10th DEC, 2020

ADVANCED ENGINEERING SURVEY

ASSIGNMENT REPORT
GPS AND ITS USE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
 FAST NUCES

ASSIGNMENT REPORT

BY:

Sharjeel Gill (18L-0713)

Abdur Rehman (19L-0756)

Shaheer Hassan (19L-0741)

Samir Amjad (19L-0709)

Malik Junaid (19-0718)

An Assignment Report Submitted On The Global Positioning System (GPS) And

Its Use In Survey Engineering

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER AND EMERGING SCIENCES

SUBMISSION DATE: 10th Dec, 2020

 NAVSTAR (GPS SATELLITE NETWORK)

Definition:
GPS or Global Positioning System was developed and is maintained by the US Department of
Defense. Since the introduction of GPS many other countries have developed similar satellite based
navigation systems, such as the Russian Glonass, Chinese BeiDou and European Galelio. Modern
surveying GPS equipment, and recent smart phones, are now able to use multiple systems thus
increasing the number of satellites ‘visible’ at any one time. Being able to reach these extra satellites
improves reliability and accuracy. To distinguish equipment utilising multiple satellite systems the
term Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is often used instead of GPS.

As the term GPS is still commonly used and well understood, it is used for the rest of this article.

Construction:
The orbits of GPS satellites are inclined to the Earth’s equator by about 55 degrees. The system is
designed to ensure that at least four satellites are visible at least 15 degrees above the horizon at any
given time anywhere in the world. These 24 main GPS satellites orbit Earth every 12 hours, sending a
synchronized signal from each individual satellite. Because the satellites are moving in different
directions, a user on the ground receives the signals at slightly different times. When at least four
satellites get in touch with the receiver, the receiver can calculate where the user is – often to a
precision of just a few feet, for civilian use.
The Major Components of a Typical Navstar Receiver:
Practical and accurate navigation services were successfully provided by the earliest Navstar receivers,
but, generally speaking, those early devices were bulky, 49 T. Logsdon, Understanding the Navstar ©
Tom Logsdon 1995 50 understanding the Navstar heavy, expensive, and difficult to operate. Even a
reasonably compact model, such as the Texas Instruments 4100, weighed 40 pounds and was roughly
the size of a small electric typewriter. The initial version retailed for $139,000. Later it was reduced to
$119,000, before it was replaced by a more competitive design. A few of today's models are only a bit
bigger than pocket ca1culators; some sell for only a few hundred dollars each. But, regardless of size,
price, or complexity, a modern receiver can usually be broken down into five major subassemblies:

1 the receiver antenna and its associated electronics

2. The tracking loops

3. Navigation processor

4. Power supply

5. Control display unit

The receiver antenna picks up the signals from the satellites, and amplifies them before they are fed
into the two tracking loops that lock onto the carrier waves and the appropriate binary codes to obtain
pseudo-range and the Doppler shift measurements. Once these measurements have been made, the
microprocessor automatically determines the user's current position coordinates and velocity
components, which are displayed by the control display unit in a convenient human-oriented format.
 SURVEYING WITH GPS

Initially developed for military use, GPS is now part of everyday life. A few of the many things that
GPS is used in include: mobile phones, in-car navigation and search and rescue equipment. But there
is a wide variety of equipment and techniques that can be used for surveying.

GPS was rapidly adapted for surveying, as it can give a position (Latitude, Longitude and Height)
directly, without the need to measure angles and distances between intermediate points. Survey
control could now be established almost anywhere and it was only necessary to have a clear view of
the sky so the signal from the GPS satellites could be received clearly.
GPS is similar in some ways to the Trilateration and EDM previously discussed, except that the
known positions are now the GPS satellites (and their orbits) 20,000 km in space. The equipment and
calculations are extremely complex, but for the user the process is generally very simple.

In the commonly available receivers, the GPS receiver almost instantly works out its position
(Latitude, Longitude and Height) with an uncertainty of a few meters, from the data broadcast by the
satellites. This data includes a description of the satellites changing position (its orbit) and the time the
data was transmitted.
 METHODS OF GPS SURVEYING

 Kinematic GPS:

There are many variations on this type of GPS surveying. Generally it is similar to the GPS baseline
method, except that while one GPS receiver remains on a known position (Base Station), the other
moves between points and it only needs to be at each point for a few seconds. Corrections to the GPS
data (based on the known Base Station position and its position computed from the GPS) may be
immediately transmitted from the receiver on the Base Station to the receiver at the other end of the
line (the remote station). The position of the remote station can then be computed and stored, all
within a few seconds. Radios or mobile phones can be used to transmit the corrections. Although this
method can give similar accuracy to the baseline method previously described, to do so this method is
generally limited to a distance of about 20 kilometres.

 Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS):

A survey-quality GPS receiver may be permanently installed in a convenient location with a known
position, to be used as the starting point for any GPS measurements in the district. This could be for a
project such as a mine site or major engineering project, or in a town for local government use.

These Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) are used by:

1. Collecting GPS observations anywhere nearby and using the stored CORS observations to
correct the observations some time later back in the office.
2. Using GPS instruments with built in internet access able to access the CORS data and correct
observations in near real time giving very accurate positions within a minute or two.

If there is more than one CORS available, the unknown position can be calculated with respect to
these multiple known positions, giving more confidence in the results.

Many countries have a CORS network which covers the entire nation, allowing accurate GPS
positioning anywhere in their country. CORS usually also contribute data to global observations that
make the GPS system more reliable and accurate. They also provide data for scientific studies such as
plate tectonics and meteorology. To be useful for the study of tectonics, the permanent marks used
for the CORS stations must be geologically stable, and the observations should be continuous and for
many years.

Australia has state based CORS networks covering the most populated areas. These are generally
commercially run providing real-time access to subscribers.

Australia also has a highly accurate freely available national CORS network. The Australian Regional
GPS Network (ARGN) may be used with the on-line processing system AUSPOS. This allows GPS
data from a survey quality GPS receiver to be submitted via the Internet and a calculated position to
be emailed back, typically within a few hours. The calculations used to produce these positions use
more accurate satellite orbits and within about 24 hours of observation can give a position anywhere in
Australia with an uncertainty of a few centimetres.
 APPLICATIONS

Heights from GPS:

Because it is a three-dimensional system, GPS automatically gives height as well as Latitude and
Longitude. But the height is above the theoretical surface of the Earth used for the calculations,
known as the ellipsoid (so the height is called an ellipsoidal height) not above Mean Sea Level. More
information on this subject is available in the Datums- the Basics and Datums Explained in More
Detail sections.

The difference between an ellipsoidal height and a MSL height can be large (up to 100 metres) and
irregular because of the varying density of the earth. Fortunately it is well understood and the
difference is routinely applied by most GPS software. To do this, the difference between the ellipsoid
and a surface of equal gravity, known as the Geoid is used.

Although the Australian Height Datum, Mean Sea Level and the Geoid may be considered the same
for most practical purposes, the differences are taken into account for the most accurate applications.

Plate Tectonics:

Plate tectonics is the study of the movement of the continental plates that make up the earth's crust.
The Australian plate is moving about 7 centimetres a year in a north easterly direction.

Most GPS positions are based on the GPS satellites’ orbits which are transmitted with the data at the
time of observation (Broadcast orbits). These orbits are predicted from previous observations at
global monitoring stations. For the most accurate positions with GPS, the computations are done
much later and use more accurate GPS satellite orbits that are based on observations at global
monitoring stations at the time of the original measurement.
Tracking or Finding:

When two chubby little robots managed to locate the wreckage of the Titanic in the North Atlantic,
signals from the Navstar satellites were used to mark the spot so that others could later return.
Therefore, with GPS, we got the ability to find anything on the planet earth.

Digging of Tunnel:

The groups that burrowed a passage under the English Channe1 connecting Over with Calais were
pleased and glad that GPS position-fixing end up being so helpful. The venture engineers ensured that
the two passages would compromise by utilizing GPS collectors to position and adjust laser radiates at
the two finishes of the passage for use in controlling the French and British burrowing teams.
Mining:

Navstar beneficiaries can likewise help long-divider coal mining in novel and intriguing manners.
Underground coal excavators generally leave around 20% of the coal set up as huge columns to help
the rooftop. Yet, in a long-divider coal mineshaft, a major, underground machine cuts away the coal
along a straight crease, removing basically every last bit of it. The administrator is shielded from falling
trash by a substantial inclining metal rooftop. Long-divider coal mining is an effective method to
create coal, yet progressive subsidence of the dirt above will in general harm costly structures sited on
a superficial level

The Navstar Global Positioning System has regularly been utilized in imaginative and intriguing
manners, sprinklings of which have showed up on the evening news. As these four representations
demonstrate, GPS position-fixing has been received for use regarding such newsworthy undertakings
as the Voyagers around the globe flight, the development of the English Channel burrow, and the area
of the Titanic profound under North Atlantic waters.

Pittsburgh's National Bureau of Mines puts on a bright slide act for chosen crowds demonstrating the
numerous perils of coal mineshaft subsidence. It highlights shop~ ping focus establishments that have
fallen, pipelines snapped in two, spans broken, and e1ectrical transmission towers inclined in tangled
chaos. Subsidence rates for long-divider coal mineshafts can be estimated by groups of assessors who
restore the areas of surface-mounted benchmarks consistently. Interferometer collectors can gauge
subsidence rates persistently, radioing the outcomes to close by alignment stations with the goal that
the information can be prepared continuously by ground-breaking PCs.
Geodetic Surveying & Satellite positioning:

In 1988, a group of assessors utilized the signs from the Navstar satellites to restore the areas of
250,000 milestones sprinkled over the United States. As indicated by one early press report, their
space-age estimations caused the examination group to "move the Washington Monument 94.5 feet
toward the northwest!" And during that equivalent studying effort, they moved the Empire State
Building 120.5 feet toward the upper east, and they repositioned Chicago's Sears Tower 90.1 feet
toward the northwest.

In all actuality, obviously, the Navstar satellites don't enable anybody to move enormous, forcing
structures, however the exact signs they broadcast do furnish our geodetic specialists with incredibly
precise and helpful position-fixing capacities that have been discreetly changing the present studying
calling. Sometime in the not so distant future, soon, the deed to your home might be indicated in GPS
facilitates.

Studying with a GPS recipient involves various basic focal points over c1assical ground-based
techniques for pinpointing the areas of broadly dispersed milestones on the world's undulating
surface. For a certain something, intervisibi!ity between benchmarks isn't needed. Navstar collectors
situated at assessors benchmarks frequently approach the signs from the GPS satellites cruising
overhead despite the fact that they may not be inside sight of each other. This can be particularly
significant in tree-covered zones, for example, the thick rainforests of Indonesia and Brazil. In such
c1uttered conditions, customary reviewing groups now and again 192 T. Logsdon, Understanding the
Navstar © Tom Logsdon 1995 Geodetic looking over and Satell1te Positioning 193 go through hours
raising huge, versatile pinnacles at each site to accomplish the necessary intervisibility high over the
backwoods shelter. At the point when the time has come to proceed onward, they are the pinnacles
down individually and drag their supports to various areas, and afterward fabricate them back up once
more.

GPS looking over is invaluable on the grounds that it is basically climate autonomous, and on the
grounds that it licenses advantageous and precise day-night activities. With transporter supported
route methods, site-to-site situating blunders as little as a fourth of an inch can at times be
accomplished.

The signs from the space-based Transit Navigation System have been utilized for a long time to help
specific earthbound studying tasks. Tragically, Transit looking over experiences various commonsense
impediments as contrasted and comparable tasks utilizing the GPS. All things considered, just
consistently contrasted and persistent GPS satellite perceptions. Besides, accomplishing a precision of
a foot or so requires roughly 48 hours of discontinuous admittance to the signs from the. Travel
satellites. Conversely, the GPS furnishes inch-level correctnesses with a satellite perception stretch
enduring, probably, just around 60 minutes.