CONCRETE
Types of concrete:
1. Lightweight concrete
2. High density concrete
3. Mass concrete
4. Ready-mix concrete
5. Shotcrete
REINFORCED CONCRETE
Since concrete is brittle material strong in compression but weak in tension,
reinforcing steel bars are used concrete to provide the tensile resistance. The Steel
must have appropriate deformations (lugs) to provide strong bond and
interlocking of both materials. When completely surrounded by the hardened
concrete mass, it forms an integral part of two materials, known as reinforced
concrete.
Steel reinforcements
Rebar (short for renforcing bar) also known as reinforcing steel, is a steel bar or
mesh of steel wires used primarily as a tension device in reinforced concrete and
reinforced masonry structures to strengthen and hold the concrete in tension. In
some instances, rebars are also used as compression reinforcements.
BASIC LOAD COMBINATIONS (NSCP 2015 Sec 203.3.1)
Where load and resistance factor design is used, structures and all portions thereof
shall resist the most critical effects from the combinations of factored loads:
1.4(D+F)
1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(L or R)
1.2D+ 1.6(L or R) + (f1L OR 0.5W)
1.2 D+ 1.0W+ f1L + 0.5(L or R)
1.2+ 1.0E+ f1L
0.9D + 1.0W + 1.6H
0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H
Where:
D = dead load
E = earthquake load
F = load due to fluids well- defined pressure and maximum heights
H = load due to lateral pressure of soil and water in soil
L = live load, except roof live load, including any permitted live load reduction
P = ponding load
R = rain load on the undeflected roof
T = self straining and effects arising from contraction or expansion resulting from
temperature change, shrinkage, moisture change, creep in component materials,
movement due to differential settlement, or combination thereof
W = load due to wind pressure
f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for live loads in excess of 4.8kPa, and
for garage live load.
f1 = 0.5 for other live loads
The common load combinations for most applications are the following:
1.2D+ 1.6L
1.2D+ f1L + 1.0W
1.2D + f1L + 1.0E
0.9D + 1.0W
0.9D + 1.0E
Note that in equations (2) and (3) maximum wind load and earthquake forces are
applied simultaneously since both are extreme and the statistical probability of
these two occurring simultaneously is nil.
The latter two load combinations are applied for tall structures and retaining walls
to ensure stability against overturning
EXAMPLE:
Determine the design moment for beam shown with a dead load of 35kN/m and
a live load of 15kN/m. The beam span length is 7m
WORKING STRESS ANALYSIS (ELASTIC BEHAVIOR)
Allowable Stresses (NSCP 2015, 429.4.1) (NSCP 2010, 424.4.1)
Concrete
1. Flexure
Extreme fiber stress in compression 0.45f′c
2. Shear
Beams and one-way slabs and footings:
Shear carried by concrete, vc (1/11)f′c
Maximum shear carried by concrete plus
(3/8)f′c
shear reinforcement, vc
Joists:
Shear carried by concrete, vc (1/11)f′c
Two-way slabs and footings:
Shear carried by concrete, vc but not greater
(1/12)(1+2/βc)f′c
than (1/6)f′c
3. Bearing on loaded area 0.3f′c
Steel Reinforcement
1. Grade 280 reinforcement 140 MPa
2. Grade 420 reinforcement or greater and
170 MPa
welded wire fabric (plain or deformed)
3. For flexural reinforcement, 10 mm or less in
diameter, in one-way slabs of not more than 4 0.50fy
m span but not greater than 200 MPa
Modulus of Elasticity
Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete(NSCP 2015 Sec 419.2.2.1) (NSCP 2010 408.6.1)
For weight of concrete, wc between 1440 and 2560 kg/m3
Ec=wc1.50 0.043f′c (MPa)
For normal weight concrete
Ec=4700 f ' c (MPa)
Modulus of Elasticity of Steel Reinforcement (NSCP 408.6.2)
For non-prestressed reinforcement
Es=200000 MPa
Modular Ratio (NSCP 2015 Sec 429.6.4) (NSCP 424.6.4)
It shall be permitted to take the modular ratio,
n=Es/Ec as the nearest whole number (but not less than 6).
Modular Ratio for Beams with Compression Steel (NSCP 2015 Sec 429.6.5) (NSCP
424.6.5)
In doubly reinforced flexural members, an effective modular ratio of 2n shall
be used to transform compression reinforcement for stress computations.
WORKING STRESS ANALYSIS
Assumptions in WSD
1. Plane section remains plane before and after bending.
2. Concrete stress varies from zero at the neutral axis to a maximum at the
extreme fiber.
3. Concrete do not carry tensile stress. All tensile stress will be carried by steel
reinforcement.
4. The steel and concrete are perfectly bond so that no slippage between
the two will occur.
Consider a relatively long simply supported beam shown below. Assume the load
wo to be increasing progressively until the beam fails. The beam will go into the
following three stages:
1. Working Stress Analysis – Uncracked Stage
At this stage, the gross section of the concrete will resist the bending which means
that the beam will behave like a solid beam made entirely of concrete.
The beam will behave elastically and remains uncracked. The tensile stress of
concrete is below rupture.
Cracking Moment (NSCP 2015 Sec. 424.2.3.5) NSCP 2010, Section 409.6.2.3
Modulus of rupture of concrete, fr 0.62 λ fc' (MPa)
fr=7.5 f′c (psi)
fr I g
Cracking moment, M cr (NSCP 2015 Sec. 424.2.3.5)
yt
Where
Ig = Moment of inertia of the gross section neglecting reinforcement
yt = distance from centroid of gross section to extreme tension fiber
2. Working Stress Analysis – Cracked Stage
Transformed Section Stress strain diagram
The location of the neutral axis is determined by summing of the moments of the
areas above and equating this to the sum of moments of the area below the
neutral axis
ΣMoment of area above = ΣMoment of area below
bc(c/2)=nAs(d−c)
b 2
c nA s c nA s d 0
2
By quadratic equation:
nA s (nA s )2 4(b/2)(nA s d)
c
b
As
But steel ratio, ρ or A s ρbd
bd
c (nρ (nρn2 2nρ ) d
Moment of Inertia of the transformed section:
bc 3
INA nAs(d c)2
3
Bending stresses or flexural stresses:
fb=Mc/I
fc = M c/INA (concrete)
fs/n = M(d−c)/INA (Tension steel)
3. Ultimate Stress Stage - Beam Failure
DOUBLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAMS (WSD)
Doubly reinforced beams are called as such because aside from tension
reinforcements there are also compression reinforcements as shown where the
section is subjected to positive moment, tension at the bottom and compression
at the top.Doubly reinforced sections are resorted to when large moments have
to be resisted but there are limitations to the beam size. Thus, additional moment
capacity is provided by introducing compression bars together with an increase in
the tension bars.
Creep flow is the plastic flow of concrete that occurs slowly ove a long period of
time when the concrete member is under a constant compressive stress.
Concrete will undergo additional shortening or contraction.
Creep flow = 2n
Compression Area:
(bc - As’) + (2n As’)
(bc) +(2n - 1) As’
Therefore, the two terms above can now be considered as two regular polygons.
Flexural Stress:
fs’/2n=M(c - d’) / INA (compression steel)
A rectangular reinforced concrete beam with width of 250 mm and effective
depth of 500 mm is subjected to 150 kN·m bending moment. The beam is
reinforced with 4 – 25 mm ø bars. Use modular ratio n = 9.
What is the maximum stress of concrete?
What is the maximum stress of steel?
What is the total compressive force in concrete?
A reinforced concrete beam 300 mm wide has an effective depth of 600 mm.
It is reinforced with 4-32 mm diameter bars for tension. f’c = 21 MPa and fy =
275 MPa. Find the moment capacity of the beam.
Assume the sections have cracked and used the transformed area method to
compute the stresses for the beam loaded shown.
Determine the flexural stresses using transformed area method. Compute also the
compressive force on the concrete.
A beam has a simple span length of 8.5m. Find the maximum deflection due to a
uniform load of 15kN/m and the beam weight. Use fc’ = 20Mpa and unit weigh of
concrete = 24Kn/m^3.
Example: determine the maximum concrete and steel stresses for the section
shown when subjected to a positive moment of 170Kn-m. Use fc’ 0f 30Mpa.
Compute the allowable resisting moment of the section shown. Assume
fc=1600psi, fs=fs’=24000 psi and n=9.
Determine the cracking moments of the sections shown:
1.
2.
3.
