
r −1

Sum of first ten terms is equal, so 5 ( 2 + 9d ) =  

( r 10 − 1)
r −1
10 10
2 + 9d = r − 1 ⇒ 9d = r − 1 − 2
5 ( r − 1) 5 ( r − 1)

1
So, d = 
(
 r 10 − 1 )

− 2 as required.
9 5 ( r − 1)
 

9 5 ( 45 )
(ii) When r = 2,  d = 1 1024 − 1 − 2 = 1013 = 22.51

() () ()
2 2 3
10 (i) Each person gets 1  of the cake, then 1 × 1 = 1 , then 1 × 1 = 1 , etc.
4 4 4 4 4 4 4

() ()
2 3
Total amount of cake per person is 1 + 1 + 1 + ...
4 4 4
This is a geometric series, a = 1 ,  r = 1 < 1
4 4
Sum to infinity of a geometric series = a
1− r
1 1
In this case the sum is 4 = 4
1− 1 3
4 4
= 1
3
This shows that each person will eventually receive a third of the cake.

12
 (ii) If the cake is divided into n + 1 pieces, and each person is given a piece, the remaining piece can
be divided into n + 1 pieces, and so on.
3
1
( ) ( )
2 3
Total amount of cake per person = 1 + 1 + 1 +…
n+1 n+1 n+1
1

Chapter 3
=  n + 1
1
1− n +1

1

1 Sequences
= n + 1

Proof
n
n+1
= 1
n
11 (i) Sum of an arithmetic series is n ( 2a + (n − 1) d )

and series
2
If the sum is 0:
− (n − 1) d
2a + (n − 1) d = 0 ⇒ a =
2
(ii) n is positive as it is the number of terms.
(a) If d is positive, then a must be negative, so (a) is not possible.
(b) If d is a positive multiple of 2, then a is a negative integer, so (b) is possible.
(c) If d is negative, then a is positive and is an integer if n is odd (making n - 1 even), so (c) is
possible.
(d) If d is positive, then a is negative if n is even or odd, so (d) is possible.
12 (i) Added lines show that the shaded square is 4 of half the square i.e. 2 of the entire
9 9
square as required.

Or
half the diagonal of the largest square = 1 2
2
side length for largest shaded square = 2 × 1 2
3 2
= 2
3
2
Length scale factor of 2 means area scale factor of  2  = 2
3  3  9
(ii) Each unshaded square is one quarter of its predecessor, so the fraction shaded is:
2 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 1 × 2 +…
9 4 9 4 4 9
This is a geometric series with a = 2 ,  r = 1
9 4
13
 2 2
Sum to infinity is 9
1− 1
= 9
3 3
1
4 4
= 8
27

Chapter 3
13 The arithmetic sequence has terms u n = a + (n − 1) d in this case:
a,  a + 5d ,  a + 25d
The geometric sequence has terms a, ar , ar 2

1 Sequences
Proof
ar = a + 5d ; ar 2 = a + 25d
r ( a + 5d ) = a + 25d and r = a + 5d
a
( a + 5d ) = a ( a + 25d )
2

and series
a 2 + 10ad + 25d 2 = a 2 + 25ad
25d 2 − 15ad = 0
d ( 5d − 3a ) = 0
d = 0  or  3a , but d ≠ 0
5
Substituting into r = a + 5d ,  r = 4
a
14 The geometric sequence has terms a, ar , ar 2 , …
a + ar 2 = 6ar
r 2 − 6r + 1 = 0
( r − 3) 2 − 9 + 1 = 0
( r − 3) 2 = 8
r −3= ± 8
r = 3±2 2

Mark scheme
Answer Marks Guidance
1 -3, -10, -17, -24, -31 B1 All five terms
2 u n = −3.5 + 1.5n B1 oe (e.g. u n = −2 + 1.5 (n − 1) )
3 1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625 B1 oe (e.g. 1,  1 ,  1 ,  1 ,  1 )
2 4 8 16
4 r = 2, a = 1 M1 Solves simultaneous equations
2
1 = 1 × 2n Accept u n = 1 ( 2) n −1
n −1
un = × 2 A1
2 4 2
5 a = 1, d = 1, n = 100  M1 Identifies AP
100 2 + 99 × 1 = 5050
2 ( )( ) A1 Substitutes correctly AG
6 r <1 B1 Accept −1 < r < 1

7 sum =
(
a rn − 1 )
,  r < 1 B1 States condition on r
r −1
r n → 0 as n → ∞   M1 States limiting argument
S∞ = a   A1 Completes argument
1− r
14
 Answer Marks Guidance
( n
3 1.5 − 1 ) M1 Derives inequality 3
1
8 > 100 A1 Correct, including >
0.5

1.5 7 < 17 2 ,  1.5 8 > 17 2 M1 Solves for n

Chapter 3
3 3
Eight terms are needed A1 Conclusion must be drawn
9 (i) Sum of AP and GP B1 Uses sums of sequences

1 Sequences
(r 10
−1)

Proof
5 ( 2 + 9d ) =  M1 Establishes equation
r −1

d = 1
(
 r 10 − 1 
− 2
) M1
Rearranges; accept substitution for d in the
9  5 (r − 1)  LHS to verify equality
 

and series
A1 Answer given

(ii) 1  210 − 1 − 20
9  5  M1 Substitutes r = 2 

d = 1013 = 22.51 A1 Accept any equivalent form

45
M1 Establishes the geometric progression (GP)
10 (i) a = 1 ,  r = 1
4 4 A1 Correct a and r
1
= 4 M1 Uses sum to infinity
1− 1
4
1 A1 Concluding statement
3
(ii) a= 1 ,  r = 1 B1 Identifies GP
n+1 n+1
1
n+1 M1 Uses sum to infinity
1− n +1
1
1 A1 cao
n
n 2a + (n − 1) d = 0
2( )
11 (i) B1 Sets sum of arithmetic progression (AP) to 0
− (n − 1) d M1 Rearranges…
a =
2 A1 …in this form with a as subject
(ii) n is positive as it is the number of
terms
d positive ⇒ a negative, so (a) is not B1
possible
d is a positive multiple of 2 ⇒ a B1 oe statements that demonstrate
negative integer, so (b) is possible understanding of the general expression
d negative ⇒ a is positive and an B1
integer if n odd, so (c) is possible
d positive ⇒ a is negative if n is even B1
or odd, so (d) is possible
12 (i) Identifies a square M1 Forms a strategy
Calculates a relevant amount M1 Makes a calculation
Leads to 2 A1 All correct
9

15
 Answer Marks Guidance
(ii) = 2 + 1 × 2 + ...
9 4 9
M1 Identifies area sequence 4
1
a = 2 ,  r = 1 M1 Interprets as a GP
9 4

Chapter 4
8 A1 Correct sum to infinity
27
13 a,  a + 5d ,  a + 25d B1 AP

1 Functions
a,  ar ,  ar 2 B1 GP

Proof
( a + 5d ) 2 = a ( a + 25d ) M1 Equates terms and derives an expression in
A1 two variables
d = 0,  3a M1 Solves for d
5 M1 Substitutes for r
r=4 A1 cao
14 a,  ar ,  ar 2 ,  … B1 GP
a + ar 2 = 6ar B1 Forms equation
2
r − 6r + 1 = 0 B1 Simplifies to quadratic
M1 Solves quadratic
r = 3±2 2 A1 cao

4 Functions
1 A is many-to-one and is also a function, as it is ‘to-one’.
B is many-to-many and is not a function, as it is not ‘to-one’.
C is one-to-many and is not a function, as it is not ‘to-one’.
2 f ( x ) = x 2 − 5, since x 2 is always  0, f ( x )  −5
3 y

(1, 3)

(0, 0) (2, 0)
O 1 2 x

y = f(x + 1) means that the function, f(x) has been translated by 1, in the negative x direction.
Passes through (0, 0), (1, 3) and (2, 0).
4 Substitute f into g, as f is implemented first:
gf(x) = (3x - 7)2 + 1 = 9x2 - 42x + 50
5 Finding the composite function: fg ( x ) = 3( x 2 + 1) − 7
Forming the equation:
3( x 2 + 1) − 7 = 14 ⇒ 3( x 2 + 1) = 21 ⇒ x 2 + 1 = 7 ⇒ x 2 = 6
x = ± 6

16
6 The inequality requires the same size value on each side.
Subtracting the mean of 2 and 5 from each term,
2 - 3.5 < x - 3.5 < 5 - 3.5, gives:
4
1
-1.5 < x - 3.5 < 1.5
|x – 3.5| < 1.5, a = 3.5 and b = 1.5

Chapter 4
7 Drawing the graph of y = 2x − 1, then reflecting the part below the x-axis,
in the x-axis.
y

1 Functions
Proof
1

O
0.5 x
8 (i) f(x) is the graph of y = x2 translated horizontally to the left 2 units, stretched vertically scale
factor 2, and translated vertically down 5 units.

(0, 3)

O x
(–2, –5)

f(0) = 2(0 + 2)2 - 5 = 8 - 5 = 3

Range is f(x)  3.
(ii) g(x) is the graph of y = x2 translated horizontally to the right 2 units, stretched vertically scale
factor 2, and translated vertically up 5 units.

(0, 13)

(2, 5)

O x

Minimum point is at (2, 5).

2(x - 2)2  0 so 2(x - 2)2 + 5  5
Range is g(x)  5.
17
 (iii)
y
4
1

Chapter 4
1 Functions
Proof
O x

f(x) = g(x) when 2(x + 2)2 - 5 = 2(x - 2)2 + 5

2x2 + 8x + 3 = 2x2 - 8x + 13
16x = 10
x = 0.625 (or using a solver)
So, g(x) > f(x) when 0 < x < 0.625
9 (i) (a) Curve is translated horizontally 1 unit to the left and vertically 1 unit up.
y = (x + 1)2(2(x + 1) - 3) + 1 = (x + 1)2(2x - 1) + 1
Or
x2(2x - 3) has roots x = 0, 0, 1.5, so translating 1 unit to the left gives roots -1, -1, 0.5
y = (x + 1)2(2x - 1).
Then translating 1 unit upwards gives y = (x + 1)2(2x - 1) + 1
Or
x2(2x - 3) = -1 when 2x3 - 3x2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ (x - 1)2(2x + 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 1, 1, -0.5
So, translated curve has roots 0, 0, -1.5 and hence y = x2(2x + 3).
(b) y = -((x + 1)2(2x - 1) + 1)
= -(x + 1)2(2x - 1) - 1, y = -2x3 - 3x2
(ii)
(a) y

O x

Function is many-to-one (graph goes up and down), so no inverse.

(b) Need to restrict domain so that function is one-to-one, e.g. x > 1.5

18
10 (i) (a)
x 0 2 5 4
1
f(x) 3 1 -2
So,
x 2 4 7

Chapter 4
x-2 0 2 5
f(x - 2) 3 1 -2

1 Functions
 Points (2, 3), (4, 1), (7, -2) are on y = f(x - 2)

Proof
(b)
x 0 2 5
f(x) 3 1 -2
So,
x 0 2 5
f(x) 3 1 -2
3f(x) 9 3 -6
 Points (0, 9), (2, 3), (5, -6) are on y = 3f(x)

(c)
x 0 2 5
f(x) 3 1 -2
So,
x 0 2 5
f(x) 3 1 -2
f(x) - 1 2 0 -3
 Points (0, 2), (2, 0), (5, -3) are on y = f(x) - 1

(d)
x 0 2 5
f(x) 3 1 -2
So,
x 0 1 2.5
2x 0 2 5
f(2x) 3 1 -2
 Points (0, 3), (1, 1), (2.5, -2) are on y = f(2x)

(a) f(0) = f(3), so f is many-to-one and f  -1(x) does not exist (unless the
(ii)
domain of f(x) is restricted).
(b) f  -1(x) may or may not exist. If it does exist then,
x 0 2 5
f(x) 3 1 -2
So,
x 3 1 -2
-1 0 2 5
f   (x)
If f  -1(x) exists then points (3, 0), (1, 2), (-2, 5) are on y = f  -1(x)

19
11 (i) (a) fgh(1) = fg(h(1)) = fg(21) = fg(2) = f(g(2)) = f(3 × 22 +1) = f(13) = 5 × 13 + 2 = 67
(b) h(x) > 1 ⇒ gh(x) > 4 ⇒ fgh(x) > 22
2 2 2
4
1
(a) fg(x) = f(3x + 1) = 5(3x + 1) + 2 = 15x + 7
(ii)
gf(x) = g(5x + 2) = 3(5x + 2)2 + 1 = 75x2 + 60x + 13
(b) 15x2 + 7 = 75x2 + 60x + 13 ⇒ 60x2 + 60x + 6 = 0 ⇒ 10x2 + 10x + 1 = 0

Chapter 4
x = −10 ± 60 = -0.113, -0.887
20

1 Functions
12 (i) f (0) = 0 − a = 1
0 − ka k

Proof
Curve crosses y-axis at 0, 1 ( )
k
f(x) = 0 when x - a = 0 ⇒ x = a
Curve crosses x-axis at (a, 0)
y−a
(ii) Function y = x − a has inverse x =
x − ka y − ka
⇒ x(y - ka) = y - a (multiply through by y - ka)
⇒ xy - xka = y - a (expand brackets)
⇒ xy - y = xka - a (collect terms involving y together)
⇒ y(x - 1) = xka - a (bring out y as a common factor)
a (kx − 1)
⇒ y =
x−1
a (kx − 1)
f −1( x ) =
x−1
4x − 2 = x − 4
(iii)
x−1 x−2
⇒ (x - 2)(4x - 2) = (x - 1)(x - 4)
⇒ 4x2 - 10x + 4 = x2 - 5x + 4
⇒ 3x2 - 5x = 0
x = 0 or 5
3
13 (i)
y

-2
0
2 x

y = |x + 2| touches the x-axis at -2, cuts the y-axis at (0, 2) and has gradient ±1
y = |2x - 4| touches x-axis at 2, cuts the y-axis at (0, 4) and has gradient ±2
Graphs cross when x + 2 = -(2x - 4) and x + 2 = 2x - 4
(ii)
⇒ x = 2   and x = 6
3
From the graph, |x + 2| > |2x - 4| between the points where the graphs cross.
So, when 2 < x < 6
3

20
Mark scheme
Answer Marks Guidance
4
1
1 A is many-to-one and is also a function B1 Both required
B is many-to-many and is not a function B1 Both required

Chapter 4
C is one-to-many and is not a function B1 Both required
2 f ( x )  −5 B1 cao
3 y B1 Maximum value at (1, 3)

1 Functions
B1 Passes through (0, 0) or (2, 0)

Proof
(1, 3) B1 Shape correct

(0, 0) (2, 0)
O 1 2 x

Passes through (0, 0), (1, 3) and (2, 0)

4 gf(x) = (3x - 7)2 + 1 M1 Substitutes f into g
   = 9x2 - 42x + 50 A1 cao
5 3( x 2 + 1) − 7 = 14 M1 Forms equation
M1 Solves equation
x = ± 6 A1 cao
6 2 - 3.5 < x - 3.5 < 5 - 3.5 M1 Reduces the terms by 3.5
|x - 3.5| < 1.5, a = 3.5 and b = 1.5 A1 cao
7 y B1 Negative part reflected above x-axis
B1 All correct

O
0.5 x

8 (i) M1 Sketches graph or implied from sight

of 3
f (x )  3 A1 f ( x )  3 or y  3
(ii) M1 Sketches graph or implied from sight
of 5
g( x )  5 A1 g( x )  5 or y  5
(iii) 2(x - 2)2 + 5 > 2(x + 2)2 - 5 M1 Solves g(x) > f(x) or g(x) = f(x)
2x2 - 8x + 13 > 2x2 + 8x + 3
10 > 16x M1 Broadly correct algebraically or
using graph
0<x < 5 A1 cao in fractions or decimal
8
9 (i)(a) y = (x + 1)2(2(x + 1) - 3) + 1 M1 Substitutes x + 1 for x
 = (x + 1)2(2x - 1) + 1 A1 Or y = 2x3 + 3x2 or equivalent
    (b) y = -((x + 1)2(2x - 1) + 1) M1 -(their function from part (i)(a))
 = -(x + 1)2(2x - 1) - 1 A1 Or y = -2x3 - 3x2 oe, cao

21
 Answer Marks Guidance
(ii)(a) Function is many-to-one, e.g. x = 0, B1 Many-to-one oe 4
1
x = 1.5 both give y = 0 Accept not one-to-one
    (b) e.g. x > 1.5 B1 Any suitable interval (e.g. a subset of
x  0, or a subset of 0  x  1, or a

Chapter 4
subset of x > 1.5)
10 (i)   (a) (2, 3), (4, 1), (7, -2) B1 cao
    (b) (0, 9), (2, 3), (5, -6) B1 cao

1 Functions
    (c) B1 cao

Proof
(0, 2), (2, 0), (5, -3)
    (d) (0, 3), (1, 1), (2.5, -2) B1 cao
(ii)(a) f  -1(x) does not exist B1 f is many-to-one
    (b) If f  -1(x) exists then B1 f  -1(x) may or may not exist
(3, 0), (1, 2), (-2, 5) are on y = f  -1(x) B1 (3, 0), (1, 2), (-2, 5)
11 (i)   (a) 67 B1 cao
    (b) M1 Calculates 22
fgh(x) > 22 A1 y > 1 or fgh(x) > 1 (not  22)
(ii)(a) fg(x) = 15x2 + 7 B1 15x2 + 7
gf(x) = 3(5x + 2)2 + 1 M1 3(5x + 2)2 + 1
= 75x2 + 60x + 13 A1 75x2 + 60x + 13
    (b) 10x2 + 10x + 1 = 0 M1 10x2 + 10x + 1 = 0 oe
x = −10 ± 60 = −0.113, − 0.887 A1 Both solutions as surds or to 3 s.f. or
20 better
12 (i) (0, k1) B1 Accept y = 1
k
(a, 0) B1 Accept x = a
(ii) y−a M1 Swaps x and y and rearranges
x = ⇒ y( x − 1) = a(kx − 1)
y − ka
a(kx − 1) A1 a (kx − 1)
f −1( x ) = x − 1 oe
x −1
(iii) 4x − 2 = x − 4 M1 Sets f −1( x ) = 1 with a = 2 and
x −1 x−2 f (x )
k=2
x=0 A1 x=0
or 5 A1 x = 5
3 3
13 (i) M1 V-shaped graph with vertex at (0, -2)
y M1 V-shaped graph with vertex at (0, 2)
4 A1 Cutting y-axis above first graph

-2
0
2 x

(ii) x + 2 = -(2x - 4) M1 Solves x + 2 = ±(2x − 4)

when x = 2 A1 cao
3
x + 2 = 2x – 4 when x = 6 A1 cao
|x + 2| > |2x – 4| when 2 < x < 6 A1 Correct region
3

22
5 Differentiation
d 2y
5
1
1 At a point of inflection, the second derivative is zero, i.e. 2 = 0.
dx
d 2y
2 If 2 < 0 , the stationary point is a maximum.

Chapter 5
dx
3 The point is a stationary point and a point of inflection if
dy d 2y
= 0  and   2 = 0

1 Differentiation
dx dx

Proof
4 The function may be stationary or decreasing for it not to be increasing.
So, f ' ( x )  0
f ' ( x ) = 3x 2 − 12 = 0 when  x = ±2 
The function f ' ( x ) is a quadratic with a positive coefficient of x 2 so has negative values
between the roots.
So, −2  x  2
1

(
5 y = 3x + 1 = 3x + 1 2
x x)
Let u = 3x + = 3x +  x −1 ⇒   du = 3 − x −2
1
x dx
1 1
y = u 2 ⇒ dy = 1 u − 2
du 2
Using the chain rule:
dy dy du
= ×
dx du dx
3 − 12
= x
2 3x + 1
x
6 Product rule: y = x × x − 5
dy = u d v + v d u
dx dx dx
u = x ⇒  d u =1
dx
1 1
v = x − 5 = ( x − 5) 2 ⇒ dv = 1 ( x − 5) − 2
dx 2
Substituting into the formula gives:
dy 1
= x × 1 ( x − 5) − 2 + x − 5 × 1
dx 2
= x + x−5

2 x−5
So, dy = 3x − 10
dx 2 x − 5
7 Quotient rule (the formula is given in the paper):
v du − u dv
dy = dx 2 dx
dx v
y = 2 x
x + 3x − 2
u = x,  du = 1
dx
v = x + 3x − 2 , dv = 2x + 3
2
dx
23
 Substituting into the formula gives:

dx
2
  dy = ( x + 3x − 2) × 1 − x(2x + 3)
( x + 3x − 2) 2
2 5
1
2 2
So, dy = x + 3x2 − 2 − 2x 2 − 3x
dx ( x + 3x − 2)

Chapter 5
= −x 2 − 2
( x 2 + 3x − 2) 2
8 y = x 4 − 2x 3 − 12x 2 + 2x − 1

1 Differentiation
Proof
The second derivative is needed to determine points of inflection:
dy = 4 x 3 − 6x 2 − 24 x + 2
dx
2
d y2 = 12x 2 − 12x − 24
dx
This is zero for points of inflection.
12x 2 − 12x − 24 = 0 ⇒ x 2 − x − 2 = 0
This factorises to give: ( x + 1)( x − 2) = 0
So, the points of inflection are (-1, -12) and (2, -45).
9 (i) f ( x ) = x 3 − x + 10
Differentiating once: f ' ( x ) = 3x 2 − 1
Differentiating again: f '' ( x ) = 6x
f " ( x ) < 0 for the curve to be convex.
6x < 0 ⇒ x < 0
So, convex when x < 0.
(ii) At the point of inflection, f '' ( x ) = 0 ⇒   x = 0,  f (0) = 10
Coordinates are (0, 10).
10 Volume of a cone, V, is 1 π r 2h , dV = 7.5 cm3 s-1
3 dt
(i) To find the rate of change of h, substitute for r to form equations in h:
r :h = 2:3 ⇒ r = 2 h
3

( )
2
V = 1 π 2 h h = 4π h 3
3 3 27
dV = 4 π h 2
dh 9
dh = dh × dV
dt dV dt
= 9 × 7.5

4π h 2
When r = 50,  h = 75cm
dh = 9 × 7.5
So,
dt 4 π × 75 2
= 0.000 955 cm s-1
(ii) The shape of the cone may need to change, with radius to height ratio
increasing, as the sides of the pond will probably get less steep.
11 x = y + 23
2y + 1
So, differentiate with respect to y to get:
dx = 1 − 12y
dy (2y 2 + 1) 2
24
 Curve crosses y-axis when x = 0,
0 = y + 23
2y + 1
⇒ 2y 3 + y + 3 = 0 5
1
By inspection, y = −1 is a root of this equation. (Or use the Factor theorem.)
When y = −1, dx = 1 − 12 ×2 −1 2

Chapter 5
dy (2(−1) + 1)
= 7
3

1 Differentiation
dy 3
So, gradient of curve =

Proof
dx 7
12 Volume of water in cylindrical tank, V, is π r 2h
dV =  π r 2 = 4 π , since r = 2
dh
Rate of change of volume of water, dV  = 6  m3 min-1
dt
Using the chain rule:
dh = dh × dV
dt dV dt
Using the inverse of dV :
dh
dh = 1 × dV

dt
( )
dV
dh
dt

= 6
4π
dh = 3 m min-1
dt 2π
13 y = 2x 4 + ax 2 + 2x + b  has a point of inflection at ( 1 , 1)
2
dy 3
= 8x + 2ax + 2
dx
d 2y
= 24 x 2 + 2a
dx 2
d 2y
At a point of inflection 2 = 0
dx

()
2
So, 24 x 2 + 2a = 0 ⇒ a = − 1 × 24 × 1 = −3
2 2
2
This gives 24 x − 6 = 0 ⇒ x = ± 1
2
1
So, x = − is the x coordinate of the other point of inflection.
2
To find b, substitute the known coordinates into y.

() ( ) + 2 × 21 + b ⇒ b = 85
4 2
1=2 1 + (−3) × 1
2 2

When x = − 1 , y = 2 (− 1 ) + (−3) × (− 1 ) + 2 × (− 1 ) + 5
4 2

2 2 2 2 8
= −1

(
So, the other point of inflection is − 1 , −1 .
2 )
14 (i) Volume of a sphere, V, is 4 π r 3 , so differentiating: dV = 4 π r 2
3 dr
Using the chain rule: dr = dr × dV
dt dV dt

25
 dr
× V
1 d
=
dt dV
dr
dt
5
1
−2
=
4π × r 2
1 , when r 10 cm

Chapter 5
= − =
200π
1
Which means r is decreasing at 200π  cm s-1

1 Differentiation
(ii) Surface area = 4 π r 2 , so differentiating: dS = 8π r

Proof
dr
Using the chain rule: dS = dS × dr × dV
dt dr dV dt
= 8π r × 1 × −2
4π r 2
= −4
r
2
When r = 10 cm , dS = − 4 cm2 s-1, so the surface area is decreasing at 5 cm2 s-1
dt 10
15 A general cubic is of the form y = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d
dy
= 3ax 2 + 2bx + c
dx
dy
At the stationary points = 0, 3ax 2 + 2bx + c = 0
dx
2 2
So, x = −2b ± 4b − 12ac = −b ± b − 3ac
6a 3a
 2 2 
The x coordinate of the mid-point is 1  −b + b − 3ac + −b − b − 3ac  = − b
2 3a 3a  3a
2
d y
= 6ax + 2b
dx 2
d 2y
At a point of inflection =0
dx 2
So, 6ax + 2b = 0 ⇒ x = − b
3a
Hence result.
16 (i) An increasing function has a positive gradient:
dy 4
= 1+ > 0  for all x
dx ( x + 1) 2
So, the function is always increasing as x increases.
dy 4
(ii) = 1 + =2
dx ( 1) 2
x +
So,   4 2 = 1
( x + 1)
 ( x + 1) 2 = 4 ⇒   x + 1 = ±2 ⇒   x = 1, −3
Coordinates are (1, 1) and (-3, 1)
Tangents are y = 2x − 1 and y = 2x + 7
(iii)

( )
They cut the x-axis at P 1 , 0 and Q − 7 , 0
2 2 ( )
So, PQ = 4

26
Mark scheme
Answer Marks Guidance
5
1
d 2y
1 =0 B1 Accept f " ( x ) = 0
dx 2

Chapter 5
2 maximum B1
dy  d 2y 
3 = 0  and  2 = 0  B1 Second derivative = 0 may be assumed
dx

1 Differentiation
 dx 

Proof
dy
4 = 3x 2 − 12 = 0  M1 Differentiates
dx
  x = ±2  A1 Identifies critical points
−2  x  2 A1 Correct inequality
−1 M1 Differentiates using chain rule
( )
5 1 3x + 1  
×  3 − 12 
2
 
2 x  x  A1 Derivative  3 − 12  correct
 x 
3 − 12 A1 All correct; accept equivalent forms
dy x
=
dx
2 3x + 1
x
1
6 x × 1 ( x − 5) − 2 + x − 5 × 1 M1 Differentiates using product rule
2
x M1 Differentiates using chain rule
= + x − 5  A1 First term correct
2 x−5
A1 All correct, with square root signs, not
indices
7 dy ( x 2 + 3x − 2) × 1 − x(2x + 3) M1 Differentiates using quotient rule
=  
dx ( x 2 + 3x − 2) 2
−x 2 − 2 A1 Numerator correct
( x 2 + 3x − 2) 2 A1 All correct
dy
8 = 4 x 3 − 6x 2 − 24 x + 2 M1 Differentiates once
dx
d 2y 2
2 = 12 x − 12 x − 24
M1 Differentiates again
dx
x2 − x − 2 = 0 M1 Solves equation = 0
(-1, -12) and (2, -45) A2 A1 one correct; A2 both correct
9 (i) f ' ( x ) = 3x 2 − 1 B1 Differentiates once
f " ( x ) = 6x B1 Differentiates again
x<0 B1 Solves inequality
(ii) f " (x ) = 0 M1 Solves equation
(0, 10) A1 Both coordinates correct
10 (i) r = 2h B1 Forms equation for r in terms of h
3
V = 4π h 3 B1 Correct formula for volume in terms
27
of h
dV = 4 π h 2 M1 Differentiates V
dh 9

27
 Answer Marks Guidance
dh = dh × dV = 9 × 7.5
dt dV dt
M1 Uses chain rule 5
1
4π h 2
When r = 50,  h = 75 cm Correct to 3 s.f.
dh = 0.000 955 cm s-1

Chapter 5
A1 cao
dt
(ii) The shape of the cone may need to B1 Or other appropriate comment
change, with radius to height ratio

1 Differentiation
increasing, as the sides of the pond

Proof
will probably get less steep
11 dx = 1 − 12y M1 Differentiates wrt y
dy (2y 2 + 1) 2 A1 Correct derivative
2y 3 + y + 3 = 0 M1 Solves cubic
y = −1 A1 Correct y intercept
dx = 1 − 12 × −1 = 7 M1 Evaluates dx
dy 3 dy
(2(−1) 2 + 1) 2
dy 3
So, gradient of curve, = A1 Applies chain rule for inverses
dx 7
12 V = π r 2h = 4 π h M1 Uses formula for volume
dV = 4 π M1 Differentiates V
dh
dh = dh × dV
dt dV dt M1 Uses chain rule
dh = 1 × dV = 6
( )
dt dV dt 4π M1 Uses inverse relationship
dh
dh = 3 m min −1 A1 Do not penalise lack of units or
dt 2π decimal equivalents
13 dy M1 Differentiates once
= 8x 3 + 2ax + 2
dx
d 2y 2
2 = 24 x + 2a (= 0 )
M1 Differentiates again
dx
a = −3 A1 Uses condition for a point of inflection

(
24 x 2 − 6 = 0 ⇒ x = ± 1
2 ) M1 Finds other root

x = −1 A1 cao
2

() ()
4 2
1=2 1 + (−3) × 1 +2× 1+b M1 Finds b
2 2 2
b= 5
8

(
− 1 , −1
2 ) A1 Coordinates correct

28
 Answer Marks Guidance
14 (i) dV = 4 π r 2 M1 Differentiates volume 5
1
dr
dr = dr × dV , M1 Uses chain rule
dt dV dt

Chapter 5
dr = 1 × dV
dt
( )
dV
dr
dt

1 Differentiation
− 1 A1 oe (must be negative)

Proof
200π
(ii) dS = 8π r M1 Differentiates surface area
dr
dS = dS × dr × dV M1 Uses chain rule
dt dr dV dt
= 8π r × 1 2 × −2 = −4
4π r ( )
r
A1 Correct terms

− 2 cm 2 s −1 A1 oe (must be negative)
5
dy
15 = 3ax 2 + 2bx + c M1 Differentiates once
dx
3ax 2 + 2bx + c = 0 M1 Uses condition for stationary points
2
x = −b ± b − 3ac
M1 Finds x coordinate of midpoint
3a
1  −b + b 2 − 3ac + −b − b 2 − 3ac 
2  3a 3a 


=−b A1 Correct
3a
d 2y
  = 6ax + 2b M1 Differentiates again
dx 2
6ax + 2b = 0 M1 Uses condition for point of inflection
x = − b , hence result A1 Draws conclusion
3a
16 (i) dy 4 M1 Differentiates
= 1+
dx ( x + 1) 2
>0 A1 Correct
y increases as x increases B1 Deduces derivative is always positive
dy 4
(ii) = 1+ =2 M1 Forms equation
dx ( x + 1) 2
x = 1, -3 M1 Solves equation
(1, 1) and (-3, 1) A1 Correct x coordinates
A1 All correct
(iii) y = 2x - 1 and y = 2x + 7 M1 Determines equations of tangents

2 ( ) 2(
P 1 ,0 and Q − 7 ,0 ) A1 Correct x-intercepts

PQ =4 A1 Implies correct method

29
6 Trigonometric functions
1 The smallest angle is opposite the smallest side.
6
1
Using the cosine rule, with a = 3, b = 5, c = 7, gives:
2 2 2
3 2 = 5 2 + 7 2 − 2 × 5 × 7 × cos A ⇒ cos A = 5 + 7 − 3 = 65

Chapter 6
2×5×7 70
A = arccos 65 = 0.38 = 0.4 radians, to the nearest 0.1 radians.
70
2 tan 2x = 1

1 Trigonometric
Proof
Using inverse tan gives:
2x = arctan 1 = 45°, or 225°, or 405°
So, x = 22.5°, 112.5°, 202.5°
The only one in the interval 90°  x < 180° is 112.5°
3 Drawing both graphs:

functions
y
15

10

-2π -3π -π -π 0 π π 3π 2π x
2 2 -5 2 2

-10

-15

Five solutions.

4 cosec π = 1 = 1 = 2
6 sin π 1
6 2
5 2cos2 x - 13cos x + 6 = 0
Factorising gives: (2cos x - 1)(cos x - 6) = 0
Either
cosx = 6, which is not possible.
Or
1 π π
cos x = 2 ⇒ x = 3 , − 3
1
6 cos x = 4 , so the third side of the triangle = 4 2 − 12 = 15 

4
√15

x
1

So, tan x = 15

30
7 cot x = 2 cos x
Substituting for cot x and rearranging:
cos x
6
1
sin x = 2 cos x
⇒ cos x = 2 cos x sin x

Chapter 6
⇒ cos x − 2 cos x sin x = 0
⇒ cos x (1 − 2 sin x ) = 0
Either

1 Trigonometric
π π

Proof
cos x = 0,  x = −   2 ,   2
Or
1 − 2 sin x = 0 ⇒ sin x = 1 ⇒ x = π , 5π
2 6 6
2
8 Using C = cos x, 2C - 3C + 1 = 0 ⇒ (2C - 1)(C - 1) = 0

functions
2cos2x - 3 cos x + 1 = 0 ⇒ (2cos x - 1)(cos x - 1) = 0
Either (2cos x - 1) = 0 or (cos x - 1) = 0
1
So, cos x = 2 or cos x = 1

()
x = arccos 1 = π or x = arccos(1) = 0
2 3

( )
9 To solve sin 3x − π = 1, using the inverse function, gives:
6
π
arcsin(1) = 2
Other solutions are obtained by adding or subtracting integer multiples of 2π .
So, 3x − π = … , − 7π , − 3π , π , 5π , 9π , …
6 2 2 2 2 2
π
Add 6 to get 3x = … , − 10π , − 4 π , 2π , 8π , 14 π , …
3 3 3 3 3
Divide by 3 to get x = … , − 10π , − 4 π , 2π , 8π , 14 π , …
9 9 9 9 9
4 π 2π 8π
Reject solutions that are not in the range −π < x  π to get x = − 9 , 9 , 9
10 (i) y
2
p y = arcsin x
y = arctan x

−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 x

−2
p

(a) sin π = 1, so arcsin(1) = π (Or using 90° from calculator and

(ii)
2 2
converting to radians.)
tan π = 1, so arctan(1) = π (Or using 45° from calculator and
4 4
converting to radians.)

31
 arcsin(1) π 4
6
1
(b) =  × =  2
arctan(1) 2 π
But, arccos(1) = 0
Or
arcsin(1) π 4
=  × =  2 = arccos(-0.416), not arccos(1)

Chapter 6

arctan(1) 2 π
Or
arcsin(1) π 4
arccos(1) = 0 but arcsin(1) ≠ 0 so =  × ≠ 0

1 Trigonometric
arctan(1) 2 π

Proof
cos x 1
11 Equation becomes: sin x =   cos x ⇒ cos2x = sin x
Using identity, so quadratic is in just one trigonometric ratio:
cos 2 x = 1 − sin 2 x  ⇒ 1 − sin 2 x = sin x ⇒ sin 2 x + sin x – 1 = 0
Solving quadratic using the formula:

functions
−1 ± 5
sin x = 2
Since sin x = cos2 x it is not possible for sin x to be negative.
−1 − 5 < −1 , so sin x = −1 + 5
2 2
1 2
cosec x = sin x =
−1 + 5
Rationalise the denominator:
cosec x = 2 × 1+ 5 = 5 +1
5 −1 1+ 5 2

12 (i) E

h - 1.60 m

30º 40º
A 50 m B 50 m C xm D
Angle ABE = 140° so angle AEB = 10°
Using the sine rule on triangle ABE:
BE = 50
sin 30° sin10°
BE = 143.97 m
(ii) (a) h - 1.60 = BE sin 40° = 92.54 m
So, h = 94.1 m
(b) x + 50 = BE cos 40° = 110.29 m
So, x = 60.29 m
Edge length = 2x = 120.6 m
13 (i) For example:

sec 2θ − 2  ≡ 1 + tan 2 θ − 2  ≡ tan 2 θ − 1

cos θ + sin θ cos θ + sin θ cos θ + sin θ
(tan θ − 1)(tan θ + 1) tan θ − 1
≡  ≡ , provided tan θ + 1 ≠ 0 (i.e. cos θ + sin θ ≠ 0 )
cos θ (1 + tan θ ) cos θ
≡ sec θ (tan θ − 1)
Or
sec θ (tan θ − 1)(cos θ + sin θ ) ≡ (tan θ − 1)(1 + tan θ )
≡ tan 2 θ − 1 ≡ sec 2 θ − 1 − 1 ≡ sec 2 θ − 2
Hence result. 32
 (ii) For example:
sec θ (tan θ − 1) = tan θ − sec 2 θ 6
1
(
cos θ cos θ )
⇒ 1 sin θ − 1 =  sin θ − 12 , cos θ ≠ 0
cos θ cos θ
Multiply through by cos 2 θ

Chapter 6
sin θ − cos θ = sin θ cos θ − 1
sin θ − sin θ cos θ − cos θ + 1 = 0
(sin θ + 1)(1 − cos θ ) = 0

1 Trigonometric

Proof
sin θ = −1 or cos θ = 1
But, cos θ ≠ 0 so sin θ = −1 is not possible.
So, cos θ = 1
θ = 0, 2π are the only solutions in the given range.
14 (i) For example:

functions
cosec 2 x ≡ 1 + cot 2 x
cosec 2 x = 2 cot x
⇒ 1 + cot 2 x = 2 cot x

⇒ (cot x − 1) 2 = 0
⇒ cot x = 1

Using definition of cot gives:

(ii)
cot x = 1
⇒ tan x = 1
⇒ x = … , − 3π , π , 5π , …
4 4 4
cot(4θ + π ) = 1
⇒ (4θ + π ) = … , − 3π , π , 5π , …
4 4 4
⇒ 4θ = … , − 7 π , − π , π , 5π , …
3
4 4 4 4
⇒ θ =− 7 π , − , , 5π
3 π π
16 16 16 16

cosec 2 (5θ )tan(5θ ) = 2

(iii)
2
⇒ cosec (5θ ) = 2 cot(5θ )
⇒ cot(5θ ) = 1
π 5π
0  θ  2 ⇒ 0  5θ  2

5θ = π , π + π , π + 2π = π , 5π , 9π
4 4 4 4 4 4
or
θ = π , π + π , π + 2π = π , π , 9π
20 20 5 20 5 20 4 20
So, three solutions.

33
Mark scheme
Answer Marks Guidance
6
1
2 2 2
1 cos A = 5 + 7 − 3 M1 Uses cosine rule appropriately
2×5×7

Chapter 6
0.4 rad A1 cao
2 2x = arctan 1 = 45°, or 225° B1 Finds principal value
112.5° B1 cao

1 Trigonometric
3 y B1 Graph of y = 2x

Proof
15

10
B1 Graph of y = tan x
5

−2π −3π −π −π 0 π π 3π 2π x
2 2 −5 2 2

−10

functions
−15

Five solutions B1 cao

4 1 M1 Uses 1
sin π sin
6
2 A1 cao
5 (2cos x - 1)(cos x - 6) = 0 M1 Factorises
cos x = 6, which is not possible B1 Eliminates root
1
Or cos x = ⇒ x = , −
π π A1 Both roots
2 3 3
6 4 2 − 12 M1 Uses Pythagoras
15 A1 cao
7 cos x = 2 cos x M1 Uses definition of cot x
sin x
⇒ cos x (1 − 2 sin x ) = 0 M1 Factorises
−  π , π A1 Both values
2 2
π , 5π A1 Both values
6 6
8 (2cos x - 1)(cos x - 1) = 0 M1 Factorises or uses quadratic formula
cos x = 1 or cos x = 1 A1 Both values correct or implied
2 from answers
x = π or 0 B1 Both values in radians; accept
1.05 (or better) for π
3
3
π
9 arcsin(1) = 2 B1 Principal solution
3x − π = π ⇒ x = 2 π M1 Adds π then divides by 3
6 2 9 6
3x − π = − 3π , π , 5π M1 Considers (some) other solutions
6 2 2 2
x = − 4 π , 2π , 8π A1 These solutions and no others
9 9 9

34
 Answer Marks Guidance
10 (i) y
2
B1 Both graphs have rotational 6
1
p y = arcsin x symmetry and pass throug the
y = arctan x origin
B1 y-axis from − π to + π ; arcsin(x)

Chapter 6
2 2
above arctan(x) for 0 < x < 1
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 x
graphs have roughly the right shapes

1 Trigonometric
2

Proof
−2
p

(ii)(a) arcsin(1) = π B1 cao in exact form

2
arctan(1) = π B1 cao in exact form
4

functions
arcsin(1)
 (b) =2 M1 Checks ratio
arctan(1)
but arccos(1) = 0 A1 Or, arccos(1) = 0 and arcsin(1) ≠ 0
11 cos x = 1 ⇒ 1 − sin 2 x = sin x M1 Uses cos2 x + sin2 x = 1, oe, to
sin x cos x
form an equation that involves just
one trig function (sin, cos, tan oe)
of x
sin2 x + sin x - 1 = 0 A1 oe
sin x = −1 ± 5 M1 Solves (their) quadratic equation
2
sin x = −1 + 5 A1 Rejects any infeasible solutions
2
(or implied) to get a single value
for sin x or cosec x
cosec x = 2 M1 Derives a correct expression for
−1 + 5 cosec x

= 1+ 5 A1 cao, in this form

2
12 (i) E Diagram optional

h - 1.60 m

30º 40º
A 50 m B 50 m C xm D
Angle AEB = 10° B1 Seen or implied, may be shown on
diagram
BE = 50 M1 Uses the sine rule on triangle ABE
sin 30° sin10°
BE = 143.97 m = 144 m (3 s.f.) A1 143.9 to 144.0

35
 Answer Marks Guidance
12 (ii)(a) h - 1.60 = BE sin 40° = 92.54 m M1 Uses (their) BE sin 40° or 92.5 oe 6
1
seen
h = 94.1 m A1
  (b) x + 50 = BE cos 40° = 110.29 m M1 Uses (their) BE cos 40° or 60.3 oe

Chapter 6
seen
Edge length = 120.6 m = 121 m (3 s.f.) A1 cao (3 s.f. or better)
13 (i) sec 2θ − 2  ≡ 1 + tan 2 θ − 2  ≡ tan 2 θ − 1

1 Trigonometric
M1 Simplifies LHS using
cos θ + sin θ cos θ + sin θ cos θ + sin θ

Proof
sec 2 θ ≡ 1 + tan 2 θ or
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ ≡ 1
(tan θ − 1)(tan θ + 1)
≡   M1 Factorises
cos θ (1 + tan θ )
≡ tan θ − 1 ≡ sec θ (tan θ − 1) A1 Cancels and simplifies to achieve
cos θ

functions
RHS
(ii) sec θ (tan θ − 1) = tan θ − sec 2 θ M1 Uses the result from part (i)

( )
1 sin θ − 1 =  sin θ − 1
cos θ cos θ cos θ cos 2 θ
⇒ sin θ − cos θ = sin θ cos θ − 1 M1 Simplifies algebraically or uses an
⇒ (sin θ + 1)(1 − cos θ ) = 0 appropriate graph
sin θ = −1 or cos θ = 1 A1 cos θ = 1 or sec θ = 1 or θ = 0 oe
cos θ ≠ 0 so sin θ = −1 is not possible B1 Excluding θ = 3π (may be by
2
having a vertical asymptote at
θ = 3π on graph)
2
θ = 0, 2π B1 These solutions and no others
14 (i) cosec2 x ≡ 1 + cot2 x M1 Uses cosec2 x ≡ 1 + cot2 x
⇒ 1 + cot2 x = 2cot x
⇒ (cot x - 1)2 = 0 A1 Deduces (cot x - 1)2 = 0, oe, and
⇒cot x = 1 hence given result
(ii) arccot1 = π or arctan1 = π B1 π seen or implied as a solution
4 4 4
of cot x = 1
(4θ + π ) = π ⇒ 4θ = − 3π ⇒ θ = − 3π M1 Subtracts π and then divides by 4
4 4 16
or a correct value for θ
(4θ + π ) = … , − 3π , π , 5π , …
4 4 4
⇒ 4θ = … , − 7π , − 3π , π , 5π , … A1 At least three correct values for 4θ
4 4 4 4
or for θ
⇒ θ = − 7 π , − 3π , π , 5π A1 cao, these four values and no
16 16 16 16
others

36
 Answer Marks Guidance
(iii) cosec 2 (5θ )tan(5θ ) = 2 M1 Shows that cot(5θ ) = 1, oe, or 7
1
⇒ cosec 2 (5θ ) = 2 cot(5θ ) using an appropriate graph
⇒ cot(5θ ) = 1

Chapter 7
Three solutions A1 Three, from graph or algebraic
reasoning, or implied from correct
5θ = π , π + π , π + 2π or π , 5π , 9π
4 4 4 4 4 4 values for 5θ or for θ

1 Further
Or

Proof algebra
θ = π , π + π , π + 2π
20 20 5 20 5
Or
π , π , 9π
20 4 20

7 Further algebra
1 (1 + 3x ) −1(1 − 5x ) −2
The first binomial, (1 + 3x ) −1 , is valid for 3x < 1, so x < 1
3
The second binomial, (1 − 5x ) −2 , is valid for 5x < 1, so x < 1
5
The expansion of the product is, therefore, only valid for x < 1
5
2 Rewrite root using an index:

( ) ( )
1 −1 −1 −1
1 = ( 9 + 6x ) − 2 = 9 2 1 + 2 x
2
= 1 1+ 2x
2
as required.
9 + 6x 3 3 3
3 2
3 Using long division to rewrite x + 3x + x
x−1

x 2 + 4x + 5
)
x − 1 x 3 + 3x 2 + x
x3 − x2
4x 2 + x
4x 2 − 4x
5x
5x − 5
5

3 2
So, x + 3x + x = x 2 + 4 x + 5 + 5
x −1 x −1
4 1 + (−2) × x + ( ) ( ) x 2 + ( ) ( ) ( ) x 3
−2 × −3 −2 × −3 × −4
2! 3!
= 1 − 2 x + 3x 2 − 4 x 3
5 Factorising numerator and denominator:
x 3 + 2x 2 + x x( x + 1) 2
=
2x 4 + 2x 3 − x − 1 ( x + 1) 2x 3 − 1 ( )
x ( x + 1)
=
2x 3 − 1
37
 ( )
1

7
1
1 1 2
6 Check left-hand side (1 − x ) 2 = 1 − 50

= 7
50
= 7

Chapter 7
5 2
= 7 2
10

1 Further
So, 2 = 10  1 −   1 − 1 

Proof algebra
7 100 20 000 
19 799
=   10 ×
7 20 000
19 799
=
14 000
7 Expanding binomial using formula gives:
(1 - 2x + 3x2 - 4x3+ …)
Calculating product:
(1 + 3x)(1 - 2x + 3x2 - 4x3+ …) = 1 + x - 3x2 + 5x3
Valid for |x| < 1
8 Combining the fractions gives:
A + B + C A ( 3 + x ) 2 + B (1 − 3x )( 3 + x ) +  C (1 − 3x )
≡
1 − 3x 3 + x (3 + x ) 2 (1 − 3x ) (3 + x )2
Numerators are equal because denominators are the same.
A(3 + x)2 + B(1 - 3x)(3 + x) + C(1 - 3x) ≡ 2x + 5
Substituting x = 1 :
3
  100 A = 5 2 ⇒ A = 0.51
9 3
Substituting x = -3:
10C = −1 ⇒ C = −0.1
Equating coefficients of x2:
A − 3B = 0 ⇒ B = 0.17
Hence, A = 0.51, B = 0.17, C = -0.1
2x + 5 0.51 0.17 0.1
2   ≡ 1 − 3x + 3 + x −
(1 − 3x ) (3 + x ) (3 + x ) 2
9 (i) Using the formula for the binomial expansion gives:
1 × −2
1 1 3 3 2
(1 + 2x) 3 ≈ 1 + × 2x + 2x
3 2!

= 1 + 1 × 2x − 12 × 2 (4 x 2 )
3 3 × 2!
= 1 + 2 x − 8 x2
3 18
= 1 + x − 4 x2
2
3 9
(ii) |2x| < 1 so |x| < 1
2

38
 3
10 4 x 2 − x + 6 can be written in the form Ax + B + C + D
2x + x − 1
3 2
mx + n px + q 7
1
4x - x + 6 ≡ (2x + x - 1)(2x - 1) + 2x + 5 by inspection.
So,

Chapter 7
2
4 x 3 − x + 6 = (2x + x − 1)(2x − 1) + 2x + 5
2x 2 + x − 1 2x 2 + x − 1 2x 2 + x − 1
≡ 2x − 1 + 22 x + 5 A = 2, B = −1

1 Further
2x + x − 1

Proof algebra
2x 2 + x − 1 ≡ (2x − 1)( x + 1)
2x + 5 ≡ 2x + 5 ≡ C + D m = 2, n = −1, p = 1, q = 1
2x 2 + x − 1 ( 2x − 1)( x + 1) 2x − 1 x + 1
2x + 5 ≡ C ( x + 1) + D ( 2x − 1)
Equating coefficients of x: 2 = C + 2D
Equating constant terms: 5 = C - D
Subtracting the equations gives D = -1
Substituting in either equation gives C = 4
Hence,
f( x ) = 2x − 1 + 4 − 1
2x − 1 x + 1
11 Using the formula for the binomial expansion gives:

( )
1 −1
1 1 = 1 1 −  x
3
(8 − x )− 3 =  =
( )
1 1 1 2 8
(8 − x ) 3 83 1 − x8
3

−1 (− 13) × (− 43 ) − x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( 8)
2
1 −  x = 1 +  − 1 × − x + + … = 1 + 1 x + 1 x2 + …
3

8 3 8 2! 24 288
1
So, (8 − x ) − 3   ≈ 1 + 1 x + 1 x 2 for x < 8
2 48 576
12 (i) Combining the fractions gives:
3x + 1 + 4 =   3x + 1 4 ( x + 1)
+
2
x −1 x − 1 ( x − 1)( x + 1) ( x − 1)( x + 1)
= 7x + 5
( x − 1)( x + 1)
(ii) Expanding the binomial gives:
3x + 1 + 4 = 7 x + 5
x2 − 1 x − 1 x2 − 1
= −(7x + 5)(1 − x 2 )−1
= −(7x + 5)(1 + x 2 + …)
= −5 − 7x − 5x 2 − 7x 3 + …
Cubic approximation is -5 - 7x - 5x2 - 7x3

(iii) x = 0.1 in 3x2 + 1 + 4 gives -5.75757575 … or -5 25

x −1 x −1 33
2 3
x = 0.1 in -5 - 7x - 5x - 7x gives -5.757
Absolute error = 0.00057575 …
So, percentage absolute error = 0.00057575 × 100% = 0.01%
5.75757575

39
13 (i) Expanding using the binomial formula gives:
(6 − x )(1 + 2x )
1+ x
= (6 − x )(1 + 2x )(1 + x )−1 7
1
= (6 + 11x − 2x 2 )(1 − x + x 2 − …)
= 6 + 5x − 7x 2 +…

Chapter 7
Quadratic approximation is 6 + 5x - 7x2
(ii) Expansion of (1 + x)-1 is valid when |x| < 1

1 Further
Combining the fractions gives:
(iii)

Proof algebra
(6 − x ) (1 + 2x )
(6 + 5x − 7x 2 ) −
1+ x
(6 + 5x − 7x 2 ) (1 + x ) − (6 − x )(1 + 2x )
=
1+ x
(6 + 11x − 2x − 7x 3 ) − (6 + 11x − 2x 2 )
2
=
1+ x
3
= −7x
1+ x
3
For positive x, absolute error = 7x
1+ x

7x 3 < x ⇒ 7x 2 < 1, since x > 0

1+ x 1+ x

⇒ 0 < x < 1 or 7 or 0.378 (3 s.f.)

7 7
14 (i) Forming the partial fractions:

4x + 5 = A + B
(1 + 5x )(1 − x ) 1 + 5x 1 − x
4x + 5 ≡ A(1 – x) + B(1 + 5x)
Setting x = 1:
9 = 6B ⇒ B = 1.5
Equating constant terms:
5 = A + B ⇒ A = 3.5
Hence,

4x + 5 = 7 + 3
(1 + 5x )(1 − x ) 2 (1 + 5x ) 2 (1 − x )

(ii) Expanding using the binomial formula gives:

(−1) × (−2) (−1) × (−2) × (−3)
(1 + 5x )−1 = 1 + (−1) × (5x ) + (5x ) 2 + (5x ) 3 + …
2! 3!
≈ 1 − 5x + 25x 2 − 125x 3
(−1) × (−2) (−1) × (−2) × (−3)
(1 − x )−1 = 1 + (−1) × (−x ) + ( −x ) 2 + ( −x ) 3 + …
2! 3!
≈ 1 + x + x2 + x3
So,
4x + 5 ≈ 7 (1 − 5x + 25x 2 − 125x 3 ) + 3 (1 + x + x 2 + x 3 )
(1 + 5x )(1 − x ) 2 2
= 5 − 16x + 89x 2 − 436x 3
(iii) |5x| < 1 and |-x| < 1 ⇒ |x| < 0.2 and |x| < 1 ⇒ |x| < 0.2
40
Mark scheme
Answer Marks Guidance
7
1
1 |x| 1 |x|  1 M1 Identifies validity of one
3 5
|x| < 0.2 A1 Selects correct one

Chapter 7
2 1 = 1 M1 Extracts common factor
9 + 6x 9 1 + 69x

1 Further
( )
−1

Proof algebra
= 1 1 + 6x
2
      M1 Expresses using an index
3 9

= 1 (1 + 2x )
−1
2
      3 3 A1 Simplifies, AG

3 x 2 + 4x + 5 +   5 M1 Divides or by inspection
x −1
A1 cao
4 = 1 − 2 x + 3x 2 − 4 x 3 B1 x3 term correct
B1 x2 term correct
B1 All correct
5 x( x + 1) 2 B1 Numerator correct
=
( x + 1)(2x 3 − 1) B1 Denominator correct
x ( x + 1)
= B1 Cancels correctly
2x 3 − 1

6 10  1 −   1 − 1 
7 100 20 000  B1 Deals with LHS
19 799
=   10 × M1 Substitutes into RHS
7 20 000
19 799
= A1 cao
14 000
7 (1 + 3x )(1 − 2x + 3x 2 − 4 x 3 + ) M1 Expands binomial
≈ 1 + x − 3x 2 + 5x 3 A2 A1 for two terms correct
Valid for |x| < 1 B1 Validity correct
8 A(3 + x ) 2 + B(1 − 3x )(3 + x ) + C (1 − 3x ) B1 A(3 + x ) 2 and C (1 − 3x )
B1 B(1 − 3x )(3 + x )
≡ 2x + 5 M1 Substitutes values or equates
coefficients
A = 0.51; B = 0.17 A1 A and B both correct
C = -0.1 B1 C correct

9 (i)
1 × 2x +  3
1+ 3
() ( )
1 × −2
3
(2x ) 2 M1
() ( )
1 × −2
3 3 seen or implied
2! 2!
M1 (2x)2 seen or implied
= 1 + 2 x − 4 x2 B1 1+ 2x
3 9 3
A1 Correct expansion
(ii) |x| < 1 B1 Or -0.5 < x < 0.5
2

41
 Answer Marks Guidance
10 4x3 - x + 6 M1 Divides out 7
1
2
≡ (2x + x - 1)(2x - 1) + 2x + 5
f( x ) = 2x − 1 + 22 x + 5 A1 A = 2, B = -1
2x + x − 1

Chapter 7
2x2 + x - 1 ≡ (2x - 1)(x + 1)
2x + 5 ≡ C + D m = 2, n = -1, p = 1, q = 1
B1
( 2x − 1)( x + 1) 2x − 1 x + 1

1 Further
Proof algebra
2x + 5 ≡ C(x + 1) + D(2x - 1) M1 Substitutes or equates terms
f( x ) = 2x − 1 + 4 − 1 A1 C = 4, D = -1
2x − 1 x + 1

( )
−1
11 (8 −
1
x )− 3 =  1 1 −  x
3 B1 Extracts factor 1
2 8 2
− × −4
1
( ) ( )
( )
−1 3 3
1 −  x − 1 and
3
 = M1 2!
8 3

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
−1 × −4
( )
2 2
x 3 3
1
 1 +   − × − + −x M1 −x oe
3 8 2! 8 8
= 1 + 1 x + 1 x2 M1
1 1
24 288 24 and 288 seen or implied
1
( 8 − x ) − 3   ≈ 21 + 48
1 x + 1 x2
576 A1 Correct expansion

12 (i) 3x + 1 4 ( x + 1) M1 Writes terms with a common

+
( x − 1)( x + 1) ( x − 1)( x + 1) denominator, which may be
(x2 - 1)(x - 1)
= 7x + 5 A1 Adds and simplifies numerator
( x − 1)( x + 1) as 7x + 5

Accept 7x2 + 5 but not

x −1
2
7x − 2x − 5
( )
x 2 − 1 ( x − 1)

(ii) 7x + 5 = − ( 7x + 5) 1 − x 2
x2 − 1
( )−1 M1 (x2 - 1)-1 = -(1 - x2)-1 seen or
implied
Hence -5 - 7x - 5x2 - 7x3 A1 ft
(iii) ( −5.757 ) − ( −5.75757 …) M1 Substitutes x = 0.1 in both
( −5.75757 …) expressions and calculating a
relative error
0.01% A1 0.01% from correct working
seen
13 (i) (6 + 11x - 2x2)(1 - x + x2 - …) M1 (1 + x)-1 ≈ 1 - x + x2
6 + 5x - 7x2 A1 -7x2 + 5x + 6
(ii) |x| < 1 B1 Or -1 < x < 1

42
 Answer Marks Guidance
(iii) 6 + 5x − 7 x 2 −
( 6 − x )(1 + 2x ) 8
1
1+ x

=
( 6 + 5x − 7x 2 ) (1 + x ) − ( 6 − x )(1 + 2x ) M1 Calculates error

Chapter 8
1+ x
3 3
= −7x A1 −7x 3 or 7x
1+ x 1+ x 1+ x

1 Trigonometric
7x 3 < x ⇒ 7x 2 < 1, since x > 0
M1 Compares with x and

Proof
1+ x 1+ x 1+ x
simplifies
7 1
0<x< A1 or 7 or 0.378 (3 s.f.)
7 7 7

14 (i) 4x + 5 = A + B B1 Forms partial fractions

(1 + 5x )(1 − x ) 1 + 5x 1 − x

identities
4x + 5 ≡ A(1 - x) + B(1 + 5x) M1 Substitutes or equates terms
A = 3.5, B = 1.5 A1 Both constants correct
7 + 3 or 3.5 + 1.5
2 (1 + 5x ) 2 (1 − x ) 1 + 5x 1 − x
(ii) (1 + 5x)-1 ≈ 1 - 5x + 25x2 - 125x3 B1 1, ±5x , ±25x 2 , ±125x 3
(1 - x)-1 ≈ 1 + x + x2 + x3 B1 1 + x + x2 + x3
4x + 5 M1 Uses their A and B from part (i)
(1 + 5x )(1 − x ) and their cubic expansions
≈ 7 (1 − 5x + 25x 2 − 125x 3 ) +
2
3 (1 + x + x 2 + x 3 )
2
= 5 - 16x + 89x2 - 436x3 B1 Constant term = 5
A1 Other coefficients correct
(iii) |x| < 0.2 B1 Or -0.2 < x < 0.2, but not with
|x| < 1 as well

8 Trigonometric identities
1 Using the compound angle identity:
sin ( A + B ) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B   and A = B = θ
Substituting gives:
sin 2θ = sin θ cos θ + cos θ sin θ

= 2 sin θ cos θ
2 Using the compound angle identity:
cos ( A + B ) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B   and A = B = θ
Substituting gives:
cos 2θ = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
(
= cos 2θ − 1 − cos 2θ )
2
= 2cos θ − 1
3 y = R cos ( x − α ) has a maximum when cos ( x − α ) = 1 
So, when x − α = 0 , the maximum value is R, so the coordinates are (α ,  R ).

43
 α 
4 Translation of y = cos x by  
 0 8
1
Stretch of y = cos( x − α )  by a factor R parallel to the y-axis.
5 By inspection:

Chapter 8
tan 3θ = tan θ has one solution when 3θ = θ (n = 0) and the general solution is
3θ = nπ + θ , n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
Subtracting:

1 Trigonometric
2θ = nπ  ⇒  θ = 0, π , π

Proof
2
6 By inspection (or solving A + B = 75,  A − B = 15):
sin 75° − sin15° = sin ( 45° + 30° ) − sin ( 45° − 30° )
= sin 45° cos 30° + cos 45° sin 30° − sin 45° cos 30° + cos 45° sin 30°
= 2 cos 45° sin 30°

identities
=  2 × 1 × 1
2 2
= 2
2
7 To show cos 4θ = 8cos 4θ − 8cos 2θ + 1 using double angle identity for cos 2θ involving cos, as the
right-hand side involves only cos θ :
cos4θ = 2cos 2 2θ − 1

(
= 2 2cos 2θ − 1 )2 − 1
= 2 ( 4cos 4θ − 4cos 2θ + 1) − 1
= 8cos 4θ − 8cos 2θ + 1 as required.

8 (i) R cos( x + α )  = R(cos x cos α − sin x sin α ),  R,  α > 0

Equating coefficients:
R cos α = 1,  R sin α = 1
Solving the simultaneous equations by squaring and adding:
R 2 cos 2 α +   R 2 sin 2 α = 12 + 12
R 2 (cos 2 α +  sin 2 α ) = 2
R2 = 2 ⇒ R = 2

R sin α   = 1
R cos α 1
tan α = 1 ⇒ α = 45°
So, cos x − sin x   = 2 cos ( x + 45° )
(ii) The minimum value of cosine is -1, so the minimum value of 2 cos ( x + 45° )  is − 2
(iii) To solve cos x − sin x = 0.1 for 0  x  360°
2 cos ( x + 45° ) = 0.1

⇒ cos ( x + 45°) = 0.1 = 0.07071…

2
⇒ x + 45° = cos −1 0.07071… = 85.945° or 274.055°

⇒ x = 40.9°  or 229.1°

44
9 (i) 2 sin x − 3cos x = R sin( x − α ) = R sin x cos α − R cos x sin α


Comparing the two expressions gives:
R cos α = 2,  R sin α = 3
8
1
Solving, by squaring and adding to get R, and dividing to get α , gives:
R = 2 2 + 3 2 = 13 , tan α = 3 ⇒ α = arctan 3 = 0.983

Chapter 8
2 2
So, 2 sin x − 3cos x = 13 sin ( x − 0.983)
(ii) Using the previous result:

1 Trigonometric
1

Proof
 f( x ) = k + 2 sin x − 3cos x

=  1  
k + 13sin ( x − 0.983)
This is a minimum when sin ( x − 0.983) is a maximum, 1
This only occurs once in the interval as sin ( x − 0.983) is periodic with period 2π .

identities
So, the minimum value of f( x ) = 1
k + 13
(iii) The minimum value is 1
2
1 = 1 ⇒ k + 13 = 2 ⇒ k = 2 − 13
k + 13 2

10 tan θ = a  
b
Using Pythagoras theorem:
sin θ = a , cos θ = b
2 2
a +b a + b2
2

So, cos 2θ = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ = b2 − a2 2ab

2 2 2 2 and sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ = 2
a +b a +b a + b2
Substituting:
2 2
 
a cos 2θ − b sin 2θ = a  2 b 2 − 2 a 2  − b   22ab 2 
a + b a +b  a + b 

(
= 2 1 2 ab 2 − a 3 − 2ab 2
a +b
)
=
(
−a a 2 + b 2 )
2 2
a +b
= −a

11 Use tan 2 A = 2 tan A and tan 30° = 1

1 − tan 2 A 3
Let t = tan15° and substitute into the double angle identity:
1 = 2t 2
3 1−t
⇒ 1 − t 2 = 2 3t
⇒ t 2 + 2 3t − 1 = 0
Completing the square:
(t + 3 ) − 1 − 3 = 0 
2

(t + 3) = 4
2

  t+ 3 = ±2
t = ±2 − 3
tan15° > 0, tan15° = 2 − 3 45
12 Solving cos 2θ − sin θ − 1 = 0, use the substitution for cos 2θ that involves sin θ to get
a quadratic in sin θ .
1 − 2 sin 2 θ − sin θ − 1 = 0
8
1
⇒ −2 sin 2 θ − sin θ = 0
⇒ sin θ ( 2 sin θ + 1) = 0

Chapter 8
Either
sin θ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0, π , 2π

1 Trigonometric
Or

Proof
2 sin θ + 1 = 0 ⇒ sin θ = − 1 ⇒ θ = 7π , 11π
2 6 6

13 (i)   3 cos x + sin x   in the form R cos( x − α ) = R ( cos  x  cos α + sin x sin α )
Equating coefficients:
3 = R cos α ,  1 = R sin α ⇒ R = 2

identities
tan α = 1 ⇒ α = 30°
3
3 cos x + sin x   = 2 cos ( x − 30° )
(ii)   2 cos ( x − 30° ) = 2

⇒ cos ( x − 30°) = 1
2
⇒ x − 30° = 360°k ± 45° (k = 0 or 1) = 45°, 315°
⇒ x = 75°, 345°

14 Using the compound angle identity:

( 6 )
cos θ + π = cos θ cos π − sin θ sin π
6 6
= 3 cos θ − 1 sin θ
2 2

( ) (
2 sin θ + π = 2 sin θ cos π + cos θ sin π
3 3 3 )

= sin θ + 3 cos θ
Solving the equation, having substituted:
3 cos θ − 1 sin θ = sin θ + 3 cos θ
2 2

⇒   3 sin θ + 3 cos θ = 0
2 2
⇒ 3 sin θ + 3 cos θ = 0
⇒ cos θ (3 tan θ + 3) = 0
Either
cos θ = 0, θ = ± π
2
Or
3 tan θ + 3 = 0, tan θ = − 3 , θ = − π ,  5π
3 6 6
π π
−π  θ  π ,  θ = − , − , ,  π 5 π
2 6 2 6

46
Mark scheme
Answer Marks Guidance
8
1
1 sin 2θ = sin θ cos θ + cos θ sin θ M1 Substitutes A = B = θ into
compound angle identity

Chapter 8
2 sin θ cos θ A1 Answer given
2 cos 2θ = cos θ cos θ − sin θ sin θ M1 Substitutes A = B = θ into
   = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ

1 Trigonometric
compound angle identity

Proof
(
   = cos 2θ − 1 − cos 2θ ) M1 Uses identity
   = 2cos 2θ − 1 A1 Answer given

3 cos ( x − α ) = 1,  x − α = 0 M1 Identifies maximum value of 1

Maximum is (α ,  R ) A1 Both correct

identities
 
4 Translation by α B1 Identifies translation
 0 
Stretch by a factor R M1 Identifies stretch and scale
factor
Parallel to the y-axis A1 All correct
5 3θ = θ M1 Identifies principal solution
3θ = nπ + θ ,  n = 0, 1,  2,  3,  … M1 Generalises
θ = 0, π2 , π A1 One correct
A1 All correct

6 = sin ( 45° + 30° ) − sin ( 45° − 30° ) M1 Converts to compound angle

form
= 2 cos 45° sin 30° M1 Simplifies expanded form
= 2× 1 ×1 M1 Substitutes values
2 2
= 2
2 A1 cao

7 cos4θ = 2cos 2 2θ − 1 M1 Uses cos version of identity

(
= 2 2cos 2θ − 1 )2 − 1 M1 Uses cos version again
= 8cos 4θ − 8cos 2θ + 1 A1 Answer given

8 (i) R(cos x cos α − sin x sin α ),  R, α > 0 M1 Uses identity
R cos α = 1,  R sin α = 1 M1 Solves equations
R = 2 A1 Correct R
α = 45° A1 Correct angle
(ii) − 2 B1 cao
cos ( x + 45°) = 0.1 (= 0.07071…) M1 Uses previous result
(iii)
2
x + 45° = 85.945° or 274.055° M1 Finds solutions in range
x = 40.9°   or 229.1° A1 One correct
A1 Both correct

47
 Answer Marks Guidance
9 (i) R sin x cos α − R cos x sin α M1 Uses identity 8
1
R cos α = 2,  R sin α = 3 M1 Solves equations
R = 2 2 + 32 = 13 A1 Correct R

Chapter 8
α = arctan 23 = 0.983 A1 Accept either version

  1  
(ii) M1 Uses previous result

1 Trigonometric
k + 13sin ( x − 0.983)

Proof
minimum when sin ( x − 0.983) = 1 M1 Identifies when minimum
occurs
1 A1 Correct
k + 13
1 M1 Forms equation
(iii) = 1
k + 13 2

identities
k = 2 − 13 A1 Fully correct

10 sin θ = a    B1 Expression for sin θ

a + b2
2

cos θ = b
B1 Expression for cos θ
a + b2
2
2 2
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ = b − a M1 Uses trig identities for
a2 + b2 a2 + b2 cos 2θ , sin 2θ

2 sin θ cos θ = 2ab A1 Correct

a + b2
2

M1 Simplifies
a cos(2θ ) − b sin(2θ ) = 1
a +b
2
( 3
2 ab − a − 2ab
2
2
)
       = −a A1 cao
tan 30°
11 tan 30° = 1 B1
3
tan 2 A = 2 tan A2 M1 Uses trig identity
1 − tan A
2
tan 15° + 2 3 tan15° − 1 = 0 M1 Forms quadratic
A1 Correct quadratic
tan15° = 2 − 3 M1 Solves quadratic
A1 Selects positive solution
12 1 − 2 sin 2 θ − sin θ − 1 = 0 M1 Uses appropriate identity
2
⇒ −2 sin θ − sin θ = 0 A1 Correct equation
⇒ sin θ ( 2 sin θ + 1) = 0 M1 Factorises expression
sin θ = 0 M1 Solves equation
⇒ θ = 0,  π ,  2π A1 All three values, expressed
exactly
2 sin θ + 1 = 0 ⇒ θ = 7π ,  11π A1 Both values
6 6
13 (i) 3 = R cos α   M1 Uses identity
 1 = R sin α M1 Solves equations
2 cos ( x − 30° ) A1 Value for R
A1 Value for angle
48
 Answer Marks Guidance
(ii) cos ( x − 30° ) = 1
2
M1 Uses result from part (i) 9
1
x − 30° = 45°, 315° M1 Derives second value
x = 75°,  345° A1 Both correct

Chapter 9
14 ( 6 )
cos θ + π = 3 cos θ − 1 sin θ
2 2 M1 Uses identity

( )
2 sin θ + π = sin θ + 3 cos θ

1 Further
3 M1 Uses identity

Proof Differentiation
3 cos θ − 1 sin θ = sin θ + 3 cos θ
2 2 M1 Substitutes to form equation
3 sin θ + 3 cos θ = 0 A1 Correct equation
cos θ (3 tan θ + 3) = 0 M1 Factorises
Either
cos θ = 0 M1 Solves for cos
θ = ± π2 A1 Correct values
Or
3 tan θ + 3 = 0 M1 Solves for tan
θ = − π6 ,  56π A1 Fully correct

9 Further Differentiation
1 If y = ln x   then x = e y
dx = e y = x
dy
dy  dx  −1 1
= =
dx  dy  x
So, the derivative of y = ln x  is 1
x
2 y = sin kx  
= k cos kx = 0  when kx = π
dy

dx 2
⇒x = π π
= so k = 3
2k 6
3 y = ln 2x
The curve cuts the x-axis when:
y = 0 ⇒  ln 2x = 0 ⇒  2x = e 0 = 1 ⇒ x = 1
2
dy
= 2 = 1 = 2  when x = 1
dx 2x x 2
So, the gradient is 2 where the curve crosses the x-axis.
4 y = x cos x
Differentiating the product with respect to x:
dy
= cos x − x sin x
dx
For a stationary point:
cos x − x sin x = 0
49
 Rearranging gives:
x sin x = cos x
Dividing both sides by sin x gives:
9
1
  x = cot x as required

Chapter 9
5 Differentiating ax 2 − by 2 = c implicitly with respect to x:
dy
2ax − 2by =0
dx

1 Further
Rearranging gives:

Proof Differentiation
dy ax
=
dx by
6 Differentiating gives:
dy 2
= −2x  ke 1− x
dx
This is zero when x = 0
f ( 0 ) = ke = 1,  so k = 1
e

7 If y = tan −1 3x  then 3x = tan y

Differentiating with respect to y:
dx = 1 sec 2 y
dy 3
Using a Pythagorean identity:
dx = 1 (1 + tan 2 y ) 
dy 3
Substituting:
(
dx = 1 1 + ( 3 x ) 2
dy 3 )
Using the chain rule:
dy  dx  −1 3
= =
dx  dy  1 + 9x 2
8 If y = sin −1 x ,  then x = sin y
Differentiating with respect to y:
dx = cos y
dy
Using a Pythagorean identity:
dx = 1 − (sin y ) 2
dy
Substituting:
dx = 1 − x 2
dy
Using the chain rule:
dy  dx  −1 1
= =
dx  dy  1 − x2
dy
9 (i) Differentiating  = cos x − k(sec x ) 2 = 0 at stationary points gives:
dx
cos x − k  (cos x ) −2 = 0, (cos x ) 3 = k
since cos x   1 , this will only have solutions for −1 k 1 

(ii) (cos x ) 3 = 1 , cos x = 1 ,   x = π ,  5π in the given interval.

8 2 3 3
50
10 Differentiating y = x ln x   with respect to x gives:

dy
dx
= x × 1 + ln x = 1 + ln x
x
9
1
Stationary point:
dy
= 0 ⇒ ln x = −1 ⇒ x = e −1 = 1

Chapter 9
dx e
Is it a minimum?
d 2y 1 −1
2 = x = e > 0 when x = e , so it is a minimum.

1 Further
dx

Proof Differentiation
Minimum value is y = e −1 ln e −1 = −e −1 = − 1
e
11 (i) Differentiating 3x 2 + 4 y 2 = 12  implicitly with respect to x gives:
dy dy
6x + 8y =0⇒ = − 3x
dx dx 4y

When x = 1,  4 y 2 = 9 ⇒ y = ± 9 = ± 3

4 2

( )
Equation of tangent at 1, 3   has gradient − 3 = − 1
2 6 2

So, equation is y = − 1 x + 2
2

( )3
Equation of tangent at 1, − 2  has gradient 3 = 1
6 2
So, equation is y = 1 x − 2
2
(ii) Tangents meet when − 1 x + 2 = 1 x − 2 ⇒ x = 4,  y = 0 (i.e. on the x-axis).
2 2
2 2 2
12 (i) x + y = r is the equation of the circle.
So, differentiating implicitly with respect to x gives:
dy
2x + 2y = 0  
dx
dy
So, the gradient is = −x
dx y
At (a, b) the gradient of the tangent is − a
b
Using the product of gradient of perpendicular lines is -1, the gradient of the normal is b
a
Using y − y1 = m ( x − x 1 ):

y − b = b (x − a)
a
Rearranging gives:
y = bx
a
(ii) The equation of the normal is y = b x which passes through (0, 0) – the centre of the circle.
a
13 y = x 2 ln( x + 1)
Differentiating with respect to x gives:
dy 2
= 2x ln ( x + 1) + x
dx x +1
x = t 2 − 2t
Differentiating with respect to t gives:
  dx = 2t − 2
dt
51
 Using the chain rule:

dy dy dx 
dt
= ×
dx dt  x +
2

1

=  2x ln ( x + 1) + x  ( 2t − 2 )

9
1
When t = 3,  x = 3 :

dy
( )
= 4 6 ln 4 +   9 = 24 ln 4 + 9

Chapter 9
dt 4

14 y = e x sin 3x

1 Further
Differentiating the product gives:

Proof Differentiation
dy
= e x × 3cos 3x + e x sin 3x = e x (3cos 3x + sin 3x )
dx
Differentiating y = cos 2t gives:
dy
= −2 sin 2t
dt
Using the chain rule:
dy dy −2 sin 2t
dx = ÷ =
dt dt dx e x ( sin 3x + 3cos 3x )

For x to be stationary, dx = 0 .
dt
dy dy
When t = 2π ,  = 0, ≠ 0 , so dx = 0 as required.
dt dx dt

Mark scheme
Answer Marks Guidance
1 x = ey M1 Uses inverse function
dx = e y = x
dy M1 Differentiates inverse function

−1
dy  dx 
=   = 1 as required A1 Uses chain rule and states conclusion
dx  dy  x

dy
2 = k cos kx = 0  M1 Differentiates
dx
x = π M1 Solves equation
2k
k = 3 A1 Finds k

3 x = 1 B1 Identifies intercept
2
dy
= 2 M1 Differentiates
dx 2x
2 A1 cao
dy
4 = cos x − x sin x M1 Differentiates product
dx
   = 0 A1 Correct

x sin x = cos x M1 Uses condition for stationary point

x = cot x A1 States conclusion

52
 Answer Marks Guidance

5 2ax − 2by
dy
=0 M1 Differentiates implicitly
9
1
dx
A1 Correct expression
dy ax
= A1 cao

Chapter 9
dx by
6 dy 2 M1 Differentiates
= −2x  ke 1− x
dx

1 Further
=0⇒x =0

Proof Differentiation
f ( 0 ) = ke = 1 M1 Solves equation

k = 1  A1 cao
e
7 3x = tan y M1 Uses inverse function

dx = 1 sec 2 y M1 Differentiates
dy 3

3 ( )3 (
1 1 + tan 2 y =   1 1 + 3x 2
( ) ) M1 Uses trig identity

dy  dx  −1 3
= = A1 Correct expression
dx  dy  1 + 9x 2

dx
8 x = sin y , dy = cos y M1 Uses inverse function to differentiate

dx = 1 − (sin y ) 2 M1 Uses trig identity

dy
dy  dx  −1 M1 Uses chain rule
=
dx  dy 

= 1 A1 All correct
1 − x2
dy
9 (i) = cos x − k(sec x ) 2 ( = 0) M1 Differentiates
dx
(cos x ) 3 = k M1 Uses condition for stationary points
−1 k 1 as required A1 oe

(ii) cos x = 1     M1 Solves equation

2

x = π ,  5π A1 Both values
3 3
dy
10 = x × 1 + ln x = 1 + ln x M1 Differentiates product
dx x
A1 Correct
dy M1 Uses condition for stationary point
= 0, ln x = −1
dx
x = e −1 = 1 A1 Correct value for x
e

53
 Answer Marks Guidance
d 2y 1 −1 M1 Checks for minimum 9
1
2 = x = e when x = e >0
dx
Minimum value is − 1 A1 Finds minimum value
e

Chapter 9
dy
11 (i) 6x + 8y =0 M1 Differentiates implicitly
dx

1 Further
dy
= − 3x A1 Correct expression for gradient

Proof Differentiation
dx 4y

 y = ± 3 M1 Finds y-values
2
M1 Finds tangent equations

y = −1x + 2 A1 oe; allow ft

2

y = 1x − 2 A1 oe; allow ft
2

(ii) −1x + 2 = 1x − 2 M1 Solves simultaneously

2 2
x = 4,  y = 0  i.e. on x-axis A1 Draws conclusion
dy
12 (i) 2x + 2y = 0   M1 Differentiates implicitly
dx
dy
= −x A1 Finds expression for gradient
dx y
At (a, b) the gradient of the tangent is − a B1 Substitutes coordinates
b
b
gradient of normal is a M1 Uses perpendicular gradient
property

y − b = b (x − a) M1 Finds equation of straight line

a

y = bx A1 Correct answer
a
(ii) The equation of the normal is y = b x B1 Or other appropriate explanation
a
which passes through (0, 0) – the centre of
the circle
dy 2
13 = 2x ln ( x + 1) + x M1 A1 Differentiates product with respect
dx x +1
to x

  dx = 2t − 2 M1 Differentiates with respect to t

dt
dy dy dx
= × =
dt dx dt

 x2  M1 Uses the chain rule

 2x ln ( x + 1) + x + 1 ( 2t − 2 )

t = 3,  x = 3  A1 All correct

dy A1 Evaluates rate of change

= 24 ln 4 + 9
dt
54
 Answer Marks Guidance

14
dy
= e x × 3cos 3x + e x sin 3x M1 A1 Differentiates the product
10
1
dx

dy M1 Differentiates y
= −2 sin 2t

Chapter 10
dt
dx = dy ÷ dy
dt dt dx

1 Proof
= −2 sin 2t M1 Uses the chain rule

Integration
e ( sin 3x + 3cos 3x )
x

For x to be stationary requires dx = 0 M1 Uses condition for stationary points

dt
dy dy
When t = 2π ,  = 0, ≠ 0 , so dx = 0 A1 Correct conclusion AG
dt dx dt
as required

10 Integration
1 Using the formula ∫ e kx dx = 1 e kx + c:
k
1
∫ 0 5e 3x dx = 53 e 3x 0
1

= 5 e3 − 5 e0
3 3
5
= (e 3 − 1)
3
2 Using the formulae ∫ cos kx dx = k1 sin kx + c and ∫ sin kx dx = − k1 cos kx + c :
1 2
∫ (cos 3x + 2 sin 3x ) d x = 3 sin 3x − 3 cos 3x + c
3 Using the result ∫ sec 2 x dx = tan x + c :

π π

∫ sec 2 2t dt =  21 tan 2t06

0
6

= 1 tan π − 0
2 3
= 1 3
2
4 Integrating powers of x:
5
2
  t3
∫  2t − 3t 3  dt = t − 3 × 5 + c
2

3 ()
5
= t2 − 9t3 + c
5

55
5 Using the substitution u = 5 − 2t :
du = −2
dt 10
1
() ( )
∫ 5 −1 2t dt = ∫ u1 × − 21 du
= − 1 ln u + c

Chapter 10
2
= − 1 ln (5 − 2t ) + c
2

1 Proof
You can just recognise this integral and write down the answer; take care with the factor of − 1

Integration
2
6 Integrating by parts with u = ln x, dv = 1:
dx
du 1
= , v = x
dx x

∫ ln x dx = x ln x − ∫ ( x1 )x dx
= x ln x − ∫ 1 dx
= x ln x − x + c
Notice the question requires the use of integration. Had the question asked ‘Show that …’ then
differentiation of the answer to get ln x would also be a valid method.

7 f ( x ) = ∫ f ' ( x ) dx = ∫ x (3 + x 2 )
4
dx

You can just write the integral down if you recognise the form of the integral; otherwise, use the
substitution u = 3 + x 2 .
du = 2x
dx

∫u
4
( 21 ) du = 101 u 5
10 (
+ c = 1 3 + x2 )5 + c
f (0) = 24 = 1 3 5 + c = 243 + c
10 10

c =− 3
10

Giving f ( x ) = 1 3 + x 2 ( ) − 3
5
10 10

8 Partial fractions:
3t + 6 = A + B
t (t + 3 ) t (t + 3 )
3t + 6 = A (t + 3) + Bt
When t = 0 , 6 = A ( 0 + 3), giving A = 2

When t = −3 , −9 + 6 = B ( −3), giving B = 1

∫ t 3(tt ++ 36) dt = ∫ ( 2t + t +1 3 ) dt
= 2 ln t + ln (t + 3) + ln a ∗
(
= ln at 2 (t + 3) )
∗Note: + c can be written in the form ln a.

56
 ∫ 0 (5x + 3) dx
1 5

10
1
9
Using the substitution u = 5x + 3 :

du = 5
dx

Chapter 10
When x = 0, u = 3
When x = 1, u = 8
8 8

1 Proof
∫3 ( )
8  6  6
Integral becomes u 5 1 du = 1  u  =  u 
5 5 6   30  3

Integration
3

 6 8
Substituting limits = u 
 30 3
 6  6
= 8  − 3 
 30   30 
52 283
= as required.
6

10 Curves intersect when x 3 + 2x 2 − 3x + 1 = 2x 2 + x + 1

x 3 − 4x = 0
x ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) = 0
x = 0, ± 2

∫ 0 ((2x 2 + x + 1) − (x 3 + 2x 2 − 3x + 1)) dx
2
Required area =

∫ 0 (4x − x 3 ) dx
2
=

 2 x 4 2
= 2 x − 
 4
0
 4
= 2 × 2 2 − 2  − 0
 4
= 8−4
=4

11 Using the substitution u = ln x:

du = 1 so du = 1 dx
dx x x

∫ x1 ln x dx = ∫ u du
= 1 u2 + c
2
= 1 ( ln x ) + c
2
2
12 Using the substitution u = 4 + 2 sin 3x:
du = 6 cos 3x , so du = 6 cos 3x dx
dx
When x = 0, u = 4

When x = π , u = 6
6

57
 π
∫ 06 4 +cos2 sin 6 ∫4 u
3x dx = 1 1 du 6
3x
6
10
1
=  1 ln u
6 4
= 1 ( ln 6 − ln 4 )

Chapter 10
6
= 1 ln 6
6 4 ()
= 1 ln 3 ()

1 Proof
6 2

Integration
13 y = 4 x − x 2 x crosses x-axis when y = 0

(
x 4 − x2 = 0 )
x = 0, ± 2
 21 5
∫ (4 )
x − x 2 x dx = ∫
 4 x − x 2 dx


3 7

=4x − x +c
2 2

3
2
7
2() ()
3 7
= 8x2 − 2x2 + c
3 7

∫ 0 (4 )
2
Area above the axis is given by x − x 2 x dx .
2
 3 7

∫0 ( )
2
4 x − x 2 x dx =  8 x 2 − 2 x 2 
 3 7 0
3 7
 
=  8 × 22 − 2 × 22  − 0
3 7 
= 8 × 2 2 − 2 × 23 2
3 7
= 64 2
21

∫ 2 (4 )
4
Negative area below the axis is given by x − x 2 x dx .
4
 3 7

∫2 (4 )
4
x−x 2
x dx =  8 x 2 − 2 x 2 
 3 7 2

( )
3 7
 
=  8 × 4 2 − 2 × 4 2  − 64 2
 3 7  21

(
= 8 × 8 − 2 × 128 − 64 2
3 7 21 )
= − 320 − 64 2
21 21

Total area = 64 2 + − 320 − 64 2

21 21 21

= 320 + 128 2
21 21

58
14 Expanding the brackets before integrating:

∫ (e x + 2 )
2
dx = ∫ ((e x ) + 4e x + 4) dx
2
10
1
= ∫ (e 2x + 4e x + 4) dx
= 1 e 2 x + 4e x + 4 x + c

Chapter 10
2

15 Using the trigonometrical identity cos 2 A = 1 − 2 sin 2 A with A = 2x :

1 Proof
∫ 6 sin 2 2x dx = ∫ 3 (1 − cos 4x ) dx

Integration

= 3x − 3 sin 4 x + c
4
2
∫ 0 5xe x
2
16 (i) dx

Using the substitution u = x 2:

du = 2x
dx
When x = 0, u = 0
When x = 2, u = 4

∫0 (5e ) 2 du
4
u 1
So, the integral becomes
4
∫0 (5e ) 2 du =  2 e  0
4 u 1 5 u

(
= 5 e4 − e0
2 )
5
(
= e4 − 1
2 )
dv = e 2 x
∫ 0 5xe 2x dx integration by parts with u = 5x,
2
(ii)
dx

du = 5, v = 1 e 2 x
dx 2
2
∫ 0 5xe 2x dx =  52 xe 2x 0 − ∫ 0 52 e 2x dx
2 2

2 2
=  5 xe 2 x  −  5 e 2 x 
2 0  4 0

(
= 5e 4 − 5 e 4 − 0 − 5
4 4 ) ( )
= 15 e 4 + 5
4 4

17 Method 1
Using double angle formula sin 2 A = 2 sin A cos A :
π π
∫ 0
2 12 sin x cos x dx = ∫ 0
2 6 sin 2 x dx
π
 − 6 cos 2x  2 = ( −3cos π ) − ( −3cos 0 )
 2  0
= 3+3
=6

59
 Method 2
Using the substitution u = sin x (notice u = cos x would work in the
same way):
10
1
du = cos x
dx

Chapter 10
When x = 0, u = 0
When x = π , u = sin π = 1
2 2 ()

1 Proof
π
∫ ∫ 0 12u du
1
2 12 sin x cos x dx =

Integration
0
1
= 6u 2 
0
=6

π π
18 ∫ π2 cot x dx = ∫ π
2 cos x dx use the substitution u = sin x
4 4
sin x

du = cos x so du = cos x dx
dx

4 ()
When x = π , u = sin π = 1
4 2

When x = π , u = sin ( π ) = 1
2 2

∫ 1 (u1) du
π
∫ π42 cos x dx = 1
sin x 2

[ ln u ]11 = ln1 − ln 12
2
1
= − ln ( 2 ) − 2
= 1 ln 2
2

19 (i) ∫ 6x 1 − 2x dx using the substitution u = 1 − 2x:

du = −2
dx
Rearranging 2x = 1 − u:

∫ 3 (1 − u) (− 21 ) u 2 du
1
∫ 6x 1 − 2 x dx =
 1
= 3
2 ∫ − (1 − u) u 2  du
 23 1
= 3
2 ∫  u − u 2 du



(ii) Curve crosses the x-axis when y = 6x 1 − 2x = 0

So, x = 0, 0.5

∫0
0.5
Area given by 6x 1 − 2x d x
When x = 0, u = 1
When x = 0.5, u = 0 60
 0 3 1

A = 3 ∫  u 2 − u 2  du
2 1  10
1
0
 52 3
3 u
=  − u 2

2 5 3

Chapter 10
2 2 1
0
 52 3
2
3
=  2u − 2u 
2 5 3 

1 Proof
 1

Integration
 3 
 5

= 3  (0) − 2 × 12 − 2 × 12 
2  5 3  
  

= 3× 4
2 15
= 2
5
20 Using partial fractions (take care with the form of the answer):

3x 2 − x = A + B + C
( 3x + 1) 2 ( x + 1) ( 3x + 1) ( 3x + 1) 2 ( x + 1)
3x 2 − x = A ( 3x + 1)( x + 1) + B ( x + 1) + C ( 3x + 1) 2

Substituting x = −1 gives 3 ( −1) 2 − ( −1) = 4 = C ( −2 ) 2

So, C = 1

( ) ( ) ( )
2
Substituting x = − 1 gives 3 × − 1 − − 1 = 2 = B − 1 + 1
3 3 3 3 3
So, B = 1
Equating the coefficient of x2 gives 3 = 3 A + 9C
So, A = 3 − 9
3
= −2

3x 2 − x  2 1 1 
∫ ( 3x + 1)2 ( x + 1) dx = ∫  − ( 3x + 1) + ( 3x + 1)2 + ( x + 1) d x
( 3x + 1) −1
= − 2 ln ( 3x + 1) + 1 + ln ( x + 1) + c
3 3 ( −1)
 ( x + 1) 
1
= ln   − +c
 ( 3x + 1) 23  3 ( 3x + 1)

21 (i) Using the substitution u = ln x:

du = 1
dx x

∫ x ln1 x dx = ∫ ( ln1x ) 1 dx
x

= ∫ u1 du
= ln u + c
= ln ( ln x ) + c

61
 (ii) ∫
e
e2
( 1
x ln x ) e2
dx = [ ln ( ln x )]e
10
1
( (
= ln ln e 2
)) − ( ln ( ln e ))
= ln 2 − ln1

Chapter 10
= ln 2
22 Curve crosses the x-axis when y = 0
y = x 2 sin x = 0

1 Proof
x = 0, or sin x = 0

Integration
x = 0, or π
π
area = ∫ 0 x 2 sin x dx
Integrating by parts:
u = x2 dv = sin x
dx
du
= 2x and v = − cos x
dx
π π π
∫ 0 x 2 sin x dx = −x 2 cos x0 + ∫ 0 2x cos x dx
Integrating by parts again:
u = 2x dv = cos x
dx
du
= 2 and v = sin x
dx
π π
= −x 2 cos x  + [ 2x sin x ] 0π −
0
∫ 0 (2 sin x ) dx
π
= −x 2 cos x  + [ 2x sin x ] 0π + [ 2 cos x ] 0π
0

= −π 2 (−1) + 0 + (−2) − (0 + 0 + 2)
= π2 − 4

Mark scheme
Answer Marks Guidance
 5 e 3x 1 = 5 e 3 − 5 e 0 = 5 e 3 − 1
1  3 0 3 3 3 ( ) B1 Indefinite integral correct
M1 Uses limits
A1 Any exact form
1 sin 3x − 2 cos 3x + c
2 3 3 M1 Correct form; allow sign errors and
incorrect coefficients
A1 First term correct
A1 Second term correct
π M1 Allow for k tan 2t
3  1 tan 2t  6 = 1 tan π − 0 = 1 3
 2  0 2 3 2 M1 Uses limits
A1 Exact answer needed
5
3 5 B1 For first term
4 t − 3 × t + c = t2 − 9t3 + c
2

()
5
5 5 M1 For kt 3 seen
3
A1 Second term fully correct

62
 Answer Marks Guidance
5 ∫ 5 −1 2t dt = − 21 ln (5 − 2t ) = c M1 Allow for lnu or ln(5 - 2t) seen 10
1
M1 Allow for factor of − 1 in answer or
2
du

Chapter 10
dt
A1 Fully correct
6 Integration by parts with:

1 Proof
u = ln x, dv = 1
dx M1 Uses factor of 1 for dv

Integration
dx
du = 1 , v = x
dx x
M1 Uses the formula for integration by
x ()
x ln x − ∫ 1 x dx = x ln x − ∫ 1dx parts
= x ln x − x + c A1

7 f (x ) = 1 × 1 3 + x 2
2 5 ( )5 + c M1 ( )5
Allow for u 5 or 3 + x 2 seen

M1 Allow for factor of 1 soi

2
f (0) = 24 = 1 3 5 + c = 243 + c A1 All correct including + c
10 10
3 M1 Uses f ( 0 )
c =−
10
(
f (x ) = 1 3 + x 2 − 3 )
5
A1
10 10
3t + 6 = A + B
8 t (t + 3 ) t (t + 3 ) M1 Attempts to use partial fractions
A = 2, B = 1 A1 Both coefficients correct

∫(t )
2+ 1 dt = 2 ln t + ln (t + 3) + ln a M1 At least one ln term seen
t+3
A1 All correct including +c oe
M1 At least one law of logs used
ln(at2(t + 3)) A1 All correct; allow use of e c
9 Use the substitution u = 5x + 3 M1 Need not be explicitly seen; may be
implied
8 8

∫3 (u )
8 5 1 du = 1  u 6  =  u 6  Factor of 1 or du = 5 must be seen
5 5  6   30  A1 5 dx
3 3

B1 Integrates the power correctly

 6  6
= 8  − 3  M1 Use of limits (for x or u) must be
 30   30  explicitly seen
52 283 B1 Conclusion stated
=
6
10 x 3 + 2 x 2 − 3x + 1 = 2 x 2 + x + 1 M1 Attempts to find the limits
x = 0, ± 2 A1 Condone -2 missing

∫0 (( 2x ) ( ))
2 2
+ x + 1 − x 3 + 2x 2 − 3x + 1 dx M1 Allow difference of two integrals;
allow sign reversed

63
 Answer Marks Guidance

=

∫ 0 (4 x − x 3 ) dx = 2x 2 − x4 
2 4 2 M1 Attempts to integrate 10
1
0
  4
= 2 × 2 2 − 2  − 0 = 8 − 4 = 4 M1 Use of limits seen

Chapter 10
 4 
A1 Do not allow for -4
11 Use the substitution u = ln x M1 May be implied by answer of the
du = 1 1 form k ( ln x ) 2

1 Proof
dx x so du = x dx

Integration
∫ x1 ln x dx = ∫ u du M1 Integrates

= 1 u 2 + c = 1 ( ln x ) 2 + c A1 Must include + c
2 2
12 Use the substitution u = 4 + 2 sin 3x M1 Uses the substitution (may be
implied)
du = 6 cos 3x
dx A1 Allow for factor of 1 seen
6
When x = 0, u = 4 M1 Changes limits or substitutes back in
When x = π , u = 6
terms of x
6

∫ ( 4 + 2 sin 3x ) dx = 6 ∫ ( u ) du =  6 ln u 
π 6
6 cos 3x 1 1 61 M1 lnu or ln (4 + 2 sin 3x ) seen
0 4 4

= 1 ( ln 6 − ln 4 ) = 1 ln ( 6 ) = 1 ln ( 3 ) M1 Limits for x or u used

6 6 4 6 2
A1 Answer given
13 (
x 4 − x2 = 0 ) B1 Finds point of intersection with
x-axis; need not be explicit; allow
x = 0, ± 2
for use of 2 as limit
 21 5
2  dx B1 Rewrites with correct fractional
∫  4 x − x  powers
3 7
3 7
= 4 x − x + c = 8x2 − 2x2 + c
2 2
M1 Attempts to integrate; allow without
3
2 () ()
7
2
3 7
simplifying

Dividing the area into two separate integrals

 8 23 2 72 2 8 3
2
7
3 x − 7 x  = 3 × 22 − 7 × 22  − 0 M1 Need not be combined correctly for
 0   this mark
= 64 2 A1 Exact answer needed; any form,
21
7 4
including index form
 3
= 8 x 2 − 2 x 2  = − 320 − 64 2 A1 Exact answer must include surd form
3 7 
2
21 21

total area =
64 2 + − 320 − 64 2 = 320 + 128 2 A1 cao
21 21 21 21 21

∫ (e x + 2 ) (
dx = ∫ e 2 x + 4e x + 4 dx )
2
14 M1 Expands bracket
  M1 Integrates at least one exponential term
= 1 e 2 x + 4e x + 4 x + c A1 First term correct
2
A1 Other terms correct, including +c
64
 Answer Marks Guidance
15 ∫ 6 sin 2 2x dx = ∫ 3 (1 − cos 4x ) dx M1 Uses double angle formula 10
1
A1 All correct
= 3x − 3 sin 4 x + c
4 M1 Attempts to integrate both terms

Chapter 10
A1 All correct; condone missing +c

∫0 (5e ) 2 du
4 u 1
16 (i) M1 Substitutes to get ∫ ke u du

1 Proof
4
=  5 e u  A1 Factor 1 seen or du = 2x
 2 0 2 dx

Integration
A1 All correct
= 5 e4 − e0
2 ( ) M1 Uses new limits, or rewrites in terms
of x and original limits used
5
= e4 − 1
2 ( ) A1 Exact answer needed
(ii) u = 5 x , dv = e 2 x M1 Uses integration by parts
dx
du = 5, v = 1 e 2 x
dx 2

∫0  5 xe 2 x 2 −
∫ 0 ( 52 e 2x ) dx
2
2x 2
5 xe d x = A1 First term correct in a two term
 2 0
expression
2 2
=  5 xe 2 x  −  5 e 2 x  A1 Second term correct
2 0  4 0

(
= 5e 4 − 5 e 4 − 0 − 5
4 4 ) ( ) M1 Uses limits

= 15 e 4 + 5 A1 oe exact answer required

4 4
17 Method 1 using double angle formula
π π
M1 Uses double angle
∫ (12 sin x cos x ) ∫ ( 6 sin 2x )
2 2
dx = dx
0 0 A1 Correct integrand
π
− 6 cos 2x  2 M1 Integration attempted
 2 0
= (−3cos π ) − (−3cos 0) M1 Uses limits
=6 A1
Method 2 using substitution u = sin x
du = cos x M1 Uses substitution
dx
When x = 0, u = 0 M1 Changes limits or substitutes back

When x = π , u = sin π = 1
2 2 ()
π 1
∫ (12 sin x cos x ) ∫0 12u du
2
dx = A1 Correct integrand
0
1
= 6u 2  M1 Uses limits (either x or u)
0
=6 A1

( cos
sin x )
π π
x dx
∫π ( cot x ) ∫
2 2
18 dx = π M1 Uses trig identity
4 4
du = cos x so du = cos x dx M1 Uses substitution
dx

65
 Answer Marks Guidance

When x = π , u = sin π = 1 () 10
1
4 4 2
B1 Limits seen
When x = π , u = sin π = 1
2 2 ()

Chapter 10
∫ 1 (u1) du
π
∫ cos x dx = 1
2
π sin x
4 2

1 Proof
1
[ ln u ] 1 A1 lnu seen

Integration
2

= ln1 − ln 1 M1 Uses limits

2
1
= − ln ( 2 ) − 2 = 1 ln 2 A1 Must be in form k ln 2
2
19 (i)
∫ 3 (1 − u ) −
2 ( )
1 u 21 du B1 Substitutes for 6x any form

B1 For factor − 1 and du seen

2
 3 1

= 3 ∫  u 2 − u 2  du B1 Answer given
2  
0.5
(ii) ∫0 (6x 1 − 2x ) d x B1 Limits 0 and 0.5 seen
0
0 3 1  52 3
2
M1 Integrates powers
3  3 2u 2u
A = ∫  u 2 − u 2  du =  −  A1
2 1  2 5 3 
 1
  5 3 
3  ( 0 ) −  2 × 1 2 − 2 × 1 2  = 2 M1 Uses limits
2  5 3  5
   A1 oe

20 3x 2 − x = A + B B1 Correct form of partial fractions

( 3x + 1) 2 ( x + 1) ( 3x + 1) ( 3x + 1) 2
+ C
( x + 1)
3x 2 − x = A ( 3x + 1)( x + 1) + B ( x + 1) M1 Multiplies by denominator
+C ( 3x + 1) 2

A = −2, B = 1, C = 1 A1 First correct value

A1 Other two correct values
 2 1 1 
∫  − ( 3x + 1) + ( 3x + 1)2 + ( x + 1) dx B1 At least one term k ln ( x + 1) or
k ln ( 3x + 1)
( 3x + 1) −1 B1 Both ln terms correct; ft their
= − 2 ln ( 3x + 1) + 1
3 3 (−1) constants
+ ln ( x + 1) + c M1 Integrates the ( 3x + 1) −2 term to
  obtain k ( 3x + 1) −1
( x + 1)  1
= ln  2  − 3 ( 3x + 1) + c A1 Fully correct; need not be simplified;

 ( 3x + 1) 3  isw if rearranged incorrectly

66
 Answer Marks Guidance

21 (i) du = 1
M1 Uses the substitution appropriately
10
1
dx x

∫ ( ln x ) ∫ ( u ) du ∫ ( u ) du
1 1 dx = 1 1
x A1

Chapter 10
= ln u + c A1 lnu oe seen
= ln ( ln x ) + c A1 exact answer including +c

1 Proof
2
(ii) [ ln ( ln x )]ee M1 Substitutes limits

Integration
( ( )) − ( ln ( ln e ))
= ln ln e 2

= ln 2 − ln1 M1 Uses laws of logs to simplify at least

one term
= ln 2
A1 cao
22 y = x 2 sin x = 0
x = 0, or π B1 Both correct values seen
π
∫ 0 x 2 sin x dx =
Integration by parts

u = x2 dv = sin x M1 Valid attempt at integration by parts;

dx allow sign errors
du = 2x
dx and v = − cos x

−x 2 cos x π + π
∫ 0 2x cos x dx A1 All correct
 0
Integration by parts again
u = 2x dv = cos x M1 Second use of integration by parts
dx
du = 2
and v = sin x
dx
π π
= −x 2 cos x  + [ 2x sin x ] 0π −
0
∫ 0 (2 sin x ) dx A1 ft sign errors in previous part
π
= −x 2 cos x  + [ 2x sin x ] 0π + [ 2 cos x ] 0π A1
0

= −π 2 (−1) + 0 + (−2) − (0 + 0 + 2) M1 Uses limits

2
=π −4 A1 oe; must be an exact form

67
11 Parametric equations
1 x = 3t 2 , y = 6t , so use the expression for y to substitute into the expression for x.
11
y
t = ⇒ x = 3×
6 () y 2
6
⇒x =
y2
12

Chapter 11 Parametric equations

So, y 2 = 12x [parabola]
2 First differentiate with respect to t:
dy
dx = 6t,   =6
dt dt
dy
dy dy
Using = dt gives = 6 =1
dx dx dx 6t t
dt
3 By inspection, it can be seen that multiplying the two parametric expressions means that t cancels:
()2
xy = 2t × t = 4 ⇒ y = x
4

Or, using a substitution equation, t = x , gives y = 2 = 4

2 x x
2
4 x = 2 cos θ ,  y = 2 sin θ
(cos θ  and sin θ are often referred to as circular functions)
5 x = 1 + cos θ ,  y = 2 + sin θ
This can be interpreted as a translation of the circle, radius 1, centre the origin.
[ x − 1 = cos θ ,  y − 2 = sin θ ]
6 On the y-axis the x coordinate is zero.
So, solving cos θ = 0 ⇒ θ = π and 3π
2 2
7 First, differentiate with respect to θ :
dy
dx = − sin θ   and   = cos θ   
dθ dθ
dy
dy dθ
Using = gives:
dx dx
dθ

dy
=− cos θ =− 1
dx sin θ tan θ
= 1 when θ = − π and − π + π = 3π
dy
So,
dx 4 4 4
(Or by considering the curve.)
8 The domain of x is limited to x  0, the parametric equations do not generate points with negative
x coordinates.

9 (i) As t =
y
2 ()
 ,  x =
y 3 1
2
+ ×
2 ()y 2
2
and so y 3 + y 2 = 8x
(ii) Differentiating implicitly:
dy dy
3y 2 + 2y =8
dx dx
dy
When = 1, 3y 2 + 2y − 8 = 0, so that ( 3y − 4 )( y + 2) = 0
dx
(
Hence y = 4 or −2 and x = 1 y 3 + y 2
3 8 )

68
 So, either

x = 1 4
8 3 () ()
3 2

+ 4  = 1 ( 8 + 6 ) = 14
3  27 27
11
Or

( )

Chapter 11 Parametric equations

x = 1 ( −2 ) 3 + ( −2 ) 2 = − 1
8 2

( ) (
So, the two points are 14 , 4 and − 1  ,  −2
27 3 2 )
dy
(iii) dx = 3t 2 + t and = 2
dt dt
dy
dy
So,   = dt = 22
dx dx 3t + t
dt
dy 2
(iv) When = 1, = 1, so 3t 2 + t − 2 = 0
dx 3t 2 + t
And ( 3t − 2  )(t + 1) = 0 , so t = 2 or −1
3
(Can be checked with the values of y found in part (ii).)
10 (i) x = cos 3t  ⇒   dx = −3 sin 3t
dt
dy
y = sin 2t ⇒ = 2 cos 2t
dt

( )
2 2
dy
speed squared, s 2 = dx +   = 9(sin 3t ) 2 + 4(cos 2t ) 2
dt  dt 

d(s 2 )
(ii) = 54 cos 3t sin 3t − 16 sin 2t cos 2t
dt
d( s 2 )
Stationary point when dt = 0
Substitute t = 2π :

d( s 2 )
= 54 cos 6π sin 6π − 16 sin 4π cos 4π
dt

= 54 × 1 × 0 − 16 × 0 × 1 = 0
So, the function has a stationary point when t = 2π .
Using the double angle formula for sin 2x to simplify the first derivative before
differentiating again:
d( s 2 )
= 54 cos 3t sin 3t − 16 sin 2t cos 2t = 27 sin 6t − 8 sin 4t
dt
Check for a minimum by differentiating again:
d 2(s 2 )
= 162 cos 6t − 32 cos 4t
dt 2
d 2(s 2 )
When t = 2π ,  = 162 − 32 > 0, hence a minimum.
dt 2
11 (i) As tan 2 θ + 1 = sec 2 θ = 12 ,  x 2 + 1 = 12
cos θ y
dy
= θ = − sin2 θ = − sinθ cos 2 θ
d x 2 dy dy d
(ii) = sec θ   and   = −sin θ , so
dθ dθ dx dx sec θ
dy dθ
= 0 ⇒ sin θ = 0 or cos θ = 0
dx
69
 ⇒ θ = 0 or π ,  or  π
2
θ = 0 ⇒ x = 0 and  y = 1
11
θ = π ⇒ x = 0 and  y = −1

θ = π : reject,  as x  is undefined.

Chapter 11 Parametric equations

2
Required coordinates are (0, 1) and (0, -1).
12 Differentiating with respect to t:
dy
dx = −2 sin 2t + cos t, = −e −t
dt dt
Using the chain rule:
dy

dy
= dt = −e −t = e −t
dx dx −2 sin 2t + cos t 2 sin 2t − cos t
dt
When t = π ,
dy
= e −π = e
−π
= 1π
dx 2 sin 2π − cos π 1 e
13 (i) Using the Pythagorean identity to eliminate the parameter:
2 y2 2 y2
x 2 + 2 = cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ = 1; so x + = 1 [an ellipse]
3 2 9 4
(ii) Differentiating with respect to θ :
dy
dx = −3sin θ  and  = 2cos θ  
dθ dθ
dy
dy dθ 2cos θ
= = = − 2 cot θ
dx dx −3sin θ 3
dθ
gradient of the perpendicular = − 1 = 3 tanθ
2
− 3 cotθ 2

y − 2sin θ
The equation of the normal at the point ( 3cos θ , 2sin θ ) is = 3 tan θ
x − 3cos θ 2

i.e. y − 2sin θ = 3 tan θ .  x − 9 sin θ or y = 3 tan θ .  x − 5 sin θ

2 2 2 2
3
This passes through (1, 0) when 0 = tan θ − sin θ 5
2 2
3sin θ
So, = 5sin θ ⇒ sin θ ( 3 − 5cos θ ) = 0
cos θ
So, sin θ = 0 or cos θ = 3
5
When sin θ = 0,  cos θ = ±1, so the point on the curve has coordinates (3, 0) or (-3, 0).

5 5
9 8
( ) (
9 8
When cos θ = 3 , sin θ = ± 4 , so the point on the curve has coordinates 5 , 5 or 5 , − 5 .  )
14 Eliminating parameter:
x + y = 2t; x − y = 2
t
⇒ ( x + y )( x − y ) = 4
2 y2
⇒ x − = 1 (rectangular hyperbola)
4 4

70
15 Eliminating the parameter:

y
=t ⇒x =
()
y
x
=
y
11
x y 3x − y
3− x

⇒ 3x 2 − xy = y ⇒ y (1 + x ) = 3x 2

Chapter 11 Parametric equations

2
⇒ y = 3x
1+ x

Mark scheme
Answer Marks Guidance
1 y M1 Finds substitution equation
t =
6
y2 A1 oe
x =
12
2 dx = 6t B1 Differentiates x
dt
dy B1 Differentiates y
=6
dt
dy 1 B1 Correct answer
=
dx t
3 xy = 2t × 2
t () M1 Eliminates parameter

y = 4 A1 oe
x
4 x = 2 cos θ B1 cao
y = 2 sin θ B1 cao
5 x = 1 + cos θ B1 cao
y = 2 + sin θ B1 cao
6 θ = π2 B1 cao

 θ = 3π B1 cao
2
7 dx = − sin θ    M1 Differentiates
dθ
dy
= cos θ   
dθ
= − cos θ = − 1
dy M1 Uses chain rule
dx sin θ tan θ
θ = − π4 M1 Solves equation

− π + π = 3π A1 Both correct
4 4
8 The domain of x is limited to x 0 B1 Appropriate reason
 y 3  y 2
9 (i)  x =   + 1 ×   B1 Eliminates t
2 2 2
y 3 + y 2 = 8x B1 Coefficient of x must be 8 or -8

71
 Answer Marks Guidance
(ii) 3y 2
dy
dx
+ 2y
dy
dx
=8 M1A1 Differentiates implicitly
11
3y 2 + 2 y − 8 = 0 B1 Correct quadratic

Chapter 11 Parametric equations

  y = 4 or −2 B1 Both coordinates
3
(14 , 4
27 3 ) (
and − 1 , − 2
2 ) B1 Both coordinates
dy
(iii) dx = 3t 2 + t and = 2 B1
dt dt
dy 2 B1
=
dx 3t 2 + t
(iv) 3t 2 + t − 2 = 0 B1 Correct quadratic

t = 2 or −1 B2 B1 for each correct value

3
10 (i) dx = −3 sin 3t    M1 Differentiates parametrically
dt
dy A1 Both correct
= 2 cos 2t
dt

( )
2 2
dy
+ 
M1 Uses Pythagoras
s 2 = dx
dt  dt 
= 9(sin 3t ) 2 + 4(cos 2t ) 2 A1 oe
d( s 2 )
(ii) = 54 cos 3t sin 3t − 16 sin 2t cos 2t M1 Differentiates s2
dt
A1 Correct
d( s 2 ) A1 Substitutes t = 2π to check stationary
= 0, when t = 2π
dt point
d 2(s 2 ) M1 Finds second derivative
= 162 cos 6t − 32 cos 4t > 0 ,
dt 2 A1 Correct
when t = 2π , hence a minimum B1 Checks for minimum
11 (i) tan 2θ + 1 = sec 2θ B1 Or other valid method
x 2 + 1 = 12 B1
y

(ii) dx = sec 2 θ   and   dy = − sin θ B1B1

dθ dθ
dy
dy
= θ = − sin θ cos 2 θ
d M1A1
dx dx
dθ
dy
= 0 ⇒ sin θ = 0  or cos θ = 0 M1A1
dx

⇒ θ = 0 or  π , or  π B2, 1, 0 B1 for one value; B2 for all values; allow ft
2
reject θ = π B1 Allow ft
2
(0, 1) and (0, -1) B1 Allow ft

72
 Answer Marks Guidance

12 dx = −2 sin 2t + cos t
dt
M1 Differentiates parameters
11
dy A1 Both correct
= −e −t
dt

Chapter 11 Parametric equations

dy
dy dy
= dt M1 Finds
dx dx dx
dt

= e −t A1 Allow ft
2 sin 2t − cos t
e −π M1 Substitutes t = π
2 sin 2π − cos π
dy
= 1 A1 Allow ft
dx e π
2
x2 + y = 1
13 (i) M1 Eliminates parameter
32 2 2
A1 All correct
dy
(ii) = 2cos θ , dx = −3sin θ M1 Differentiates
dθ dθ
dy
A1 At least one of dx or correct
dθ dθ
dy
= − 2 cot θ A1 All correct; need not be simplified
dx 3
Gradient of normal = 3 tan θ M1 Uses negative reciprocal
2
y − 2sin θ
normal: = 3 tan θ M1 Equation of straight line
x − 3cos θ 2

A1 Need not be simplified

passes through (1,0 ) when M1 Applies constraint

0 = 3 tan θ − 5 sin θ A1 Need not be simplified

2 2
⇒ sin θ = 0 or cos θ = 3 B1B1 ft for both
5
(3, 0), (-3, 0) B1 For both; can be obtained by reasoning

( )(
9 , 8 ,  9 , − 8
5 5 5 5 ) B1 For both

14 x + y = 2t; x − y = 2 M1 Attempts to eliminate t

t
⇒ ( x + y )( x − y ) = 4 M1 Completes method
2 y2
⇒ x − =1 A1 Any form
4 4

73
 Answer Marks Guidance
15 y
x
=t M1 Makes t the subject 12
⇒x =
( xy ) M1 Eliminates t

Chapter 12 Vectors
y
3−
x
y
x = M1 Simplifies fraction
3x − y
3x 2 − xy = y M1 Uses strategy to isolate y
y (1 + x ) = 3x 2
2
⇒ y = 3x A1 Makes y the subject
1+ x

12 Vectors

1 a = 10 2 + 24 2
= 2 5 2 + 12 2
= 2 × 13
= 26

( )
Direction: tan −1 24 = 67.4° (3 s.f.) to the positive x-axis.
10
2 Using trigonometry:
F = −10cos30°i + 10sin30° j
= −10 × 3 i + 10 × 1 j
2 2
= −5 3i + 5 j N
3 Using Pythagoras’ theorem:
b = (−1) 2 + 2 2 + (−2) 2
= 9
=3
4 Using Pythagoras’ theorem in three dimensions:

(−5 − 3) 2 + (6 − [−1]) + ( 3 − [−4 ]) = 64 + 49 + 49

2 2

= 162
=9 2
5 The vector joining (1, -2, 3) and (-3, 1, -2) is -4i + 3j - 5k
−4 i + 3 j − 5k = (−4 ) 2 + 3 2 + (−5) 2
= 50
=5 2
So, the unit vector is:

− 4 i+ 3 j− 1 k
5 2 5 2 2

74
 
6 Referring to the diagram (where a = OA, etc.):
A P B 12
S
Q

Chapter 12 Vectors
D
R
C


The vector p =  OP = 1 ( a + b) as P is the midpoint of AB.
2
 1  
Similarly, q =  OQ = ( b + c ) , r =  OR = 1 ( c + d ) , s =  OS = 1 ( d + a )
2 2 2

The vector for PQ = q − p

q − p = 1 ( b + c ) − 1 ( a + b)
2 2

= 1 (c − a )
2
And, similarly, r − s = 1 (c + d) − 1 (a + d)
2 2
= 1 (c − a )
2
=q−p
So, the sides PQ and SR are of equal length and parallel.
This means that PQRS is a parallelogram.

 10   20 cos 45° 
7 Resultant force, R =   + 
 0   20 sin 45° 
 
10 + 20
 2
=
20 
 
 2 
 24.14214 
=
 14.14214 
R = 24.14214 2 + 14.14214 2
= 27.979
= 28.0 N (3 s.f.)

(
Direction of R = tan −1 14.14214
24.14214 )
= tan −1 (0.58579)
= 30.361°
= 30.4° (3 s.f.) to the x -axis.

75
      
8 Resultant =  a  +  2  +  1 
 3  b  4  12
 a + 3
=
 b + 7 

Chapter 12 Vectors
As the direction is 45° to the x-axis, a + 3 = b + 7
Also, (a + 3)2 + (b + 7)2 = 50
So, 2 ( a + 3) 2 = 50 ⇒ a + 3 = ±5
Hence, either a = 2 and b = -2, or a = -8 and b = -12
 −5 
But, a = -8 and b = -12 gives a resultant of   , which is not at 45° to the x-axis.
 −5 
So, a = 2 and b = -2
9 Using the symmetry of the regular hexagon:
d has twice the magnitude of b, and is in the same direction, so that d = 2b
a + b + c = d, so that c = d - a - b = 2b - a - b = b - a
10 Expressing the problem using vectors:

OA = −2i + 4 j

OB = i + 2 j
  
OC = 1 (4OA + OB)
5
= 1 (4 (−2i + 4 j) + i + 2 j)
5
= 1 (−7i + 18 j)
5
= − 7 i + 18 j
5 5

(
C has coordinates − 7 , 18
5 5 )
Mark scheme
Answer Marks Guidance
1 α = 10 2 + 24 2 M1 Uses Pythagoras
26 A1 cao

( )
tan −1 24
10
M1 Uses inverse tan

= 67.4° (3 s.f.) to the positive x-axis A1 Correct to 3 s.f.

2 −10cos30°i + 10sin30° j M1 Uses trigonometry

−5 3i A1 Correct x component
+5 j  N A1 Correct y component

3 ( −1) 2 + 2 2 + ( −2 ) 2 M1 Uses Pythagoras

= 3 A1 Correct answer

76
 Answer Marks Guidance
4 ( −5 − 3) + ( 6 − [ −1]) + ( 3 − [ −4 ])
2 2 2
M1 Uses Pythagoras 12
9 2 A1 Correct answer
5 -4i + 3j - 5k B1 Determines vector

Chapter 12 Vectors
5 2 B1 Finds magnitude

− 4 i+ 3 j− 1 k B1 oe
5 2 5 2 2

6 p =  OP = 1 ( a + b) B1 Finds midpoint
2

q − p = 1 ( b + c ) − 1 ( a + b) M1A1 Finds PQ
2 2
= 1 (c − a ) A1 Simplifies
2

r − s = 1 (c + d ) − 1 (a + d ) M1 Finds RS
2 2
= 1 (c − a ) = q − p A1 Identifies equal vectors
2
PQ and SR are of equal length and parallel B1 Interprets result
PQRS is a parallelogram B1 Complete explanation, with
conclusion
7  10   20 cos 45°  M1 Resolves and adds vectors
R =  +
 0   20 sin 45°  A1 Correct components
 24.14214  A1 Correct to 3 s.f.
 =
 14.14214 
R = 24.14214 2 + 14.14214 2 M1 Finds magnitude of resultant

    = 27.979 = 28.0 N (3 s.f.) A1 Correct to 3 s.f.

(
tan −1 14.14214
24.14214 ) M1
A1
Uses trigonometry
Correct expression
  = 30.361 = 30.4° (3 s.f.) [to the x-axis] A1 Correct to 3 s.f.

8  a   2   1  a + 3  M1 Forms vector equation

 3  +  b  +  4  =  b + 7  A1 Correct equation
a+3=b+7 B1 Correct equation
(a + 3)2 + (b + 7)2 = 50 M1 Uses magnitude
a + 3 = ±5 A1 Solves equation
Reject a = -8, b = -12 B1 With explanation
a=2 A1 cao
b = -2 A1 cao

77
 Answer Marks Guidance
9 d has twice the magnitude of b, and the same B1 Uses symmetry of the 13
direction hexagon
d = 2b B1 Correct answer
a+b+c=d M1 Forms vector equation

Chapter 13 Differential equations

A1 Correct equation
c=b-a A1 Correct expression
10   B1 Expresses using vectors
OA = −2i + 4 j , OB = i + 2 j
  
OC = 1 (4OA + OB) = 1 (4 (−2i + 4 j) + i + 2 j) M1 Uses the ratio
5 5
1
= ( −7i + 18 j) A1 Correct vector
5
(− 7 ,  18
5 5 ) A1 cao

13 Differential equations
1 (i) Where there are no derivatives higher than the first.
(ii) The constant of integration is left in the solution, so it refers to a family of curves.
(iii) Additional information is used to find the constant of integration, so it refers to one curve.
2 Differentiating:
dy
y= 1 ⇒ = − (4 − x ) −2 (−1)
4−x dx
= 1
(4 − x ) 2
= y2
Also, checking that the point satisfies the function, x = 3 ⇒ y = 1 =1
4−3
dy
3 = 2x − 1
dx
Integrating both sides with respect to x:
y = x2 - x + c
dy
4 Rewrite as 1   = x
y dx
Integrating both sides with respect to x:
dy
∫ 1   d x = ∫ x  d x
y dx

⇒ ∫ 1y d y = 21 x 2 + c
1 2
⇒ ln y = 2 x + c
1x 2
⇒ y = Ae 2 , where A = e c
5 From question 3, y = x2 - x + c
⇒ 1 = 1−1+ c ⇒ c = 1
So, the particular solution is y = x2 - x + 1

78
6 Using the given information, and the answer to question 4, to evaluate c:

y = Ae 2
1x 2
⇒ 1 = Ae 2 ⇒ A = e −2 13
1x 2 − 2
So, the equation of the curve is y = e 2

Chapter 13 Differential equations

7 Rewrite as 1   dy = 1
2y − 1 dx
Integrating both sides with respect to x:
dy
∫ 1   d x = ∫ 1 d x
2y − 1 dx
1
⇒ ∫ 2y − 1 d y = x + c
⇒ 1 ln 2y − 1 = x + c
2
⇒ ln 2y − 1 = 2x + 2c

⇒ 2y − 1 = Ae 2 x , where A = e 2c
y = 3 when x = 0 ⇒ 5 = A

(
So, y = 1 5e 2 x + 1
2 )
8 (i) dv = k
dt v
(ii) Substituting the known values:
k dv 20
2 = 10 ⇒ k = 20 ⇒ dt = v

(iii) Rewrite as v dv = 20
dt
Integrating both sides with respect to t:
 ∫ v   dt = ∫ 20 dt
dv
dt
⇒ ∫ v dv = 20t + C
1 v 2 20t C
⇒ = +
2

⇒ v = 40t + 2C or v = 40t + c (v > 0)
(iv) t = 0,  v = 0 ⇒ c = 0
So, particular solution is v = 40t
(v) v = 20 ⇒ 400 = 40t ⇒ t = 10 s
9 Let T be the temperature in °C of the food at time t seconds.
Then, dT = k (175 − T )
dt
Also, initially 0.5 = k (175 − 15) , so that k = 1
320
So, the differential equation is dT = 1 (175 − T )
dt 320
10 Separating the variables:
dP = kP ⇒ ∫ 1 dP  dt = k ∫ dt
dt P dt
⇒ ∫ 1 d P = kt + C
P
⇒ lnP = kt + C (as P > 0, lnP is defined)
79
 ⇒ P = Ae kt , where   A = e C
As P = 7.5 when t = 0 (measuring t from 2017), P = 7.5e kt 13
Also, P = 12 when t = 83, so that 12 = 7.5e 83k

( )
Hence, k = 1 ln 12 = 0.0056627

Chapter 13 Differential equations

83 7.5
So, when t = 183, P = 7.5e 0.0056627 × 183 = 21.14 = 21 (to the nearest billion).
11 Separating the variables:
dy 1 dy 1
x = y (2 − y ) ⇒ ∫   dx = ∫ x  d x
dx y ( 2 − y ) dx
Using partial fractions:
1 1 1
y 2−y = 2 y+2−y
( )
1
( )
Integrating:

( )
1 1 + 1 d y = ln x + lnC  (as x > 0, ln x is defined)
2∫ y 2 − y

⇒ 1  lny − ln ( 2 − y )  = ln (Cx ) (as 0 < y < 2, lny  and ln ( 2 − y ) are both defined)
2
⇒ ln
y
2−y ( )= 2ln (Cx )

⇒ ln
y
2−y ( )= ln C 2 x 2 ( )
y
⇒ = C 2x 2
2−y
As x = 1 when y = 1, 1 = C 2
y
So, = x2
2−y
⇒  y = x 2 ( 2 − y )

(
⇒ y 1 + x 2 = 2x 2 )
2
So, y = 2x 2
1+ x

Mark scheme
Answer Marks Guidance
1 (i) There are no derivatives higher than the first B1 oe
(ii) The constant of integration is left in the solution B1 oe
so it refers to a family of curves
(iii) Additional information is used to find the B1 oe
constant of integration so it refers to one curve
dy M1 Differentiates function
2 = − ( 4 − x ) −2 ( −1)
dx

= 1 A1 Correct derivative
(4 − x )2
x = 3⇒y =1 A1 Checks point
3 y = x2 − x + c M1 Integrates both sides
A1 Correct answer

80
 Answer Marks Guidance
4 1   dy = x
y dx
B1 Separates variables 13
1 dy
∫ y   dx d x = ∫ x  d x M1 Integrates with respect to x

Chapter 13 Differential equations

ln y = 1 x 2 + c A1 Correct integral
2
1x 2
y = Ae 2 , where A = e c A1 Written with y as subject

5 c=1 B1 Evaluates c
x 2 − x + c taken from question 3
y = x2 - x + 1 B1 cao
1x 2
6 y = Ae 2 ⇒ 1 = Ae 2 M1 Uses general solution from
question 4
⇒ A = e −2 A1 Evaluates A
1x 2 − 2
y = e2 B1 Writes solution with y as subject

1   dy = 1
7 2 y − 1 dx B1 Separates variables

1 dy Integrates both sides; need not

∫ 2y − 1  dx d x = ∫ 1 d x M1 see
dy
dx
dx
1 ln 2y − 1 = x + c A1
2
y = 3 when x = 0 ⇒ 1 ln 5 = c M1 Condone missing moduli signs
2
Uses initial conditions to find A

2 (
y = 1 5e 2 x + 1 ) M1 Makes y the subject
A1 All correct
8 (i) dv = k B1 Condone missing k
dt v B1 Fully correct
(ii) 2 = k ⇒ k = 20 M1 Substitutes known values
10 A1 cao
dv
(iii)
∫ v   dt dt = ∫ 20 dt B1 Separates variables

1 v 2 = 20t + C M1 Integrates both sides

2 A1 Correct expression
v = 40t + c M1 Makes v the subject
A1 Not 40t + C
(iv) v = 40t B1 Evaluates c
(v) 400 = 40t M1 Establishes equation
t = 10 s A1 cao

9 dT = k (175 − T ) M1 Sets up differential equation

dt A1 Fully correct

0.5 = k (175 − 15) ⇒ k = 1 M1 Substitutes known values

320
dT = 1 (175 − T ) A1 cao
dt 320
81
 Answer Marks Guidance
10 1 dP
∫ P dt  dt = k ∫ dt B1 Separates variables, condone no 14
integral sign
lnP = kt + C M1 Integrates both sides

Chapter 14 Numerical methods

A1 P need not be subject at this
stage
P = Ae kt A1 P is subject
P = 7.5e kt B1 Fully correct
12 = 7.5e 83k M1 Uses information to find k
A1 May be implied by final answer
k = 0.0056627 M1 Substitutes 183
P = 21 A1 To nearest whole number
11 1  dy = 1  dx   B1 Separates variables
y (2 − y ) x
1
(
= 1 1+ 1
y (2 − y ) 2 y 2 − y ) M1 Uses partial fractions

A1 Correct fractions
1 lny − ln 2 − y = ln (Cx )
2  ( ) M1 Integrates

ln( ) y
2−y (
= ln C 2 x 2 ) A1 Correct

y M1 Prepares to eliminate logs

= C 2x 2
2−y
A1 y need not be subject
2
x = 1 when y = 1, 1 = C B1 Uses known point
2
y = 2x 2 M1 Attempts to make y the subject
1+ x
A1 Fully correct

14 Numerical methods
1 Substitute x = 1 into x 5 − x 2 − 3 , 15 − 12 − 3 = −3
Substitute x = 2 into x 5 − x 2 − 3 , 2 5 − 2 2 − 3 = 25
The change in sign indicates that a root exists between x = 1 and x = 2.
2
2 Solving the simultaneous equations is equivalent to solving the equation e x + x 3 − 4 = 0
2 2
When x = 0.9, e x + x 3 − 4 = e 0.9 + 0.9 3 − 4 = −1.02 …
2 2
When x = 1.1, e x + x 3 − 4 = e 1.1 + 1.13 − 4 = 0.684 …
The change in sign indicates that a root exists between x = 0.9 and x = 1.1 and so one of the points of
intersection is in this interval.
The estimate of the value is 1 ± 0.1 at this stage.
3 The curve has a discontinuity when x = 2, so a decimal search may not identify that there is a root
between 1 and 2.
4 It is an overestimate because, either each trapezium includes some of the area above the curve, or the
curve is concave.
82
5 Four strips require five ordinates, so they are at the integer values from 0 to 4.
The values of the function are: 14
x 0 1 2 3 4
y 1 2.6458 3.8730 5 6.0828

Chapter 14 Numerical methods

The width of each rectangular strip is 1, so the area is numerically equal to the ordinate.
For a lower bound, the left-hand ordinate for each strip is used:
area = 1 + 2.6458 + 3.8730 + 5 = 12.52
For an upper bound, the right-hand ordinate for each strip is used:
area = 2.6458 + 3.8730 + 5 + 6.0820 = 17.60
6 Neither of the integer points either side of it will result in an iteration that finds the negative root.
Starting with -2 will not work as the function is undefined there.
Starting with -1 will give the root near 1.
7 (i) x 5 + x 2 − 4 = 0
Make x 5 the subject:
x5 = 4 − x2
Take the fifth root of each side:
x = 5
4 − x2
(ii) (a) x = 1, it is the first value of x.
(b) Since it is the next value of x, it must be the calculated value from the line before, so ‘=B2’.
(c) 1.2056 is consistent for the final two values, so check 1.20555 and 1.20565:
1.20555 5 + 1.20555 2 − 4 = −0.000252
1.20565 5 + 1.20565 2 − 4 = 0.00105
The change of sign confirms that the root is 1.2056 (4 d.p.)
8 (i) The x values increase by 0.5 each time so the width of the strips is 0.5.
(ii) Column D contains the areas of each trapezium.
D5 is the third area so uses the ordinates at x = 1 and x = 1.5.
The formula is = 0.5∗A$2∗(C4+C5), or = 0.5∗0.5∗(C4+C5) is acceptable.
(iii) The sum of the entries in column D gives the estimated area, 7.4375.
9 Sam is correct as 1.31105 3 − 4 × 1.31105 2 + 2 × 1.31105 + 2 = 0.0001926…
and 1.31115 3 − 4 × 1.31115 2 + 2 × 1.31115 + 2 = −0.0001405… show there is a change of sign.
He is not justified, as he did not check for the change in sign before making his statement.
( )
10 ln x 2 + 1 − x 3 − 0.01 = 0
(i) Substitute x = 0.1 into the equation:
( )
ln 0.12 + 1 − 0.13 − 0.01 = −0.001049… < 0

ln ( 0.2 2 + 1) − 0.2 3 − 0.01 = 0.021220… > 0

The change in sign shows there is a root between 0.1 and 0.2.

83
 (ii) x = 0.11,  y = 0.0007 , so root lies between 0.10 and 0.11
x = 0.106,  y = −0.00002 14
x = 0.107,  y = 0.00016 so root lies between 0.106 and 0.107
x = 0.1065,  y > 0 so root is 0.106 (3 d.p.)

Chapter 14 Numerical methods

(iii) Using the table facility on a graphing calculator to find a change in sign:
X Y1 X Y1
−3 29.293 −.6 .51348
−2 9.5994 −.5 .33814
−1 1.6831 −.4 .20242
0 −.01 −.3 .10318
1 −.3169 −.2 .03722
2 −6.401 −.1 9.5E−4
3 −24.71 0 −.01
X= −3 X= −.6
There is a root in [-1, 0], the root is in [-0.1, 0].
Return to the integer search:

X Y1 X Y1
0 −.01 .4 .07442
1 −.3169 .5 .08814
2 −6.401 .6 .08148
3 −24.71 .7 .04578
4 −61.18 .8 −.0273
5 −121.8 .9 −.1457
6 −212.4 1 −.3169
X=0 X=.4
There is no change in sign but there is a root in [0.1, 0.2], so there must be another root in [0, 1].
The root is in [0.7, 0.8].
(iv) As seen in part (iii), there are two roots in the interval [0, 1]; so, none is detected in an integer
search.
11 (i) 0e 0 − 1 = −1 and 1e 1 − 1 = 1.718
Or, using a graphing calculator:
X Y1
−3 −1.149
−2 −1.271
−1 −1.368
0 −1
1 1.7183
2 13.778
3 59.257
X= −3
Shows the change in sign so there is a root in [0, 1].

(ii) x = e − x
Multiply both sides of the equation by e x :
xe x = e − x e x = 1
So, xe x − 1 = 0 as required.

84
 (iii) x n + 1 = e − xn
x 0 = 0 , x 1 = 1 and using the iterative function on the calculator: 14
0
1

Chapter 14 Numerical methods

0.367879
0.692201
0.500474
0.606244
0.545396
0.579612
0.560115
0.571143
0.564879
0.568429
0.566415

The root is 0.57 to two decimal places.

Check 0.565e 0.565 − 1 = −0.0059
0.575e 0.575 − 1 = 0.0219
The change in sign confirms that the root is 0.57 (2 d.p.)
(iv)
y
1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 x

(v) The iterations form a cobweb. The gradient of g(x) is small, so the convergence is slow.
(vi) Only by one step since the second value is 1.
12 (i) Using a graphing calculator to obtain the values of the ordinates:

X Y1
2 1
3 .5
4 .33333
5 .25
6 .2
7 .16667
8 .14286
X=2
area ≈ 1 × 1 × (1 + 0.25 + 2 ( 0.5 + 0.33333…)) = 1.458
2 85
 (ii) y
2 14
1.5

Chapter 14 Numerical methods

1

0.5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
The estimate is an overestimate because the curve is concave.
13 (i) Using a graphing calculator:

X Y1
−3 −233
−2 −25
−1 3
0 1
1 −1
2 27
3 235
X= −3
There is a change of sign between -2 and -1 indicating the presence of a root.

(ii) f ( x ) = x 5 − 3x + 1
f ' ( x ) = 5x 4 − 3
x n5 − 3x n + 1
x n +1 = x n −
5x 4n − 3

x n +1 =
( )
x n 5x n4 − 3 − ( x n5 − 3x n + 1)
5x n4 − 3

5x n5 − 3x n − x n5 + 3x n − 1
x n +1 =
5x n4 − 3
4 x n5 − 1
 x n +1 = as required.
5x n4 − 3
(iii)
X Y1
−3 −233
−2 −25
−1 3
0 1
1 −1
2 27
3 235
X= −3
Shows roots in [0, 1] and [1, 2] as well as [-2, -1]
For [-2, -1] starting value -2:

86
 2
(4∗Ans∧5−1)/(5∗A
2
14
ns∧4−3)
−1.675324675
−1.47823803

Chapter 14 Numerical methods

−1.400445373
−1.389019864
−1.388792074
Root is -1.39 (2 d.p.)
Check f ( −1.395) = −0.098 , f ( −1.385) = 0.0588 confirms -1.39 (2 d.p.)
For [0, 1] starting value 0:

0 0
(4∗Ans∧5−1)/(5∗A
ns∧4−3)
.3333333333
.3347338936
.3347341419
Root is 0.33 (2 d.p.)
Check f ( 0.325) = 0.0286 , f ( 0.335) = −0.00078 confirms 0.33 (2 d.p.)
For [1, 2] starting value 2:
2 2
(4∗Ans∧5−1)/(5∗A
ns∧4−3)
1.649350649
1.406489089
1.268586604
1.220369383
1.214721237
1.214648055
Root is 1.21 (2 d.p.)
Check f (1.205) = −0.0744 , f (1.215) = 0.00278  confirms 1.21 (2 d.p.)
14 (i) Using the ordinates when the distance is 0, 8 and 16:
area ≈ 1 × 8 × ( 3 + 3 + 2 × 10.7) = 109.6 m 2
2
(ii) Using all the ordinates in the table:
area ≈ 1 × 2 × ( 3 + 3 + 2 (7.8 + 9.6 + 10.4 + 10.7 + 10.4 + 9.6 + 7.8)) = 138.6 m 2
2
(iii) The estimate in part (ii) is better as it uses more strips.
15 (i) Using a graphing calculator:
X Y1
0 1
1 −.3513
2 −1.282
3 −1.518
4 −.6109
5 2.1825
6 8.0855
X=0
There is a change of sign between 0 and 1, so there is a root in that interval.
There is another change of sign in the interval [4, 5]. 87
 1x 1x 1x
(ii) 1 e 2 − 2x = 0 ⇒  e 2 = 2x  ⇒   x = 1 e 2  
1x 1x
2 14
2 e2 − 2x = 0 ⇒  e 2 = 2x  ⇒   1 x = ln 2x  ⇒   x = 2 ln 2x
2
1x
(iii) x n + 1 = 1 e 2 n

Chapter 14 Numerical methods

2
Try x 0 = 1, using a graphing calculator:

1
0.5∗e∧(0.5∗Ans)
.8243606354
.7550533554
.7293361786
.7200179827
.7166711511
The root is 0.7 (1 d.p.)
Check 0.65 → 0.084, 0.75 → -0.045, so the root of 0.7 is confirmed.
x n + 1 = 2 ln 2x n
Try x 0 = 4 , using a graphing calculator:

4
2∗In(2∗Ans)
4.158883083
4.236787458
4.273904975
4.291350208
4.299497196
4.30329053
The root is 4.3 (1 d.p.)
Check 4.25 → -0.127, 4.35 → 0.102, so the root of 4.3 is confirmed.
(iv)
y
1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 x

88
(v) Starting with 4 for the rearrangement in part (a) gives:

4
4
14
0.5∗e∧(0.5∗Ans)
3.694528049

Chapter 14 Numerical methods

3.171221498
2.441136155
1.694556233
1.166643632
.8959905935
Showing the iterations converging to the root between 0 and 1.
Starting with 5 for the rearrangement in part (a) gives:
5
5
∧
0.5∗e (0.5∗Ans)
6.09124698
10.51156742
95.83582089
3.231871571E20
Showing the iterations diverging.
Starting with 1 for the rearrangement in part (b) gives:
1
2∗In(2∗Ans)
1.386294361
2.039562881
2.811765383
3.453919434
3.865313669
Showing the iterations converging to the root in [4, 5].
Starting with 0 for the rearrangement in part (b) gives:

ERR:DOMAIN
1: Quit
2: Goto
As the function g(x) is undefined.
16 f ( x ) = x 2 e −x − 0.5 f ' ( x ) = 2xe −x − x 2 e −x
x n 2e − x − 0.5 
x n +1 = x n −
2 x n e − x n − x n 2e − x n  
There is little to be gained from rearranging this, so use it as it is.
Do an integer search to find a starting point:
X Y1
−3 180.27
−2 29.056
−1 2.2183
0 −0.5
1 −.1321
2 .04134
3 −.0519
X= −3

89
 So, there are roots in the intervals [-1, 0], [1, 2] and [2, 3].
y
14
O

Chapter 14 Numerical methods

x

A quick sketch confirms there are unlikely to be any others.

For the root in [-1, 0]
Start with -1
−1
Ans − ((Ans2∗e∧(−An
s)) − 0.5) / (2∗Ans∗e∧
(−Ans) − Ans2∗e∧(−A
ns))
−.7279799069
−.5827002391
−.5426020999
−.5398476398
−.5398352772
−.5398352769
Giving a root of -0.54 (2 d.p.)
Check -0.545 → 0.012, -0.535 → -0.011 so the root of -0.54 is confirmed.
For the root in [1,  2]
Start with 1
1
Ans − ((Ans2∗e∧(−An
s)) − 0.5) / (2∗Ans∗e∧
(−Ans) − Ans2∗e∧(−A
ns))
1.359140914
1.472984469
1.487713708
1.487961995
Giving a root of 1.49 (2 d.p.)
Check 1.485 → -0.00051, 1.495 → 0.0012, so the root of 1.49 is confirmed.
For the root in [2, 3]
Start with 3

90
 3
Ans − ((Ans2∗e∧(−An 14
s)) − 0.5) / (2∗Ans∗e∧
(−Ans) − Ans2∗e∧(−A

Chapter 14 Numerical methods

ns))
2.652410513
2.618420938
2.617866767
2.617866613
Giving a root of 2.62 (2 d.p.)
Check 2.615 → 0.0034, 2.625 → -0.00084, so the root of 2.62 is confirmed.
17 (i)
Time, t 0 π π 3π π
4 2 4
Velocity, v 0 2.0111 2.3562 1.0352 0

Upper bound = π ( 2.0111 + 2 × 2.3562 + 1.0352) = 6.0937

4
Lower bound = π (0 + 2.0111 + 1.0352 + 0) = 2.3926
4
(ii) Distance travelled ≈ 1 × π (0 + 0 + 2 ( 2.0111 + 2.3562 + 1.0352)) = 4.2431 m
2 4
(iii) Using more strips always improves the accuracy.
18 (i) x 4 − 3x 2 − x + 2 = 0
3x 2 = x 4 − x + 2

x =
3(
1 x4 − x + 2
)
So, x n +1 =
3 n(
1 x 4 −x +2
n )
(ii) Using a graphing calculator:
Start with x 0 = 1

1
√(1/ 3∗(Ans∧4 − Ans
+2))
.8164965809
.7366473294
.7206064391
.7185723518
.7183409293
So, the root is 0.72 (2 d.p.)
Check 0.715 → 0.0127, 0.725 → -0.02559, so the root of 0.72 is confirmed.

91
 (iii) Starting with 1 gives the root in [0, 1]
Starting with 2 gives:
y
14
3

2.5

Chapter 14 Numerical methods

2

1.5

0.5

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 x

The iterations do not converge, as shown by the staircase moving away from the intersection.
(iv) Using a graphing calculator:
Start with x 0 = 2

2
√(( 3∗Ans2+Ans−2)
/Ans2)
1.732050808
1.706072567
1.702650208
1.70218414
1.702120388
So, the root is 1.70 (2 d.p.)
Check 1.695 → -0.0598, 1.705 → 0.02472, so the root of 1.70 is confirmed.

Mark scheme
Answer Marks Guidance
5 2
1 1 − 1 − 3 = −3 B1 Establishes one end is negative
2 5 − 2 2 − 3 = 25 B1 Establishes one end is positive
2 2
B1 Establishes one end is negative
e 0.9 + 0.9 3 − 4 = −1.02 …
2
e 1.1 + 1.13 − 4 = 0.684 … B1 Establishes one end is positive
1 ± 0.1 B1 Centre of the interval ± max
error
3 Discontinuity at 2 masks root B1 Must be more than
‘discontinuity’
4 Overestimate, concave B1 oe
5 M1 Calculates five ordinates
x 0 1 2 3 4

y 1 2.6458 3.8730 5 6.0828

12.52 A1 Lower bound

17.60 A1 Upper bound
92
 Answer Marks Guidance
6 Negative root cannot be found from an integer B1 oe 14
starting value
7 (i) x5 = 4 − x2   B1 Answer given; interim step
shown

Chapter 14 Numerical methods

(ii)(a) x = 1 B1 cao
(ii)(b) = B2 B1 oe
5 2
(ii)(c) 1.20555 + 1.20555 − 4 = −0.000252 M1 Tests both bounds
5 2
1.20565 + 1.20565 − 4 = 0.00105
1.2056 A1 cao
8 (i) 0.5 B1 oe
(ii) = 0.5*A$2*(C4+C5) B1 Or = 0.5*0.5*(C4+C5)
(iii) 7.4375 B1 cao
9 1.31105 3 − 4 × 1.31105 2 M1 By calculator (BC) and checks
+2 × 1.31105 + 2 for change of sign
= 0.0001926
1.31115 3 − 4 × 1.31115 2
+2 × 1.31115 + 2
= −0.0001405…
Correct A1 States conclusion
Not justified A1 States additional conclusion
10 (i) ( )
ln 0.12 + 1 − 0.13 − 0.01 M1 Evaluates at both end points
= −0.001049 … < 0

( )
ln 0.2 2 + 1 − 0.2 3 − 0.01
= 0.021220 … > 0
Change of sign ⇒ root A1 States conclusion
(ii) Root lies between 0.106 and 0.107 M1 Conducts decimal search BC
Tests 0.1065 B1 Midpoint correct
0.106 (3 d.p.) A1 Checks fourth decimal place
(iii) [-0.1, 0] B1 cao
[0.7, 0.8] B1 cao
(iv) Identifies two roots in [0, 1] M1 Realises there must be another
in [0, 1]
States integer search fails A1 States conclusion
11 (i) 0e 0 − 1 = −1 M1 Checks for change in sign
1e 1 − 1 = 1.718
Change in sign implies root A1 Draws conclusion
(ii) xe x = e − x e x = 1 M1 Multiplies by e x
xe x − 1 = 0 A1 Answer given

93
 Answer Marks Guidance
(iii) 0 B1 Sequence of values with at 14
1 least 4 d.p. and first two correct
0.367879
B1 All correct
0.692201

Chapter 14 Numerical methods

0.500474
0.606244
0.545396
0.579612
0.560115
0.571143
0.564879
0.568429
0.566415

0.565 → -0.0059 M1 BC and checks the root

0.575 → 0.0219
0.57 A1 cao
(iv) y B1 Sketches two graphs
1.2 B1 Shows two iterations
B1 Shows four iterations
1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 x

(v) Cobweb is slower, small gradient makes it slower B1 Appropriate reason
(vi) Only by one step as 1 is the second value B1 Appropriate reason
12 (i) 1, 0.5, 0.3333, 0.25 B1 Calculates appropriate ordinates
1 × 1 × 1 + 0.25 + 2 0.5 + 0.33333 …
2 ( ( )) M1 Uses trapezium rule

1.458 A1 awrt 1.46

(ii) y B1 Sketches graph
2

1.5

0.5

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
Overestimate, concave B1 Decision plus references graph
94
 Answer Marks Guidance
13 (i) -2 → -25 M1 Checks for change in sign 14
-1 → 3
Change in sign A1 States conclusion
f' ( x ) = 5x 4 − 3

Chapter 14 Numerical methods

(ii) B1 Differentiates correctly
x n 5 − 3x n + 1 Correct use of Newton-
x n +1 = x n − M1
5x n 4 − 3 Raphson formula
4xn 5 − 1 A1 Answer given; one correct line
x n +1 =
5x n 4 − 3 of working must be seen
(iii) f ( −1.395) = −0.098 , f ( −1.385) = 0.0588 M1 BC and checks the root
-1.39 (2 d.p.) A1 cao
f ( 0.325) = 0.0286 , f ( 0.335) = −0.00078 M1 BC and checks the root
0.33 (2 d.p.) A1 cao
f (1.205) = −0.0744 , f (1.215) = 0.00278  M1 BC and checks the root
1.21 (2 d.p.) A1 cao
14 (i) 1 × 8 × ( 3 + 3 + 2 × 10.7 )  M1 Uses trapezium rule
2
= 109.6 m 2 A1 cao
1 × 2 × (3 + 3 + 2 (
(ii)
2 7.8 + 9.6 M1 Uses trapezium rule
+ 10.4 + 10.7 + 10.4 + 9.6 + 7.8 ))
= 138.6 m 2 A1 cao
(iii) Second as more strips B1 oe
15 (i) f(0) = 1, f(1) = -0.3513 M1 Evaluates at endpoints
Change of sign indicates root A1 States conclusion
[4,  5] B1 cao
1
(ii)(a) e 2 x = 2x B1 Answer given; must see step
1
(ii)(b) e 2 x = 2x  ⇒   1 x = ln 2x B1 Answer given; must see step
2
(iii) 0.65 →0.084, 0.75 → -0.045 M1 BC and checks the root
0.7 A1 cao
4.25 → -0.127, 4.35 →0.102 M1 BC and checks the root
4.3 A1 cao
(iv) y B1 Sketches graphs
1.2 B1 Staircase diagram
1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 x

95
 Answer Marks Guidance
(v) Starting with 4 for the rearrangement in part B1 All four cases need to be 14
(a) results in the root in [0, 1] examined for full marks
Starting with 5 for the rearrangement in part B1
(a) results in divergent iterations

Chapter 14 Numerical methods

Starting with 1 for the rearrangement in part B1
(b) results in the root in [4, 5]
Starting with 1 for the rearrangement in part B1
(b) results in an error as ln is undefined at 0.
16 x n 2e − x − 0.5  M1 Derives NR formula
x n +1 = x n −
2 x n e − x n − x n 2e − x n  
-0.545 → 0.012, -0.535 → -0.011 M1 BC and checks the root
-0.54 A1 cao
1.485 → -0.00051, 1.495 → 0.0012 M1 BC and checks the root
1.49 A1 cao
2.615 → 0.0034, 2.625 → -0.00084 M1 BC and checks the root
2.62 A1 cao
17 (i) 0, 2.0111, 2.3562, 1.0352, 0 B1 Correct velocities
LB = 2.3926 B1 Correct to 4 d.p.
UB = 6.0937 B1 Correct to 4 d.p.
1 × π 0 + 0 + 2 2.0111 + 2.3562 + 1.0352
2 4(
(ii) ( )) M1 Uses trapezium rule

4.2431 m A1 awrt 5.42

(iii) Use more strips B1 oe
18 (i) 3x 2 = x 4 − x + 2 M1 Selects term in x2 to isolate

x =
3 (
1 x4 − x + 2
) A1 Answer given must show this
before version given
(ii) 0.715 → 0.0127, 0.725 → -0.02559 M1 BC and checks the root
0.72 A1 cao
(iii) y B1 Graph with staircase
3

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 x
Iterations are moving away from the root B1 States conclusion
(iv) 1.695 → -0.0598, 1.705 → 0.02472 M1 BC and checks the root
1.70 A1 cao

96
15 Probability
1 Either
15
D = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)}
S = {(1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1)}

Chapter 15 Probability
So, P ( D ∩ S ) = 0 and the events are mutually exclusive.
Or
D occurs when the scores are (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5) and (6, 6) with totals of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and
12 respectively.
S does not happen when D happens, so P ( D ∩ S ) = 0 and the events are mutually exclusive.
2 A and B are independent, so P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A) × P (B ) = 0.6 × 0.7 = 0.42
P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) = 0.6 + 0.7 − 0.42 = 0.88
3 For Zac to win, both others must not win first and then Zac must win.
P(Z) = 0.5 × (1 − 0.4) × p = 0.195
p = 0.195 = 0.65
0.5 × 0.6
P( A ∩ B )
4 (i) P ( A B ) =
P (B )
Rearrange to give P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A | B ) × P (B )
p
= × 2p
3
2 p2
=
3
(ii) P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B )
2 p2
= p + 2p −
3
2
2p
= 3p −
3
p
= (9 − 2 p )
3
5
A B

5 1 1
24 8 4

5
12

P ( A) = 5 + 1 = 1 and P (B ) = 1 + 1 + = 3
24 8 3 8 4 8
P ( A ∩ B ) = 1 and P ( A) × P (B ) = 1 × 3 = 1
8 3 8 8
P ( A) × P (B ) = P ( A ∩ B ), so the events are independent.

P ( A ∩ B ) = 1 ≠ 0, so the events are not mutually exclusive.

8

97
6

0.4 green
0.7

0.3
green

not green
15
0.5 green
0.6 not

Chapter 15 Probability
green
0.5 not green

P(green at the second set) = 0.4 × 0.7 + 0.6 × 0.5 = 0.58

7 Complete rows and columns which already have two figures:
French German Total
Male 170
Female 83 150
Total 165 155 320
Complete the table:

French German Total

Male  98  72 170
Female  67  83 150
Total 165 155 320

There are 165 students studying French.

P(French student being male) = 98 = 0.5939
165
There are 170 male students.
P(male student studying French) = 98 = 0.5765
170
0.05939 > 0.5765, so French student being male is more likely.
8 B and C are independent.
P (B ∩ C ) = P (B ) × P (C )
= 1×1
2 3
= 1
6
P (B ∩ C ′ ) = P (B only)
= 1−1
2 6
= 1
3
P (B ′ ∩ C ) = P (C only)
= 1−1
3 6
= 1
6
A does not overlap B or C.
The border of the Venn diagram is P ( A ∪ B ∪ C )′ = 1
12

98
 15
A
1 1
4 12
C
B
1 1 1

Chapter 15 Probability
3 6 6

(
P ( A) = 1 − 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 1
3 6 6 12 4 )
9 (i)
F L

180 455 53

402

(ii)(a)  P (F ') = 402 + 53 = 455

1090 1090
(b)  P (F ∩ L ) = 455
1090
455 455
(c)   P (F L ) = 455 + 53 = 508
455
(d)  P (L F ) = 635
(ii) If the events are independent, P (F ∩ L ) = P (F ) × P (L ).
P (F ∩ L ) = 455
1090
= 0.4174
P (F ) × P (L ) = 635 × 455 + 53
1090 1090
= 0.2715
So, P (F ∩ L ) ≠ P (F ) × P (L ), so the events are not independent.
10 0.75 pass
pass
0.8 0.25
pass fail
0.75 pass
0.9 fail
0.2 0.25
fail
0.75 pass

0.8 pass 0.25

0.1
fail
fail 0.75 pass
0.2
fail 0.25
fail

(i) P (2 passes) = 0.9 × 0.8 × 0.25 + 0.9 × 0.2 × 0.75 + 0.1 × 0.8 × 0.75
= 0.18 + 0.135 + 0.06 = 0.375
(ii) P (3 passes) = 0.9 × 0.8 × 0.75 = 0.54
P (success) = P (2 or 3 passes) = 0.54 + 0.375 = 0.915
Expected number = np = 0.915 × 50 = 45.75

99
 P (success with 3 passes)
(iii) P (3 passes success) =
P (success) 15
= 0.54
0.915
= 36

Chapter 15 Probability
61

11 (i) 0.95 test correct

genuine 0.05
0.995
test not correct

0.005
0.95 test correct
fake 0.05
test not correct

(ii) P(recognised as fake) = P(genuine and test not correct or fake and test correct)
= 0.995 × 0.05 + 0.005 × 0.95 = 0.0545
P (fake and recognised as fake)
(iii) P (fake|recognised as fake) =
P (recognised as fake)
= 0.005 × 0.95
0.0545
= 19
218

Mark scheme
Answer Marks Guidance
1 Either
D = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)} M1 Finds lists for each set and shows
S = {(1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1)} no overlap
So, P ( D ∩ S ) = 0 and the events are mutually B1 Clear explanation
exclusive
Or
D occurs when the scores are (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), M1 Attempts to show that all the
(4, 4), (5, 5) and (6, 6) with totals of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 elements of one set do not
and 12 respectively belong to the other
S does not happen when D happens, so B1 Allow for any argument which
P ( D ∩ S ) = 0 and the events are mutually shows that every element of one
exclusive set cannot be in the other
2 A and B are independent so,
P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A) × P (B ) M1 Uses product of probabilities
= 0.6 × 0.7
= 0.42
P ( A ∪ B ) = 0.6 + 0.7 − 0.42 M1 Uses addition rule
= 0.88 A1

100
 Answer Marks Guidance
3 P (Z ) = 0.5 × 0.6 × p = 0.195 M1 Product of three 15
probabilities = 0.195
p= 0.195 A1 0.6 used (may be implied)
0.5 × 0.6

Chapter 15 Probability
= 0.65 A1 cao
4 (i) P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A B ) × P (B ) M1 Uses the formula for conditional
p probability
× 2p
3
2p2 A1 cao
=
3
(ii) P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) M1 Uses the addition formula
2 2
2p 2p
p + 2p − = 3p −
3 3
p
= (9 − 2 p ) A1 Any form
3
5
P ( A) = 5 + 1 = 1 M1 Finds either P(A) or P(B)
24 8 3
P (B ) = + 1 + = 3
1
8 4 8
1
P ( A ∩ B ) = and P ( A) × P (B ) = 1 × 3 = 1 M1 Finds the product of their P(A)
8 3 8 8
and P(B)
P ( A) × P (B ) = P ( A ∩ B ), so the events are B1 Clear statement that these are
independent equal
B1 Clear statement that probability
P ( A ∩ B ) = 1 ≠ 0, so the events are not is not zero, or should be zero for
8
mutually exclusive mutually exclusive
6 0.7 green M1 First branches correct
0.4 green M1 0.3 and 0.5 correct branches
0.3 not green

0.5 green
0.6 not
green
0.5 not green

P(green at the second set) = M1 Selects correct branches

0.4 × 0.7 + 0.6 × 0.5 = 0.58 A1 cao
7 French German Total M1 Attempts to complete the table
Male 98 72 170 A1 98 male students allow SC2 for
Female 67 83 150 98 seen without working
Total 165 155 320

P(French student being male) = 98 = 0.5939 B1 ft their 98 if clear

165
P(male student studying French) = B1 ft their 98
98 = 0.5765
170
0.05939 > 0.5765, so French student being B1 States conclusion from seen
male is more likely probabilities; ft their values

101
 Answer Marks Guidance
8 P (B ∩ C ) = P (B ) × P (C ) = 1 × 1 = 1
2 3 6 B1 Uses definition of independent
15
P(B ∩ C ′ ) = 1 − 1 = 1 M1 Attempts to find probabilities
2 6 3 equal to P(B only) or P(C only)

Chapter 16 Probability
P (B ′ ∩ C ) = 1 − 1 = 1 to put on the Venn diagram
3 6 6

B1 1
A
1
12 correctly put onto the
1
4 12 diagram
C B1 A not overlapping the other two
B sets
1
3
1
6
1
6
Allow overlapping if all relevant
areas marked with probability of
zero

(
P ( A) = 1 − 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
3 6 6 12 ) M1 Uses total probability = 1; ft their
values provided 0 < P ( A ) < 1
= 1 A1
4
9 (i) B1 455 and 53 correctly placed
F L B1 For 180
B1 For 402; ft their 180 (total 1090)
180 455 53

402

(ii)(a) P (F ') = 402 + 455 = 508 M1 Adds 402 and 53

1090 1090 A1 Allow decimal equivalent if to at
least 4 d.p.

(b) P (F ∩ L ) = 455 B1 cao

1090
(c) 455 = 455 B1 Numerator
P (F L ) =
455 + 53 508 B1 Denominator
(d) P (L F ) = 455 B1 Numerator
635 B1 Denominator
(iii) If the events are independent,
P (F ∩ L ) = P (F ) × P (L )

P (F ∩ L ) = 455 M1 Finds probability of the

1090
intersection
= 0.4174
P (F ) × P (L ) = 635 × 455 + 53 M1 Finds the product of two
1090 1090
probabilities
= 0.2715
So, P (F ∩ L ) ≠ P (F ) × P (L ), so the events are B1 Clear statement
not independent

102
 Answer Marks Guidance
10 (i) 0.9 × 0.8 × 0.25 M1 Also allow for completing tree 16
+ 0.9 × 0.2 × 0.75 diagram and selecting relevant
branches
+ 0.1 × 0.8 × 0.75

Chapter 16 Statistical distributions

= 0.18 + 0.135 + 0.06 A1 At least two correct terms
= 0.375 A1 cao
(ii) P (3 passes) = 0.9 × 0.8 × 0.75 = 0.54 B1 ft their part (i)
P (success) = 0.54 + 0.375 = 0.915 M1 ft their probability
Expected number = np M1
= 0.915 × 50 = 45.75 A1 Do not award if rounded to integer
(iii) P (3 passes success) = 0.54 = 36 B1 Numerator
0.915 61 B1 Denominator
11 (i) 0.95 test correct B1 0.995 and 0.005 oe
genuine 0.05
B1 For 0.05 twice
0.995
test not correct

0.005
0.95 test correct
fake 0.05
test not correct

(ii) 0.995 × 0.05 + 0.005 × 0.95 M1 Selects correct branches

M1 Multiplies and then adds from
their branches
= 0.0545 A1
(iii) = 0.005 × 0.95 M1 Probability of the intersection
0.0545 M1 Uses conditional probability
formula
= 19 A1 cao
218

16 Statistical distributions
1 (i) standard deviation = variance = 10

(a) P ( X > 85) = P Z > 85 − 75 

(ii)
 10 
= P (Z > 3.16227766 )
= 0.0007827
80 − 75 
(b) P ( X < 80 ) = P  Z <
 10 
= P (Z < 1.58113883 )
= 0.9431
 
(c) P (70 < X < 78) = P  70 − 75 < Z < 78 − 75 
 10 10 
= P ( −1.5811388 < Z < 0.94868329 )
= 0.7717

103
2 Let X be the weight of soap powder in a box.

(i) P ( X > 1005) = P Z > (

1005 − 1002
1.2 ) 16
= P (Z > 2.5)
= 0.006210

Chapter 16 Statistical distributions

(ii) Box is underweight if X < 1000

(
P ( X < 1000) = P Z < 1000 − 1002
1.2 )
= P (Z < −1.666667)
= 0.04779
3  P ( X > k ) = 0.7

(
P Z > k − 45
10 ) = 0.7
  k − 45 = −0.5244005
10
k = −0.5244005 × 10 + 45
k = 39.756
 k  = 39.8 (3 s.f.)

(
4 Let X be the speed of a car X  N 68, 5 2 . )
Let k be the speed at which the police issue fines.
P ( X > k ) = 0.08

( )
P Z > k − 68 = 0.08
5
k − 68 = 1.40507156
5
k = 68 + 5 × 1.40507156
k = 75.025
5 P ( X < 100 ) = 0.25

(
P Z <
100 − µ
17 ) = 0.25
100 − µ
= −0.6744897
17
100 − µ = −0.6744897 × 17
µ = 100 + 0.6744897 × 17
µ = 111.5 (4 s.f.)

6 P ( X > 36 ) = 0.4

(
P Z > 36 − 35 = 0.4
σ )
Using inverse normal facility on the calculator gives:
36 − 35 = 0.2533471
σ
1
σ = 0.2533471
  = 3.947 (4 s.f.)

104
7
16

Chapter 16 Statistical distributions

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
x

Bell-shaped curve with the maximum point where X = 20.

Points of inf lection are one standard deviation from the mean at 17 and 23.
Outliers are more than two standard deviations from the mean, so X < 14 and X > 26.
8 (i) Y has a normal distribution.
Using Y = 3X − 1:
Y = 3X − 1
= 3×5−1
  = 14
σ Y = 3σ X
= 3 × 1.2
= 3.6
So, Y  N(14, 3.6 2 )

(
(ii) P (Y > 10) = P Z > 10 − 14
3.6 )
(
= P Z > − 10
9 )
= 0.8667
9 Let X be the distance the child throws.
X  N(4.8, 0.45 2 )
(If your calculator has the facility, you can just give the answers here; you could quote the z-value(s) also.)

(
For a gold star, P ( X > 5.4 ) = P Z > 5.4 − 4.8
0.45 )
(
=P Z > 4
3 )
= 0.09121121
Number of children with gold star = np
= 30 × 0.09121121
= 2.7 children
So, three gold stars are estimated to be awarded.

(
For a silver star, P (4 < X < 5.4 ) = P 4 − 4.8 < Z < 5.4 − 4.8
0.45 0.45 )
9 ( 3 )
= P 16 < Z < 4 = 0.96227982 − 0.09121121
= 0.87106861

105
 Number of children with silver star = np
= 30 × 0.8710686 16
= 26.1 children
So, 26 silver stars are estimated to be awarded.

Chapter 16 Statistical distributions

For ‘I tried’ sticker, 30 − 2.7 − 26.1 = 1.2 children.
So, one ‘I tried’ sticker is estimated to be awarded.
10 Let X be the mass of a lettuce.

(
(i) P ( X > 595) = P Z > 595 − 560
20 )
= P (Z > 1.75)
= 0.04006
(
X  N 560, 20 2 )
(ii) P ( all three more than 595 g ) = 0.04005915 3
= 6.428 × 10 −5

(
(iii) P ( X < 530 ) = P Z < 530 − 560
20 )
= P (Z < −1.5)
= 0.0668072

Expected number in a box of 24 = np

= 24 × 0.0668072
= 1.6 (2 s.f.)
11 (i) Substitute x = 108 into the formula w = 1.1x − 100
w = 1.1 × 108 − 100
= 18.8 kg
σ w = 1.1σ x
= 1.1 × 2.5
= 2.75 kg  
(ii) Let W be the weight of a child.
P (W < k ) = 0.9

(
P Z < k − 18.8
2.75 ) = 0.9
k − 18.8 = 1.2815157
2.75
k − 18.8 = 1.2815157
2.75
k = 1.2815157 × 2.75 + 18.8
k = 22.32 kg
12 (i) M ost of the population lies within three standard deviations from the mean, so the range is
approximately six standard deviations.
22 − 10 = 12, so standard deviation is 12 = 2 cm.
6
(ii) A normal distribution is symmetric, so the middle of the range is the same as the mean.
µ = 10 + 22 = 16
2

106
 (iii)
16

Chapter 16 Statistical distributions

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
x

(iv) Let X be the length of a leaf.

P ( X < 15) = P Z < 15 − 16
2( )
= P (Z < −0.5)
= 0.3085 (4 d.p.)

13 (i) Let X be the length of a piece of cable.

(
X  N µ , 0.5 2 )
P ( X > 200 ) = 0.95

(
P Z >
200 − µ
0.5 ) = 0.95
200 − µ
= −1.6448536
0.5
µ = 200 + 0.5 × 1.6448536
µ = 200.822 cm

( 2
)
(ii) X  N 200.822, 0.5 P ( X > 202) = 0.0092365 using calculator.
If only N(0, 1) on calculator:
P ( X > 202) = P Z > 202 − 200.822
0.5( )
= P (Z > 2.355)
= 0.0092365
Expected number = np
= 100 × 0.0092365

= 0.92365
= 0.92 (2 d.p.)
The answer is not rounded because the expected number is a statistic.
14 (i) Let X be the life of the tyre.
(
X  N 28 500, σ 2 )
P ( X > 23 000) = 0.90
 23 000 − 28 500 
P Z >
σ  = 0.90
 
−5500 = −1.2815516
σ
σ = 4292 km
107
 (
(ii) P ( X > 35000) = P Z > 35000 − 28500
4291.673 ) 16
= P (Z > 1.514561)
= 0.0649
15 (i) Let X be the weight of an egg.

Chapter 16 Statistical distributions

50% of eggs are over 63 g (argument from symmetry), so the mean µ = 63 g
25% of eggs are more than 73 g
P ( X > 73) = 0.25

( )
P Z > 73 − 63 = 0.25
σ
10 = 0.67448975
σ
10
σ = 0.67448975
σ = 14.83 g
(ii) Outliers are more than two standard deviations from the mean.
µ + 2σ = 63 + 2 × 14.83 = 92.66
µ − 2σ = 63 − 2 × 14.83 = 33.34
Ranges X > 92.66 or X < 33.34
16 Let X be the mark obtained.
(i) She uses Grade 9 for more than 248 marks.
Examination marks are discrete data, so a continuity correction is applied.
P ( X > 248.5) = 0.03

(
P Z >
248.5 − µ
σ )
= 0.03

248.5 − µ
= 1.8807361
σ
248.5 = µ + 1.881σ (4 s.f.)
(ii) Grade 7 for more than 159 marks.
Examination marks are discrete data so a continuity correction is applied.
P ( X > 159.5) = 0.20

(
P Z >
159.5 − µ 
σ
 = 0.20

159.5 − µ
= 0.84162123
σ
159.5 = µ + 0.8416σ (4 s.f.)
(iii) Solve the simultaneous equations:
248.5 = µ + 1.881σ
159.5 = µ + 0.8416σ
Gives µ = 87.44 and σ = 85.63 (4 s.f.)

(
(iv) If X  N 87.44, 85.63 2 )
Using the normal facility on the calculator:
P ( X < 0) = 0.1623287, which is about 16%
Or, if only N(0, 1) available on the calculator:

108
 ( 85.63 )
P Z < 0 − 87.44 = P (Z < −1.0211)
16
= 0.15359467
 ≈ 15%

Chapter 16 Statistical distributions

(v) This is impossible as all the marks will be positive, so the data does not seem to fit a normal
distribution which is the teacher’s incorrect assumption.

Mark scheme
Answer Marks Guidance
1 (i) 10 B1

(
(ii)(a) P ( X > 85) = P Z > 85 − 75
10 ) M1 Uses Z or the calculator facility

= P (Z > 3.16227766) = 0.0007827 A1 Allow www

(
     (b) P ( X < 80) = P Z < 80 − 75
10 ) M1 Uses Z or the calculator facility

= P (Z < 1.58113883) = 0.9431 A1 Allow www

     (c) P (70 < X < 78) M1 Uses Z or the calculator facility

(
= P 70 − 75 < Z < 78 − 75
10 10 )
= P (−1.5811388 < Z < 0.94868329)
= 0.7717 A1 Allow www
2 (i)
(
P ( X > 1005) = P Z > 1005 − 1002
1.2 ) M1 Uses Z or the calculator facility

= P (Z > 2.5) = 0.006210 A1 Allow www

(ii)
(
P ( X < 1000 ) = P Z < 1000 − 1002
1.2 ) M1 Uses Z or the calculator facility

= P (Z < −1.666667) = 0.04779 A1 Allow www

3
( 10 )
P Z > k − 45 = 0.7 M1 Uses Z

k − 45 = −0.5244005 M1 Uses inverse normal facility

10
k = −0.5244005 × 10 + 45 B1 Correct boundary value seen
= 39.756 = 39.8 (3 s.f.) A1 Must be to at least 3 s.f.
Allow trial and improvement only
if the answer is shown to be correct
to 3 s.f.
4 P ( X > k ) = 0.08 M1 Uses Z

( )
P Z > k − 68 = 0.08
5
k − 68 = 1.40507156 B1 Correct boundary value seen
5
k = 68 + 5 × 1.40507156 = 75.025 M1 Uses boundary in an equation for k
k = 68 + 5 × 1.40507156 = 75.025 A1 Must be to at least 2 s.f.
Allow trial and improvement only if
the answer is shown to be correct to
at least 2 s.f.

109
 Answer Marks Guidance
5 P Z <( 100 − µ
= 0.25 ) M1 Uses Z 16
17
B1 Correct boundary value (must be
100 − µ negative)
= −0.6744897
17
Attempt to solve an equation for µ

Chapter 16 Statistical distributions

M1
100 − µ = −0.6744897 × 17
µ = 100 + 0.6744897 × 17 A1 Answer to 4 s.f.
= 111.5 (4 s.f.) Allow mark for trial and
improvement if the answer is correct
to 4 s.f.
Allow sc for trial and improvement
leading to a correct value to 2 or 3 s.f.
6
(
P Z > 36 − 35 = 0.4
σ ) M1 Uses Z
36 − 35 = 0.2533471 M1 Forms an equation with σ and their
σ
positive boundary value
B1 0.2533 or better seen
1
σ = 0.2533471 = 3.947 (4 s.f.) A1 Answer to 4 s.f.
Allow mark for trial and
improvement if the answer is correct
to 4 s.f.
Allow sc for trial and improvement
leading to a correct value to 2 or 3 s.f.
7 B1 Correct shape
B1 Mean labelled 20
B1 Points of inflection at 17 and 23
B1 Shaded regions X > 26 and X < 14

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 x

8 (i) Y has a normal distribution B1 Normal distribution stated

Using Y = 3X − 1 B1
Y = 3X − 1 = 3 × 5 − 1 = 14
σ Y = 3σ X = 3 × 1.2 = 3.6
So, Y  N(14, 3.6 2 ) B1

(ii) P (Y > 10) = P Z > 10 − 14

3.6 ( ) M1 Uses Z or calculator facility

=P Z >− (10
9
= 0.8667 ) A1 Accept 4 s.f. or better

9 For a gold star P ( X > 5.4 ) M1 Uses Z or calculator facility

(
= P Z > 5.4 − 4.8
0.45 )
(
= P Z > 4 = 0.09121121
3 )

110
 Answer Marks Guidance
Number of children with gold star = A1 Allow www 16
np = 30 × 0.09121121 = 3 children
For a silver star P ( 4 < X < 5.4 ) A1 ft their probability

( )
M1 Probability between values

Chapter 16 Statistical distributions

= P 4 − 4.8 < Z < 5.4 − 4.8
0.45 0.45

(
= P 50 < Z < 4
27 3 )
= 0.96227982 − 0.09121121 = 0.87106861
Number of children with silver star = A1 Allow for below 4 if done in a
np = 30 × 0.8710686 = 26 children different order
For ‘I tried’ sticker = B1 ft their other two answers (total 30)
30 − 2.7 − 26.1 = 1 child
10 (i) P ( X > 595) = P Z > 595 − 560
20 ( ) M1 Uses Z or calculator facility

= P (Z > 1.75) = 0.04006 A1 To at least 4 d.p.

(ii) 0.04005915 3 M1
= 6.428 × 10 −5 A1 ft their answer from part (i)

(iii) P ( X < 530) = P Z < 530 − 560

20 ( ) M1 Uses Z or calculator facility

= P (Z < −1.5) = 0.0668072 A1 To at least 4 d.p.

Expected number in a box of 24 = A1 Do not award if rounded to integer
np = 24 × 0.0668072 = 1.6 (2 s.f.)
11 (i) Substitute x = 108 into the formula M1 Method clear
w = 1.1x − 100
w = 1.1 × 108 − 100 = 18.8  kg B1 Answer given
σ w = 1.1σ x = 1.1 × 2.5 = 2.75  kg A1
(ii) Let W be the weight of a child M1 Attempts to solve an equation
P (W < k ) = 0.9 linking k and a boundary value

(
P Z < k − 18.8 = 0.9
2.75 )
k − 18.8 = 1.2815157
2.75
k = 1.2815157 × 2.75 + 18.8 B1 1.28 or better seen
= 22.3 kg (1 d.p.) A1 Must be to 1 d.p.
12 (i) Range ≈ 6 standard deviations M1 Clear explanation
22 − 10 = 2 A1 Answer given
6
(ii) µ = 10 +2 22 = 16 B1

(iii) B1 Correct shape with mean at about 16

B1 Minimum and maximum at 10 and 22
B1 Shaded area

x
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
111
 Answer Marks Guidance
(iv)
(
P ( X < 15) = P Z < 15 − 16
2 ) M1 Uses Z or parameters (may be 16
implied)
= P (Z < −0.5) = 0.3085

Chapter 16 Statistical distributions

Probability 0.31 (2 s.f.) A1 Must be to 2 s.f.
13 (i) P ( X > 200) = 0.95

(
P Z >
200 − µ
0.5 )
= 0.95 M1 Uses Z

200 − µ B1 Correct equation including signs

= −1.6448536
0.5
A1 1.645 or better seen
µ = 200 + 0.5 × 1.6448536 = 200.822  cm A1 Must be to 3 d.p.
(ii)
(
P ( X > 202 ) = P Z > 202 − 200.822
0.5 ) M1 Uses their mean and given standard
deviation
= P (Z > 2.355) = 0.0092365 A1
Expected number = A1 Do not award if rounded to a whole
np = 100 × 0.0092365 = 0.92365 number

14 (i) P ( X > 23000 ) = 0.90 M1 Uses Z

(
P Z > 23000 − 28500 = 0.90
σ )
−5500 = −1.2815516 B1 1.28 or better seen
σ A1 Boundary sign correct
σ = 4292 km A1 At least 3 s.f.
(ii)
(
P ( X > 35000) = P Z > 35000 − 28500
4291.673 ) M1 Z need not be seen

= P (Z > 1.514561) = 0.0649 A1 At least 3 d.p.

15 (i) By symmetry µ = 63 B1 Allow without evidence
P ( X > 73) = 0.25 M1 Allow for 53 g used

( σ )
P Z > 73 − 63 = 0.25 M1 Uses Z
10 = 0.67448975
σ
10
σ = 0.67448975 = 14.83 g A1 At least 3 s.f.

(ii) Outliers are more than two standard

deviations from the mean
µ + 2σ = 63 + 2 × 14.83 = 92.66 B1 Award if seen
µ − 2σ = 63 − 2 × 14.83 = 33.34 B1 Award if seen
Ranges X > 92.66 or X < 33.34 B1 Both correct inequalities; ft their
values if consistent
16 (i) P ( X > 248.5) = 0.03 M1 Uses the Grade 9 information

(
P Z >
248.5 − µ
σ )
= 0.03 M1 Uses Z

248.5 − µ
= 1.8807361
σ
Rounding to 4 s.f gives 248.5 = µ + 1.881σ B1 Answer given

112
 Answer Marks Guidance
(ii) Grade 7 for more than 159 marks 17
P ( X > 159.5) = 0.20 M1 Uses Z for the Grade 7 information

(
P Z >
159.5 − µ
σ )
= 0.20

Chapter 17 Hypothesis testing

159.5 − µ
= 0.84162123
σ
Rounding to 4 s.f. gives A1 To at least 4 s.f.
159.5 = µ + 0.8416σ
(iii) Solve the simultaneous equations M1 Calculator method acceptable
248.5 = µ + 1.881σ
159.5 = µ + 0.8416σ
Gives µ = 87.44 and σ = 85.63 (4 s.f.) A1
(iv)
(
If X  N 87.44, 85.63
2
) M1 Uses normal distribution

Using the normal facility on the calculator:

P ( X < 0 ) = 0.1623287
Or
If only N(0, 1) available on the calculator:

( )
P Z < 0 − 87.44 = P (Z < −1.0211)
85.63
= 0.15359467, which is about 15% A1 To more than 2 d.p.
(v) This is impossible as all the marks will be M1 Negative numbers impossible
positive, so the data does not seem to fit a B1 Distribution not normal
normal distribution which is the teacher’s
incorrect assumption

17 Hypothesis testing
1 The points do not suggest a linear relationship.
2 Rank correlation is always linked to association and not correlation.
3 (i) The points are close to a curve.
(ii) H 0 : There is no association between BSA and weight.
H 1 : There is some association between BSA and weight.
The actual value for rank correlation is 0.9863.
0.9863 > 0.3977 (the critical value) so is more extreme.
So, there is enough evidence at the 5% level to reject the null hypothesis in favour of the
alternative hypothesis.
The evidence supports the alternative hypothesis that there is association between BSA and weight.
4 (i) H 0 : There is no association between age and time spent watching television.
H 1 : There is some association between age and time spent watching television.
(ii) Actual value -0.2727 > -0.5874, so is less extreme.
So, there is not enough evidence at the 5% level to reject the null hypothesis in favour of the
alternative hypothesis.
The evidence supports the null hypothesis that there is no association between age and time spent
watching television.

113
5 (i) The ages are all integers, so there are no points between the integer values.
(ii) The graph shows a non-linear relationship. 17
(iii) H 0 : There is no association between height and age of the tree.
H 1 : There is positive association between height and age of the tree.

Chapter 17 Hypothesis testing

Actual value 0.8603 > 0.3139, so is more extreme.
So, there is enough evidence at the 1% significance level to reject the null hypothesis in favour of
the alternative hypothesis.
The evidence supports the alternative hypothesis that there is positive association between age and
height of the trees.
6 (i) Weekdays and weekends
(ii) H 0 : ρ = 0 There is no correlation between ice cream sales and maximum air temperature.
H 1 : ρ ≠ 0 There is some correlation between ice cream sales and maximum air temperature.
Actual value 0.3814 > 0.3610, so is more extreme.
So, there is enough evidence at the 5% level to reject the null hypothesis in favour of the
alternative hypothesis.
The evidence supports the alternative hypothesis that there is correlation between ice cream sales
and maximum air temperature.
(iii) Maria uses association and not correlation which is not correct when correlation coefficient
is used.
Maria uses the word proof; however, she has made an inference, not a proof.
7 H 1 : µ ≠ 14 2-tail
H 1 : µ < 14 1-tail
H 1 : µ > 14 1-tail

8 Normal distribution with mean µ and standard deviation σ

n
 σ 2
You could also write X  N µ , n 
 
9 (i) Normal with mean 50 and standard deviation 2
10
 22 
which can be written X ~ N 50, 10  = N (50, 0.4)
 
(a) Critical region is X > k1 where k1 is the value for which P ( X > k1 ) = 10%
(ii)
k − 50 
P ( X > k1 ) = P  Z > 1
 0.4 

= 10%
k1 − 50
= 1.2815516
0.4
k1 = 50 + 1.2815516 × 0.4
= 50.8105244
Critical region is X > 50.8105244

114
 (b) Critical region is X < k 2 , where k 2 is the value for which P ( X < k 2 ) = 10%

P ( X < k2 ) = P  Z <
k 2 − 50  17
 0.4 

= 10%
k 2 − 50

Chapter 17 Hypothesis testing

= −1.2815516
0.4
k 2 = 50 − 1.2815516 × 0.4
= 49.1894756
Critical region is X < 49.1894756
(c) Either X < k 3 or X > k 4
k 3 − 50 
P ( X < k3 ) = P  Z <
 0.4 

= 5%
k − 50
3 = −1.6448536
0.4
k 3 = 50 − 1.6448536 × 0.4
  = 48.9597032
k − 50 
P ( X > k4 ) = P  Z > 4
 0.4 

= 5%
k 4 − 50
= 1.6448536
0.4
k 4 = 50 + 1.6448536 × 0.4
   = 51.0402968
So, critical region is X < 48.9597032 or X > 51.0402968
2
 
10 X  N  25, 8  = N ( 25, 0.64 )
 100 
(i) P ( X < 24 ) = P (Z < −1.25)
= 0.10564977
(ii) P ( X < 23) = P (Z < −2.5)
= 0.0062097
(iii) P ( X > 26.5) = P (Z > 1.875)
= 0.03039636
11 (i) Normally distributed with mean 13.5 and standard deviation 1.5 = 0.67082
5
 1.5 2  = N 13.5, 0.45
X  N 13.5,
5  ( )

(ii) H 0 : µ = 13.5
H 1 : µ < 13.5
 
 
(iii) P ( X < 12.5) = P Z < 12.5 − 13.5 
  1.5  
  
  5 
= P (Z < −1.490712)
= 0.0680186
115
 (iv) P ( X < 12.5) = 0.0680186 > 5%
So, there is not enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis. 17
There is not enough evidence at the 5% level that the sprint times have reduced.
12 (i) H 0 : µ = 130

Chapter 17 Hypothesis testing

H 1 : µ < 130
2
 
(ii) X  N  130, 10  = N (130, 5)
 20 
Critical region is X < k , where k is the value for which P ( X < k ) = 1%

P ( X < k ) = P Z < k − 130 

 5 

= 1%
k − 130 = −2.3264379
5
k = 130 − 2.3264379 × 5
= 124.798
Critical region is X < 124.798
(iii) Actual value 125.5 cm is not in the critical region.
There is not enough evidence to reject H 0 .
There is not enough evidence that growing wheat near a road reduces the height of wheat plants.
13 (i) H 1 : µ ≠ 17
2
 
(ii) Sample mean X  N  17, 1  under H 0
 8
2-tail test, so critical region in two parts,
X < k1 , where P ( X < k1 ) = 2.5%, and X > k 2 , where P ( X > k 2 ) = 2.5%
 
 k1 − 17 
P ( X < k1 )
( )
= P Z <
1 
 8 
= 2.5%
8 (k1 − 17 ) = −1.959964

k1 = 17 − 1.959964
8
= 16.30704808
k 2 = 17 + 1.959964
8
= 17.69295192
So, critical region is X < 16.30704808 or X > 17.69295192

116
 (iii) Actual sample mean = x

= 1 (17 + 18 + 19.5 + 15.5 + 16 + 16 + 19 + 18 )

8
17
= 17.375
17.375 < 17.69295192 and is not in the critical region.

Chapter 17 Hypothesis testing

There is not enough evidence to reject H 0 .
There is not enough evidence to suggest that the weights of these goldfinches are significantly
different from European goldfinches.
14 (i) H 0 : µ = 21
H 1 : µ ≠ 21

(ii) Normal distribution with mean 21 and standard deviation 3

10
2
 3 
X  N  21, = N ( 21, 0.9 )
 10 
(iii) Either
 
 23 − 21
P ( X > 23) = P  Z >


3 
( )
10 
= P (Z > 2.10818511)
  = 0.01750749 < 2.5%
So, result is significant; reject the null hypothesis.
There is enough evidence at the 5% level to suggest that playing classical music affects
concentration span.
Or
The critical region for X  N ( 21, 0.9 ) at 5% level 2-tail test is:
X < 19.1406149 or X > 22.8592851
Actual value 23 > 22.8592851, so lies in the critical region; reject the null hypothesis.
There is enough evidence at the 5% level to suggest that playing classical music affects
concentration span.
15 H 0 : µ = 87.3
H 1 : µ < 87.3
2
 
Under H 0 , X  N  87.3, 9  = N ( 87.3, 4.05)
 20 
Either
 
P ( X < 85.4 ) = P Z < 85.4 − 87.3 
 4.05 
= P (Z < −0.94411759)
= 0.17255478 > 5%
There is not enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
There is not enough evidence to suggest that the new golf club has reduced scores.
Or

Critical region 1-tail test X < k, where P Z < k − 87.3  = 5%

 4.05 

117
 k − 87.3 = −1.6448536
17

4.05
k = 87.3 − 1.6448536 × 4.05
= 83.98979598
Actual value = 85.4 > 83.98979598, so is not in the critical region.

Chapter 17 Hypothesis testing

Not enough evidence to reject H 0 .
There is not enough evidence to suggest that the new golf club has reduced scores.

Mark scheme
Answer Marks Guidance
1 Non-linear graph B1 Allow points near curve, etc.
2 Association B1
3 (i) The points are close to a curve B1
(ii) H 0: There
: is no association between B1 Do not award for correlation
BSA and weight
H 1: There
: is some association between B1 Must be 2-tail
BSA and weight
The actual value for rank correlation is M1 Comparison must be explicit
0.9863 > 0.3977, the critical value,
and so is more extreme
So, there is enough evidence at the 5% B1 In terms of null and alternative
level to reject the null hypothesis in favour hypothesis
of the alternative hypothesis
The evidence supports the alternative B1 Must be in context
hypothesis that there is association between
BSA and weight
4 (i) H 0: There is no association between age B1
and time spent watching television
H 1: There
: is some association between age B1 Must be 2-tail
and time spent watching television
(ii) Actual value -0.2727 > -0.5874 and is less M1 Comparison must be explicit
extreme between two negative numbers;
allow for two positive numbers if
clear which is more extreme
So, there is not enough evidence at the 5% M1 In terms of null and alternative
level to reject the null hypothesis in favour hypothesis
of the alternative hypothesis
The evidence supports the null hypothesis B1 Must be in context
that there is no association between age
and time spent watching television
5 (i) Ages all integers B1
(ii) The graph shows a non-linear relationship B1 Allow ‘fits a curve’
(iii) H 0 ::There is no association between B1
height and age of the tree
H 1: : There is positive association between B1 Must be 1-tail
height and age of the tree
Actual value 0.8603 > 0.3139 which is M1 Comparison must be explicit
more extreme

118
 Answer Marks Guidance
So, there is enough evidence at the B1 In terms of null and alternative 17
1% significance level to reject the null hypothesis
hypothesis in favour of the alternative
hypothesis

Chapter 17 Hypothesis testing

The evidence supports the alternative B1 Must be in context
hypothesis that there is positive association
between age and height of the trees
6 (i) Weekdays and weekends B1
(ii) H 0 :ρ = 0 There is no correlation B1
between ice cream sales and maximum air
temperature
H 1:ρ ≠ 0 There is some correlation B1 Must be 2-tail
between ice cream sales and maximum air
temperature
Actual value 0.3814 > 0.3610 and is more M1 Comparison must be explicit
extreme
So, there is enough evidence at the 5% B1 In terms of null and alternative
level to reject the null hypothesis in favour hypothesis
of the alternative hypothesis
The evidence supports the alternative B1 Must be in context
hypothesis that there is correlation
between ice cream sales and maximum air
temperature
(iii) Maria uses association and not correlation B1 oe
which is not correct when correlation
coefficient is used
Maria uses the word proof; however, she B1 oe
has made an inference, not a proof
7 H 1:µ ≠ 14, 2-tail B1 cao
H 1:µ < 14, 1-tail B1 cao
H 1 : µ > 14, 1-tail B1 cao
8 Normal distribution B1 States distribution
with mean µ B1
and standard deviation σ (
Allow N µ , σ )
2
B1
n n
9 (i)  2 B1 Normal with mean 50
X  N 50, 2  B1 Variance 0.4 or standard deviation
 10 
2
10
(ii)(a) X > 50.8105244 B1 Boundary value seen
B1 Correct inequality
(ii)(b) X < 49.1894756 B1 Boundary value seen
B1 Correct inequality
(ii)(c) Either X < 48.9597032 or B2 B1 for each inequality
X > 51.0402968

119
 Answer Marks Guidance
10 (i)  2 
X  N  25, 8  = N ( 25, 0.64 ) M1 Or by calculator
17
 100 

P ( X < 24 ) = P (Z < −1.25) A1 Allow without working

Chapter 17 Hypothesis testing

= 0.10564977

(ii) P ( X < 23) = P (Z < −2.5) M1 Or by calculator

= 0.0062097 A1 Allow without working

(iii) P ( X > 26.5) = P (Z > 1.875) M1 Or by calculator

= 0.03039636 A1 Allow without working
11 (i)  2
X  N 13.5, 1.5  B1 Allow normal with mean 13.5 and
 5 
standard deviation 1.5 = 0.67082
= N (13.5, 0.45) 5
(ii) H 0 : µ = 13.5 B1 Do not allow ‘the mean has not
changed’ unless a figure is quoted
H 1 : µ < 13.5 B1

(iii) P ( X < 12.5) = P (Z < −1.490712 ) M1 Allow calculator method if answer

to 4 d.p. or better
= 0.0680186 A1

(iv) P ( X < 12.5) = 0.0680186 > 5% M1 Explicit comparison with 5%

So, there is not enough evidence to reject A1 Accept H 0
the null hypothesis
There is not enough evidence at the 5% A1 Must be in context
level that the sprint times have reduced
12 (i) H 0 : µ = 130 B1

H 1 : µ < 130 B1
(ii) M1 Allow for mean 130 and standard
X  N  130, 10  = N (130, 5)
2

 20  10 = 2.236
deviation or better
20
Critical region is X < k where k is the used
value for which P ( X < k ) = 1%
P ( X < k ) = P  Z < k − 130  = 1%
 5 

k − 130 = −2.326438 M1 Uses Z and inverse normal

5

k = 130 − 2.326438 × 5 = 124.798

Critical region is X < 124.798 A1 Must be clearly stated as inequality
(iii) Actual value 125.5 cm is not in the critical M1 Clear statement needed
region since 125.5 > 124.798
There is not enough evidence to reject H 0 B1 Must be in context
There is not enough evidence that B1 Must be in context
growing wheat near a road reduces the
height of wheat plants

120
 Answer Marks Guidance
13 (i) H 1 : µ ≠ 17 B1 2-tail test needed 17
 2
(ii) Sample mean X  N 17, 1  under H 0
 8

Chapter 17 Hypothesis testing

2-tail test so critical region in two parts
X < k1 where P ( X < k1 ) = 2.5% and M1 Uses 2.5% for both tails
X > k 2 where P ( X > k 2 ) = 2.5%
 
 k1 − 17 
P ( X < k 1 ) = P Z <  = 2.5%

 ( )
1 
8 
8 (k1 − 17) = −1.959964

k1 = 17 − 1.959964 = 16.30704808 M1 Attempts to solve equation one for

8
k1 and 1.96 or better
k 2 = 17 + 1.959964 = 17.69295192
8

So, critical region is A1 Must be inequalities and boundary

X < 16.30704808 or value to at least 3 s.f.
X > 17.69295192
(iii) Actual sample mean = x = 17.375 B1
17.375 < 17.69295192 and is not in the M1 Explicit comparison
critical region
There is not enough evidence to reject H 0 B1 Conclusion in terms of H 0
There is not enough evidence to suggest B1 Conclusion in context
that the weights of these goldfinch are
significantly different from European
goldfinches
14 (i) H 0 : µ = 21 B1
H 1 : µ ≠ 21 B1 Must be 2-tail

X  N  21, 3 
2
(ii) B1 Normal with mean 21
 10 

B1 Also allow standard deviation 3

10
(iii) Either
P ( X > 23) = P (Z > 2.10818511) M1 Finds the correct probability

= 0.01750749 A1 0.0175 or better

< 2.5% So result is significant – reject the M1 Compares with 5% to reach
null hypothesis conclusion
There is enough evidence at the 5% level B1 States conclusion in context
to suggest that playing classical music
affects concentration span
Or
The critical region for X  N ( 21, 0.9 ) M1 Attempts to find two regions with
at 5% level 2-tail test is … 2.5% probability
121
 Answer Marks Guidance
X < 19.1406149 or X > 22.8592851 A1 Condone missing left tail 18
Actual value 23 > 22.8592851 so lies in the B1 Comparison explicit
critical region – reject the null hypothesis

Chapter 18 Kinematics
There is enough evidence at the 5% level B1 Conclusion in context
to suggest that playing classical music
affects concentration span
15 H 0 : µ = 87.3 B1
H 1 : µ < 87.3 B1 Must be 1-tail
Under H 0

X  N  87.3, 9  = N ( 87.3, 4.05)

2
B1 soi
 20 
Either

P ( X < 85.4 ) = P  Z < 85.4 − 87.3  M1 Accept calculator method

 4.05 

= P (Z < −0.94411759 ) A1

= 0.17255478 > 5% M1 Explicit comparison with 5% seen

There is not enough evidence to reject the B1 In terms of null hypothesis
null hypothesis
There is not enough evidence to suggest B1 Must be in context
that the new golf club has reduced scores
Or
Critical region 1-tail test X < k where M1 Solves equation for k in terms of
-1.64 or better
P  Z < k − 87.3  = 5%
 4.05 
k − 87.3 = −1.6448536 A1
4.05

Actual value = 85.4 > 83.98979598 and so M1 Explicit comparison seen

is not in the critical region
Not enough evidence to reject null B1 In terms of null hypothesis
hypothesis
There is not enough evidence to suggest B1 Must be in context
that the new golf club has reduced scores

18 Kinematics
1 For the ball, list the variables involved:
s = 2.5, u = u, v = 0, a = −9.8 ⇒ v 2 = u 2 + 2as
Substituting gives:
0 = u 2 + 2 × −9.8 × 2.5 ⇒ u 2 = 49 ⇒ u = 7  m s -1
2 First find the acceleration.
The relevant variables are:
s = 21, u = 0, a = a, t = 5 ⇒ s = ut + 1 at 2
2
122
 Substituting gives:
21 = 0 + 1 × a × 5 2 ⇒ a = 1.68  m s -2
2 18
Up to when the speed reaches 28 m s-1, the variables are:
u = 0,  v = 28, a = 1.68, s = s ⇒ v 2 = u 2 + 2as ⇒ s = 233 1 > 9 × 21
3

Chapter 18 Kinematics
So, the train is still accelerating when it has finished passing Rob.
The relevant variables are:
s = 189, u = 0, a = 1.68, t = t ⇒ s = ut + 1 at 2
2
Substituting gives:
189 = 0 + 1 × 1.68 × t 2 ⇒ t = 15 s
2
3 The expression for the velocity includes t 2, so the acceleration is not constant.
Integrating the expression for the velocity with respect to time gives the displacement:
3
s= ∫ (4 − t 2 ) dt = 4t − t3
The displacement is zero, so:
3
( )
4t − t = 0 ⇒ t 12 − t 2 = 0 ⇒ t = 12 = 3.46  seconds.
3
4 (i) position after 1.635 seconds = original position + displacement
X  0  2   0  2
 0  =  Y  +  0.3  1.635 +  −4.9  1.635

 0   3.27   0 
=  +  +
 Y   0.4905   −13.0988025 
 3.27 
=
 Y − 12.608325 
X = 3.27
Y = 12.61

 x  0   2   0  2
(ii)   =   +  t +  t
 y   12.61  0.3   −4.9 
x = 2t ⇒ t = 0.5x
y = 12.61 + 0.3t - 4.9t2
Hence, y = 12.61 + 0.15x - 1.225x2
(iii) y = 12.61 + 0.15x - 1.225x2
dy
= 0.15 - 2.45x
dx
dy
= ± 1 ⇒ x = 0.469 (x > 0) ⇒ y = 12.4088
dx
Stone is 12.4 m above the sea.
Or
 dy 
 x = dx ,  y = 
 d t dt 
x = 2t ⇒ x = 2
y = 12.61 + 0.3t - 4.9t2 ⇒ y = 0.3 - 9.8t
|y|=|x|⇒ 0.3 − 9.8t = −2 ⇒ t = 0.2347 and y = 12.4
Stone is 12.4 m above the sea.
123
 3 4
5 (i) r =   + 2   = 11i + 5j
11  −3  18
(ii) At time T hours after midday, ship has position xi + yj, where x = 3 + 4T and y = 11 - 3T
Square of distance from coastguard station = (3 + 4T )2 + (11 - 3T )2 = 25T2 - 42T + 130
This is minimum when 50T - 42 = 0

Chapter 18 Kinematics
T = 0.84 hours after midday (or 50 minutes and 24 seconds after midday).
Or
Ship travels on line y - 11 = -0.75(x - 3) ⇒ 4y = 53 - 3x
Perpendicular line through coastguard station is 3y = 4x
These meet when x = 6.36, y = 8.48 and T = 0.84
6 Integrating acceleration with respect to time to obtain the velocity:
v = ∫ a dt

∫ ( 6 (t )
  −1 i   +   1 t 4 j  −  4tk  dt )
2
=
25

( )
= (2t 3 − 6t + c1 )i + 1 t 5 + c 2 j + ( −2t 2 + c 3 )k
125
v = 0 when t = 0; c1 = c2 = c3 = 0
Hence, v = (2t 3 − 6t )i + 1 t 5 j + ( −2t 2 )k
125 ( )
Integrating velocity with respect to time to obtain the displacement:
r = ∫ v dt
∫ (( 2t ) ( ) ( )
  − 6t i   +   1 t 5 j  +   −2t 2 k  dt )
3
=
125

2 (
= 1 t 4 − 3t 2 + c )i + ( 1 t
4 750
6
) ( )
+ c5 j + − 2 t 3 + c6 k
3
r = 2i + 3j + 5k when t = 0 ⇒ c4 = 2, c5 = 3 and c6 = 5
1 4 2
( 1 6
) (
2 3
Hence, r = 2 t − 3t + 2 i + 750 t + 3 j + − 3 t + 5 k ) ( )
Solving the equation to find the time when the third component of the position is -13:
-13 = - 2 t3+ 5 ⇒ t3 = 27 ⇒ t = 3
3
t = 3 ⇒ r = 15.5i + 3.972j - 13k
x = 15.5 and y = 3.972

Mark scheme
Answer Marks Guidance
1 0 = u 2 + 2 × −9.8 × 2.5 M1 Uses kinematics equation
7 m s-1 A1 cao
2 M1 Completes method to find a
21 = 0 + 1 × a × 5 2
2
a = 1.68  m s-2 A1 cao

233 1 > 9 × 21 M1 Checks whether still accelerating

3
Train is still accelerating when it has finished A1 Interprets result
passing Rob
189 = 0 + 1 × 1.68 × t 2 M1 Completes method to find time
2
t = 15 seconds A1 cao 124
 Answer Marks Guidance
3 s = ∫(4 − t 2 )dt M1 Integrates velocity 18
3
= 4t − t A1 Correct
3

Chapter 18 Kinematics
3
4t − t = 0 ⇒ t 12 − t 2 = 0
3 ( ) M1 Solves equation
⇒ t = 12 = 3.46 seconds A1 cao
4 (i)  2   0  M1 Displacement = ut + 0.5at2 for
2
  1.635 +   1.635 t = 1.635 or general t, in vector
 0.3   −4.9  form or as components
 3.27 
= 
 −12.61
X = 3.27 A1 3.27
Y = 12.61 A1 12.6 or better (12.6083025)
(ii) x = 2t M1 Or in vector form
y = 12.61 + 0.3t - 4.9t2 x and y as functions of t
Substitute t = 0.5x M1 Eliminates t for their expressions
y = 12.61 + 0.15x - 1.225x2 A1 y = 12.6 (or better) + 0.15x -
1.225x2
dy dy
(iii) = 0.15 - 2.45x M1 Or = 0.3 - 9.8t and dx = 2
dx dt dt
dy
45° to the horizontal when = -1 M1 Or t = 0.235 (or better)
dx
x = 0.469
y = 12.4 A1 12.4 as final answer
5 (i) 3 4 M1 r = r0 + vt
r =   + 2 
11  −3 
= 11i + 5j A1
(ii) distance2 = (3 + 4T )2 + (11 - 3T )2 M1 distance2 oe valid method
At minimum distance
50T - 42 = 0 M1 Or an equation that leads to when
x = 6.36 or y = 8.48 or
So, T = 0.84 distance = 10.6, oe
A1 0.84 oe

∫ (6 (t 2  − 1) i  +  251 t 4 j − 4tk ) t

6 M1 Integrates acceleration wrt time
v=

= (2t 3 − 6t ) i + (1251 t ) j + (−2t ) k

5 2 A1 Correct expression

  1 5 
r= ∫ (2t 3
 − 6t ) i +  t  j + (−2t 2 )k  dt 
 125  
M1 Integrates velocity wrt time

1   1 6   2 3  1 4 1 6 2 3
=  t 4 − 3t 2 + 2  i +  t + 3 j + − t + 5  k M1 t − 3t 2 , t ,− t
2   750   3  2 750 3
A1 Constants correct
2
-13 = - t3+ 5 M1 Their coefficient of k = -13 and
3
solving
t=3 A1 cao
x = 15.5 and y = 3.972 B1 Both correct
125
19 Forces and motion
1 The component of the weight down the slope = 20 cos (90 - 10)° = 20 sin 10° = 3.47 N
19
2 Normal reaction from floor = R

Chapter 19 Forces and motion

T = tension in rope
Friction = F 30°

Weight = 250 N

3 The four forces are in equilibrium, so their resultant is zero.

F1 = 9i + 3j
F2 = -2i
F3 = i - 7j
F1 + F2 + F3 + F4 = 0i + 0j
(9i + 3j) + (-2i) + (i - 7j) + F4 = 0i + 0j
So, F4 = -8i + 4j

4 Magnitude = 65 = 8.06 N
Angle = 180° - arctan(1.75) = 119.7°
5 Using Newton’s second law:
 13   26 
 4  = 0.5a so a =  8 

6 Finding the resultant force using components and vector addition:

 6 cos10   0   5.91 
P+Q=  + = 
 6 sin10   −4   −2.96 

magnitude = ( 5.91) 2 + ( −2.96 ) 2

= 6.61 N
7 Applying Newton’s second law to each box:
A: T = 2a
B: g - T = a
8 (i) R

10°
40 N

(ii) Frictional force acts up the slope, opposing the motion.

Resolving parallel to the slope:
F = 40 sin 10°
= 6.95 N
(iii) R

40 N

126
 Crate moves up slope with acceleration 1 m s-2.
Equation of motion parallel for crate: 19
T - 9 - 40 sin 10° = m × 1
m = 40
g

Chapter 19 Forces and motion

m = 4.08
So, T - 9 - 6.95 = 4.08
T = 20.03
Tension = 20.0 N (3 s.f.)
9 (i) Tension in AB = tension in BC, since pulley is smooth.
Midpoint of AC = X.
A X C
θ θ

T T
B

240 N

Using trigonometry:
AX
cos θ =
AB
1
AXC
= 2
1
ABC
2
3.6
=
4.5
= 0.8

(ii) Resolving vertically at B:

2T sin θ = 240
sin θ = 0.6
Using sin θ = (1 − cos 2 θ )
T = 240
1.2
= 200 N
10 (i) Using Pythagoras:
2.162 + 2.882 = 3.62, so the angle between the strings is 90°
AB
(ii)   (a) cos BAC =
AC
= 0.6 (and sin BAC = 0.8)
(b) cos BCA = BC
AC
= 0.8 (and sin BCA = 0.6)
(iii) (a) Resolving horizontally at B:
TAB cos BAC = TBC cos BCA
0.6 TAB = 0.8 TBC
Resolving vertically at B:
127
 TAB sin BAC + TBC sin BCA = 240
0.8 TAB + 0.6 TBC = 240 19
TBC = 0.75 TAB
So, 0.8 TAB + 0.45 TAB = 240

Chapter 19 Forces and motion

1.25 TAB = 240
TAB = 192 N
(b) TBC = 0.75 × 192
= 144 N
11 (i) Applying Newton’s second law:
T - 2000 = 1500 × 0
T = 2000 N
(ii) Applying Newton’s second law:
F - T - 800 = 3000 × 0
F = 2800 N
(iii) Component of weight down slope = mg sinθ
Drive force needs to overcome resistances and produce acceleration.
F - 800 - 3000 × 9.8 × 0.02 - 2000 - 1500 × 9.8 × 0.02 = 4500 × 0.01
F = 45 + 2800 + 882
= 3727 N
12 (i) Finding resultant force gives:
F1 + F2 + F3 = (6i + 7j) + (xi - 5j) + (4j)
= (6 + x)i + (7 - 5 + 4)j
= (6 + x)i + 6j
Using Newton’s second law:
F1 + F2 + F3 = m × 2j
So, (6 + x)i + (6)j = 2mj
i terms: 6 + x = 0 ⇒ x = -6
(ii) j terms: 6 = 2m ⇒ m = 3
13 (i) Using Newton’s second law on the train:
Resultant force = 500 N (previously there was no resultant force, now there is 500 N resulting
from the loss of a truck)
500 = 150 000a
a = 0.00333 m s-2
(ii) After 3 seconds, speed is given by v = u + at = 12.01 m s-1
Using Newton’s second law:
-2000 = 80 000a
a = -0.025 m s-2
2
Then using v2 = u2 + 2as, trucks come to rest after travelling a further 12.01 = 2880 m (3 s.f.)
0.05

128
 14 (i) Angle required is θ = 180° - φ
19
R

Chapter 19 Forces and motion

φ
P

Using cosine rule on triangle of forces:

(1.4P)2 = (P)2 + (2P)2 - 2 × P × 2P × cos φ
cos φ = 1 + 4 − 1.96
4
 = 0.76
φ = 40.54°
Angle between P and Q = 139.5°
(ii) Using cosine rule on triangle of forces:
P
θ

–Q
R

  (R)2 = (P)2 + (2P)2 - 2 × P × 2P × cos θ

cos θ = -0.76
R2 = P2 + 4P2 + 3.04P2
= 8.04P2
Magnitude of resultant of P and -Q = 2.84P
(iii)

–Q

P–Q
Q

R=P+Q

Q has magnitude 2P, P + Q has magnitude 1.4P, P - Q has magnitude 2.84P.

Using cosine rule on the triangle with sides:
P + Q, P - Q and 2Q
( 4P ) 2 = ( 2.84P ) 2 + (1.4P ) 2 − 2 × 2.84P × 1.4P × cos θ
16 = 8.0656 + 1.96 − 7.952 cos θ ⇒ cos θ = 0.75775 ⇒ θ = 138.7°

129

9781510423640_Worked Solutions_011-022.indd 129 05/10/18 4:22 PM

Mark scheme
Answer Marks Guidance 19
1 20 sin 10° M1 Uses trigonometry
= 3.47 N A1 Correct to 3 s.f.

Chapter 19 Forces and motion

2 Normal reaction from floor = R B1 The correct four forces
T = tension in rope B1 Labelled correctly
Friction = F 30° B1 Arrows in the correct direction

Weight = 250 N

3 (9i + 3j) + (-2i) + (i - 7j) M1 Forms equation = 0

+ F4 = 0i + 0j
so F4 = -8i + 4j A1 Fully correct
4 Magnitude = 65 = 8.06 N B1
Angle = 180° - arctan(1.75) = 119.7° B1
5  13   26  M1 Uses Newton’s second law
 4  = 0.5a, so a =  8  A1 Must be in vector form
 
6     M1 Adds components
P + Q =  6 cos10  +  0 
 6 sin10   −4 

 5.91  A1 Correct vector

 −2.96 

( 5.91) 2 + ( −2.96 ) 2 M1 Uses Pythagoras

6.61 N A1 cao
7 A: T = 2a B1
B: g - T = a B1
8 (i) R B1 Force diagram shows three forces
acting in the appropriate directions
F

10°
40 N

(ii) Frictional force acts up the slope B1

F = 40 sin 10° N = 6.95 N B1
(iii) T − 9 − 40 sin10° = 40 M1 Forms equation of motion
g
T = 9 + 6.95 + 4.08 = 20.03 B1 m = 40 = 4.08
g
Tension = 20.0 N (3 s.f.) A1 20.0 N or better
9 (i) 1 AXC M1 Uses trigonometry
cos θ = 2
1
2 ABC
  = 0.8 A1 0.8
(ii) 2T sin θ = 240 M1 Resolves and solves
T = 200 N A1 200

130
 Answer Marks Guidance
10 (i) 2.162 + 2.882 = 3.62 B1 Pythagoras (or cosine rule) to show 19
90° given
(ii) (a) AB = 0.6 B1
AC

Chapter 19 Forces and motion

(b) BC = 0.8 B1
AC
(iii)(a) 0.6 TAB = 0.8 TBC M1 Resolves horizontally at B; ft from
part (ii)
0.8 TAB + 0.6 TBC = 240 M1 Resolving vertically at B; ft from
part (ii)
TAB = 192 N B1 192
  (b) TBC = 144 N B1 144

11 (i) T - 2000 = 0 B1 In this form, with resultant force on

one side
T = 2000 N B1 2000
(ii) F - T - 800 = 0 M1 Forms equation of motion for tractor
or for whole
F = 2800 N A1 2800
(iii) F - 800 - 3000 × 9.8 × 0.02 - 2000 M1 Applies Newton’s second law parallel
- 1500 × 9.8 × 0.02 = 4500 × 0.01 to slope
B1 Use of mg sin θ
= 3730 N (3 s.f.) A1 3730 or better
12 (i) F1 + F2 + F3 = (6 + x)i + 6j B1 (6 + x)i + 6j oe unsimplified
(6 + x)i + 6j = m × 2j M1 Finds resultant force = 2mj
x = -6 A1 -6
(ii) 3 B1 cao
13 (i) 500 = 150 000a M1 Uses Newton’s second law
a = 0.00333 m s-2 A1 oe
(ii) 12 + 3 × 0.00333 = 12.01 m s-1 B1 12.01 as speed when other trucks
-2000 = 80000a uncouple
a = -0.025 M1 Uses Newton’s second law to find
acceleration
02 = 12.012 + 2 × -0.025 × s M1 Uses their 12.01 and their -0.025
s = 2880 m A1 2880
14 (i) (1.4P)2 = (P)2 + (2P)2 M1 Uses triangle of forces and cosine rule,
-2 × P × 2P × cos(180 - θ ) oe
cos (180 - θ ) = 0.76 M1 Sight of ± 0.76 as a cosine or 0.65 as
a sine
θ = 139.5° A1 139°, 140°
(ii) (R)2 = (P)2 + (2P)2 - 2 × P × 2P × M1 Uses triangle of forces and cosine rule,
cos θ oe
cos θ  = -0.76
R2 = P2 + 4P2 + 3.04P2 = 8.04P2 M1 ft their cos θ
Resultant of P and -Q has A1 2.84P
magnitude 2.84P

131
 Answer Marks Guidance
(iii) Using cosine rule on the triangle M1 Uses cosine rule 20
with sides, P + Q, P - Q and 2Q Or use sine rule in the separate
(4P ) = ( 2.84P ) + (1.4P )
2 2 2 triangles
−2 × 2.84P × 1.4P × cos θ

Chapter 20 Moments
16 = 8.0656 + 1.96 − 7.952 cos θ M1 Substitutes correctly
cos θ = 0.75775 ⇒ θ = 138.7° A1 138.5° to 138.9°

20 Moments
1 If we take moments about B, we obtain  dX + 2dZ, which cannot equal zero.
Thus, the system cannot be in equilibrium.
2 The total forces on the object in two perpendicular directions will be zero. This gives two equations.
The total moment of the forces (about any point) will be zero, giving a third equation.
3 The net moment will be the same for all points.
Choose the most convenient point: one at which an unknown force is applied, or such that the least
number of forces appears in the expression for the net moment.
4 Vertical equilibrium ⇒ X + 10 = 30 ⇒ X = 20
Taking moments about the right-hand end (for example):
30 × 0.5 − 20 (1 − d ) = 0 ⇒ −5 + 20d = 0 ⇒ d = 0.25
5 Taking moments about A:
3dY − dZ = 3dY − d ( X + Y ) = d ( 2Y − X )
Taking moments about B:
2dY − dX = d ( 2Y − X )
Taking moments about C:
2dZ − 3dX = 2d ( X + Y ) − 3dX = d ( 2Y − X )
So, all the moments are equal, as required.
6 In order for there to be vertical equilibrium, the additional force must be of magnitude 150 N and act
downwards.
Suppose that its line of action is at a distance d from A.
In order for there to be rotational equilibrium, the net moment about A (say) must be zero; i.e.

200 × 1 + 50 × 4 − 150d = 0 ⇒ d = 400 = 8 m

150 3

Mark scheme
Answer Marks Guidance
1 dX + 2dZ … M1 Takes moments about B
… which cannot equal zero … A1 Identifies not zero
… so the system cannot be in equilibrium B1 Convincing
2 The total forces on the object in two B1 Resolve in one direction
perpendicular directions will be zero; the B1 Resolve in a non-parallel direction
total moment of the forces (about any B1 Take moments
point) will be zero

132
 Answer Marks Guidance
3 The net moment will be the same for all B1 oe 21
points
Choose the most convenient point: one B2 B1 for one valid point; B1 for a different
at which an unknown force is applied, or valid point

Chapter 21 Projectiles
such that the least number of forces appears
in the expression for the net moment
4 X + 10 = 30 M1 Resolves vertically
⇒ X = 20 A1 cao
M1 Takes moments about the right-hand end
30 × 0.5 − 20 (1 − d ) = 0
A1 Correct equation
d = 0.25 A1 cao
5 3dY − dZ M1A1 Takes moments about A
= 3dY − d ( X + Y ) B1 Uses X + Y = Z
= d ( 2Y − X ) A1
2dY − dX M1 Takes moments about B
= d ( 2Y − X ) A1 In the same form as for A
2dZ − 3dX M1 Takes moments about C
= 2d ( X + Y ) − 3dX
= d ( 2Y − X ) A1 In the same form as for A

6 vertical equilibrium ⇒ additional force is B1 Magnitude

150 N downwards B1 Direction
If at distance d from A, B1
net moment about, e.g., A is zero B1 Takes moments
200 × 1 + 50 × 4 − 150d = 0 M1 Correct equation
A1
⇒d = 8 A1 Position of force
3

21 Projectiles
2
1 Range = sin2θ .U
g
This may be known, and so quoted, or worked out, as follows.
Vertically, the values of the variables are:
s = 0, u = U sin θ , a = − g , t = t ⇒ s = ut + 1 at 2
2
Substituting gives:
0 = U sin θ t − 1 gt 2 ⇒ t ( 2U sin θ − gt ) = 0 ⇒ t = 2U sin θ when the projectile lands.
2 g
Horizontally, the speed is U cos θ and the time is 2U sin θ
g
2U sin θ U 2 sin 2θ
So, range = U cos θ × =
g g
Let the other angle be φ .
Then sin 2φ = sin 2θ , so that 2φ = 180 − 2θ , and φ = 90 − θ

133
2 (i) v 2 = u 2 + 2as because t is not given or required.
(ii) v = u + at    because s is not given or required. 21
3 The acceleration due to gravity is constant (the variation in vertical distance travelled
is relatively small).

Chapter 21 Projectiles
The acceleration due to gravity has a constant direction (the horizontal distance travelled
is relatively small).
4 A particle does not rotate, but a golf ball usually does.
5 Consider the vertical component of the motion.
Going up, taking upwards as the positive direction:
s = vt − 1 at 2 ⇒ H = 0 − 1 ( − g )T 2 ⇒ T 2 = 2H
2 2 g
Going down, taking downwards as the positive direction:
s = ut + 1 at 2 ⇒ H = 0 + 1 gT 2 ⇒ T 2 = 2H
2 2 g
So, the two times are equal.
6 Consider the vertical component of the motion.
Going up, taking upwards as the positive direction:
v 2 = u 2 + 2as ⇒ 0 = u 2 + 2 ( − g ) H ⇒ u 2 = 2 gH
Going down, taking downwards as the positive direction:
v 2 = u 2 + 2as ⇒ v 2 = 0 + 2 gH ⇒ v 2 = 2 gH
So, the square of the vertical component of the speed is unchanged.
As the horizontal component of the speed is constant, the final speed of the particle, v x2 + v y2 , is
unchanged.
7 For the vertical motion:

2 ( ) 2 ( )
s y = 1 u y + v y t ⇒ 10 = 1 u y + 0 × 1 ⇒ u y = 20
So, the speed of projection is given by u sin30° = 20 ⇒ u = 20 = 40 m s −1
1
2 ()
8 Method 1: Find the time in flight and multiply by the horizontal component of the initial velocity.
Method 2: Set the vertical displacement equal to zero in the Cartesian equation of the trajectory.
9 (i) Differentiating y = x - 0.1x2
dy
= 1 − 0.2x
dx
dy
When x = 0, =1
dx
The gradient is 1, so θ = 45°
(ii) The particle hits the ground when y = 0
So, x − 0.1x 2 = 0 ⇒  x (1 − 0.1x ) = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or 10
So, the horizontal distance travelled is 10 m.
(iii) The function y = x (1 − 0.1x ) has its maximum when x = 5, using the answer from part (ii) and
the symmetry of the motion, and y = 5 × 0.5 = 2.5
So, the greatest height reached is 2.5 m.
(iv) Using the vertical motion for an equation to find u:
s = 2.5, u = u sin 45° = u , v = 0, a = −9.8
2
2
v 2 = u 2 + 2as ⇒ 0 = u + 2 × ( −9.8 ) × 2.5 ⇒ u 2 = 98
2
u = 9.90 m s-1 (3 s.f.) 134
 (v) By symmetry, the speed at which the particle hits the ground is 9.90 m s-1.
(The horizontal component of the speed is constant and the vertical component
is reversed in sign.)
21
10 (i) The height above the ground is given by:
s y = s 0 + usinθ .t + 1 × ( − g ) × t 2 (where upwards is the positive direction).

Chapter 21 Projectiles

2
Time in flight, t, is given by:
20 + ( −10 ) × 0.5 × t − 1 × 9.8 × t 2 = 0
2
Or
9.8t 2 + 10t − 40 = 0
−10 + 100 − 4 × 9.8 × ( −40 )
⇒t = (taking the positive root)
2 × 9.8
= 1.5735 = 1.57 s (3 s.f.)
(ii) Vertical component of velocity is given by:
v y2 = u y2 + 2 × ( − g ) × s y , where sy is the vertical displacement relative to the starting point.
⇒ v y2 = ( −10sin30° ) 2 + 2 × ( −9.8 ) × ( −20 )
= 25 + 392 = 417
⇒ v y = −20.421
Horizontal component of velocity is:
v x = 10cos30° = 8.6603
Hence, speed = (8.6603) 2 + (−20.421) 2
= 22.181
= 22.2 m s −1 (3 s.f.)
11 (i) Using the horizontal motion:
Speed = u cos θ , time = t, distance = x ⇒ t = x
u cos θ
Using the vertical motion:
s = y, u = u sin θ , t = t, a = −10, s = ut + 1 at 2
2
⇒ y = u sin θ t + 1 × ( −10 ) × t 2 ⇒ y = u sin θ t − 5t 2
2
Eliminating t between the equations gives:
2
x  x 
y = u sin θ × − 5
u cos θ  u cos θ 
2
 x 
So, y = xtanθ − 5 
 ucosθ 
2
 x 
(ii) The ball is thrown from a height of 2 m, y = 2 + x tan θ − 5 
 u cos θ 
2
500sec θ
x = 10, y = 6 ⇒ 6 = 2 + 10 tan θ −
u2
500sec 2θ
⇒ = 10 tan θ − 4
u2

⇒ u2 =
500sec 2θ
=
(
250 tan 2θ + 1 )
10 tan θ − 4 5tan θ − 2

(iii) When θ = 45°, u 2 =

(
250 1 + 1 ) = 500 , so that u = 12.910 = 12.9 (3 s.f.) (as u > 0)
5 × 1− 2 3 135
 (
250 tan 2θ + 1 ) is required to have a minimum value.
2
(iv) u =
5tan θ − 2 21
Differentiating u2 with respect to θ to find the stationary value gives:
( ) = (5tanθ − 2) × 250 × 2 tanθ sec θ − 250 (1+ tan θ ) × 5sec θ
d u2 2 2 2

Chapter 21 Projectiles

dθ (5tan θ − 2)
2

This is zero for a stationary value, so the numerator needs to be zero.

( 5 tan θ − 2 ) × 250 × 2 tan θ sec 2 θ − 250 (1 + tan 2 θ ) × 5 sec 2 θ = 0
Simplifying gives:
5 tan 2 θ − 4 tan θ − 5 = 0
Solving using the quadratic formula gives:
4 ± 16 + 100
tan θ = = 1.47703
10
⇒ θ = tan −1 (1.47703) = 55.901 = 55.9° (3 s.f.)

and u = 2 (
250 tan 2θ + 1 ) = 147.703
5tanθ − 2
⇒ u = 12.153 = 12.2 m s−1 (3 s.f.)
12 (i) Using the horizontal motion:
R
R = ucos30° × 2T ⇒ T =
u 3
(ii) Using the vertical motion:
'v = u + at ' ⇒ 0 = usin30° − gT
u
⇒T =
2g
(iii) Eliminating u from parts (i) and (ii):
R
u= and u = 2Tg
T 3
R R
Hence, = 2Tg , so that R = 2 3 ×T 2 g and T =
T 3 2 3.g
100
R = 100 ⇒ time in the air = 2T = 2 = 3.4326 = 3.43 s (3 s.f.)
2 3 × 9.8
Mark scheme
Answer Marks Guidance
1
sin2θ .U 2
Range = M1 Derives expression for the
g range
Let the other angle be φ . sin2φ = sin2θ , so that A1 Correct
2φ = 180 − 2θ , and φ = 90 − θ B1 Valid argument

2 (i) v 2 = u 2 + 2 as B1
(ii) v = u + at B1

136
 Answer Marks Guidance
3 The acceleration due to gravity is constant in B1 oe 21
magnitude …
… and has a constant direction B1 oe
4 A particle does not rotate, and a golf ball usually B1

Chapter 21 Projectiles
does B1
5 1 M1 Forms equations for upward
H = 0 − (−g)T 2
2 motion
2H
T2 = A1 oe
g
1 2H
H = 0 + gT 2 ⇒ T 2 = A1 Finds expression for
2 g downward motion
So, the two times are equal A1 Draws conclusion
M1 Forms equations for upward
6
( )
0 = u2 + 2 − g H
motion
u 2 = 2 gH A1 oe
v 2 = 0 + 2 gH
v 2 = 2 gH A1 Finds expression for
downward motion
So, the square of the vertical component of the B1 Makes argument
speed is unchanged
As the horizontal component of the speed is
constant, the final speed of the particle, vx2 + v 2y is
unchanged
7
10 =
1
(
2 y
u + 0 ×1) M1 Finds initial vertical velocity

u y = 20 A1 Correct vertical component

= 40 m s −1 A1 cao
8 Find the time in flight, multiply by the horizontal B2 oe
component of the initial velocity
Find the Cartesian equation of the trajectory B1 oe
Set the vertical displacement equal to zero B1
9 (i) dy dy M1 Differentiates and evaluates
= 1 − 0.2 x , =1 at start
dx dx
θ = 45° A1 cao
2
(ii) x − 0.1x = 0 M1 Uses equation with y = 0
⇒ x = 0 or 10
10 m A1 cao
(iii) y = x (1 − 0.1x ) has its maximum when x = 5 B1 Uses symmetry and part (ii)
y = 5 ( 0.5) = 2.5 m B1 cao
(iv) v 2 = u 2 + 2as M1 Uses vertical motion
2
⇒ 0 = u + 2 × ( −9.8 ) × 2.5 ⇒ u 2 = 98 M1 Solves equation
2
u = 9.90 m s −1 (3 s.f.) A1 cao

137
 Answer Marks Guidance
(v) By symmetry B1 Uses symmetry argument 21
9.90 m s −1 B1 cao
10 (i) M1 Substitutes into height
20 + ( −10 ) × 0.5 × t − 1 × 9.8 × t 2 = 0

Chapter 21 Projectiles
2 equation
A1 Correct substitution
t = 1.5735 M1 Solves equation
= 1.57 s (3 s.f.) A1 awrt 1.57
v y2 = ( −10sin 30° ) + 2 ( −9.8 )( −20 )
2
(ii) M1A1 Uses constant acceleration
v y = −20.421 A1 Accept 20.421
v x = 10cos 30° = 8.6603 M1A1 Finds horizontal component
of velocity
speed = ( 8.6603) 2 + ( −20.421) 2 M1 Uses Pythagoras

= 22.181 = 22.2 m s −1 (3 s.f.) A1

11 (i) t = x B1 Uses horizontal motion

u cos θ
y = u sin θ t + 1 × ( −10 ) × t 2 B1 Uses the vertical motion
2
(⇒ y = u sin θt − 5t 2 )
( )
2
y = u sin θ × x −5 x M1 Eliminates t
u cos θ u cos θ
2
 x 
So, y = x tan θ − 5  A1 All correct, AG
 u cos θ 
2
(ii) 1  x  B1 Adapts equation of trajectory
y = 2 + x tan θ − g
2  u cos θ  M1

2
u =
(
250 tan 2θ + 1 ) A1
5 tan θ − 2
(iii) u = 12.910 = 12.9 m s −1 (3 s.f.) B1 awrt 12.9
(iv) u will be minimised when u2 is minimised B1 Convincing explanation
( 5t − 2 ) × 250 × 2t sec 2 θ − 250 (1 + t 2 ) × 5 sec 2 θ
M1 Attempts quotient rule
(t = tanθ )
( 5t − 2 ) 2
B1 sec 2θ as derivative of tanθ
A1 Numerator correct
A1 Completely correct
d(u 2 ) M1 Uses condition for stationary
=0
dθ
value
A1 Correct quadratic
5t 2 − 4t − 5 = 0 M1 Solves quadratic

t = tan θ = 1.47703 A1 Correct value for t

⇒ θ = tan −1 (1.47703) = 55.901 M1 Evaluates θ
= 55.9° (3 s.f.) A1
u = 12.153 = 12.2 (3 s.f.) A1
138
 Answer Marks Guidance
12 (i) R = ucos30° × 2T M1 Uses horizontal motion 22
R A1 Correct equation
⇒T = A1 Correct expression
u 3

Chapter 22 Friction
(ii) 0 = usin30° − gT M1 Uses vertical motion
u A1 Correct equation
⇒T = A1 Correct expression
2g
(iii) R B1 Correct expression
u=
T 3
u = 2Tg B1 Correct expression
R M1 Solves simultaneous
⇒T =
2 3. g equations
2T = 3.4326 = 3.43 s (3 s.f.) A1 Correct expression
M1
A1

22 Friction
1 Friction opposes motion or attempted motion.
2 It could be in either direction, or the frictional force could be zero.
There are potentially three forces at work along the slope: the pushing force, the downhill component
of the weight of the object, and the frictional force.
At one extreme, the object is on the point of moving uphill, and the frictional force will act downhill.
At the other extreme, the object is on the point of moving downhill, and the frictional force will act
uphill.
If the pushing force balances the downhill component of the weight of the object, then there will be
no frictional force.
3 µ > 0 ( µ = 0 is only possible theoretically; usually, µ < 1)
4 As friction acts to oppose attempted motion, the frictional force acts up the slope in the first case, and
down in the second case.
F1 R1

P1

mg

In the first case, resolving forces perpendicular to the slope:

The block is in equilibrium.
R1 = mgcosθ + P1sinθ
Limiting friction ⇒ F1 = µ R1
Resolving forces along the slope:
F1 + P1cosθ = mgsinθ

139
 Hence,µ (mgcosθ + P1sinθ ) + P1cosθ = mgsinθ
So, P1 (cosθ + µ sinθ ) = mg ( sinθ − µ cosθ ) 22
mg(sin θ − µ cos θ )
Giving, P1 =
cos θ + µ sin θ

Chapter 22 Friction
R2

P2

F2
mg

θ

In the second case:
R 2 = mg cos θ + P2 sin θ , F2 = µ R 2 and F2 + mg sin θ = P2 cos θ
Hence, µ(mg cos θ + P2 sin θ ) + mg sin θ = P2 cos θ
So, P2 (cos θ − µ sin θ ) = mg(sin θ + µ cos θ )
mg(sin θ + µ cos θ )
Giving, P2 =
cos θ − µ sin θ
5 (i)
R P

30°

0.1 R

20 g

(ii) Vertical equilibrium ⇒ R + P sin 30° = 20 g 

Horizontal equilibrium ⇒ 0.1R = P cos 30° 
Substituting from  into :
10P cos 30° + P sin 30° = 20 g

P = 20 × 9.8
 
10  3  + 1
 2  2
  = 21.397
= 21.4 N (3 s.f.)

Mark scheme
Answer Marks Guidance
1 Friction opposes motion or attempted motion B1 Both ideas required for both
B1 marks
2 It could be in either direction, or the frictional B1
force could be zero
At one extreme, the object is on the point of B1 Explains downhill option
moving uphill, and the frictional force will act
downhill

140
 Answer Marks Guidance
At the other extreme, the object is on the point of B1 Explains uphill option 22
moving downhill, and the frictional force will act
uphill
If the pushing force balances the downhill B1 Explains zero option

Chapter 22 Friction
component of the weight of the object, then there
will be no frictional force
3 µ >0 B1
4 Frictional force acts up the slope in the first case, B1
and down in the second case B1
First case:
R1 = mg cos θ + P1 sin θ M1 Resolves perpendicular to
A1 the slope
F1 = µ R1 B1
F1 + P cos θ = mg sin θ M1A1 Resolves parallel to the slope
µ(mg cos θ + P1 sin θ ) + P1 cos θ = mg sin θ M1 Eliminates R1
P1(cos θ + µ sin θ ) M1 Simplifies
= mg(sin θ − µ cos θ )
mg(sin θ − µ cos θ ) A1 Correct expression
⇒ P1 =
cos θ + µ sin θ
Second case: M1 Resolves parallel to the slope
F2 + mg sin θ = P2 cos θ A1
µ(mg cos θ + P2 sin θ ) + mg sin θ = P2 cos θ M1 Eliminates R2
⇒ P2 (cos θ − µ sin θ ) = mg(sin θ + µ cos θ ) M1 Simplifies
mg(sin θ + µ cos θ ) A1 Correct expression
⇒ P2 =
cos θ − µ sin θ
5 (i) R P
B3 Deduct one mark for each
error
30°

0.1 R

20 g

(ii) R + P sin 30° = 20 g M1A1 Resolves vertically

0.1R = P cos 30° M1A1 Resolves horizontally
10P cos 30° + P sin 30° = 20 g M1A1 Eliminates R
P = 20 × 9.8
 
10  3  + 1
 2  2
= 21.397 A1
= 21.4 N (3 s.f.)

141