CBSE Class-12 Physics Quick Revision Notes Chapter-06: Electromagnetic Induction Magnetic Flux
CBSE Class-12 Physics Quick Revision Notes Chapter-06: Electromagnetic Induction Magnetic Flux
• Magnetic Flux:
Magnetic flux through a plane of area dA placed in a uniform
magnetic field B
φ = ∫ B.d A
If the surface is closed, then
φ = ∫ B.d A
This is because magnetic lines of force are closed lines and
free magnetic poles do not exist.
• Faraday’s Law:
a) First Law: whenever there is a change in the magnetic flux linked with a circuit with
time, an induced emf is produced in the circuit which lasts as long as the change in
magnetic flux continues.
b) Second Law: According to this law,
dφ
Induced emf, E ∝
dt
• Lenz’s Law:
The direction of the induced emf or current in the circuit is such that it opposes the
cause due to which it is produced, so that,
dφ
E = −N
dt
Where N is the number of turns in coil
Lenz’s law is based on energy conservation.
• Induced EMF and Induced Current:
a) Induced EMF,
dφ
E = −N
dt
N (φ2 − φ1 )
=−
t
b) Induced current,
E N dφ
I = =−
R R dt
N (φ2 − φ1 )
=−
R t
Charge depends only on net change in flux does not depends on time.
• Induced Emf due to Linear Motion of a Conducting Rod in a Uniform Magnetic Field
The induced emf,
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E = −l.(vxB )
If e, v and B are perpendicular to each other, then
E = Bvl
• Induced EMF due to Rotation of a Conducting Rod in a Uniform Magnetic Field:
The induced emf,
1
E = Bω l 2 = Bπ nl 2 = BAn
2
Where n is the frequency of rotation of the conducting rod.
• Induced EMF due to Rotation of a Metallic Disc in a Uniform Magnetic Field:
1
EOA = Bω R 2 = Bπ R 2 n = BAn
2
• Induced EMF, Current and Energy Conservation in a Rectangular Loop Moving in a
Non – Uniform Magnetic Field with a Constant Velocity:
a) The net increase in flux crossing through the coil in time Δt is,
∆φ = ( B2 − B1 )lv∆t
b) Induced emf in the coil is,
E = ( B1 − B2 )lv
c) If the resistance of the coil is R, then the induced current in the coil is,
E ( B1 − B2 )
I= = lv
R R
d) Resultant force acting on the coil is
F = Il ( B1 − B2 )( towards left)
e) The work done against the resultant force
l 2v 2
W = ( B1 − B2 ) 2 ∆t joule
R
Energy supplied in this process appears in the form of heat energy in the circuit.
f) Energy supplied due to flow of current I in time Δt is,
H = I 2 R ∆t
l 2v 2
Or H = ( B1 − B2 ) 2 ∆t joule
R
Or H = W
• Rotation of Rectangular Coil in a Uniform Magnetic Field:
a) Magnetic flux linked with coil
φ = BAN cosθ
=BAN cosω t
b) Induced emf in the coil
dφ
E= = BAN ω sin ωt = E0 sin ωt
dt
c) Induced current in the coil.
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E BAN ω
I= = sin ωt
R R
E0
= sin ωt
R
d) Both Emf and current induced in the coil are alternating
• Self-Induction and Self Inductance:
a) The phenomenon in which an induced emf is produced by changing the current in a coil
is called self in induction.
φ ∝ I or φ = LI
φ
or L=
I
dI
E = −L
dt
E
L=
−(dI / dt )
where L is a constant, called self inductance or coefficient of self – induction.
b) Self inductance of a circular coil
µ0 N 2π R µ0 N 2 A
L= =
2 2R
c) Self inductance of a solenoid
µ0N 2 A
L=
l
d) Two coils of self – inductances L1 and L2, placed far away (i.e., without coupling) from
each other.
i) For series combination:
L = L1 + L2 . .... Ln
ii) For parallel combination:
1 1 1 1
= + + .... +
L L1 L2 Ln
• Mutual Induction and Mutual Inductance:
a) On changing the current in one coil, if the magnetic flux linked with a second coil
changes and induced emf is produced in that coil, then this phenomenon is called mutual
induction.
φ2 ∝ I1 or φ2 = MI1
φ2
Or M =
I1
d φ2 dI
E2 = − = −M 1
dt dt
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E2
M=
−( dI1 / dt )
Therefore, M12 = M21 = M
b) Mutual inductance two coaxial solenoids
µNN A
M= 0 1 2
l
c) If two coils of self- inductance L1 and L2 are wound over each other, the mutual
inductance is,
M = K L1 L2
Where K is called coupling constant.
d) Mutual inductance for two coils wound in same direction and connected in series
L = L1 + L2 + 2 M
e) Mutual inductance for two coils wound in opposite direction and connected in series
L = L1 + L2 − 2 M
f) Mutual inductance for two coils in parallel
L1 L2 − M 2
L=
L1 + L2 ± 2 M
• Energy Stored in an Inductor:
1
U B = LI 2 max
2
• Magnetic Energy Density:
B2
UB =
2 µ0
• Eddy Current:
When a conductor is moved in a magnetic field, induced currents are generated in the
whole volume of the conductor. These currents are called eddy currents.
• Transformer:
a) It is a device which changes the magnitude of alternating voltage or current.
Es ns
= =K
Ep np
b) For ideal transformer:
I p ns
=
Is np
c) In an ideal transformer:
E p I p = Es I s
d) In step – up transformer:
ns > n p or K > 1
E s > E p and I s < I p
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e) In step – down transformer:
ns < n p or K < 1
E s < E p and I s > I p
f) Efficiency
EI
η = s s x100%
Ep I p
• Generator or Dynamo:
It is a device by which mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. It is based
on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
• Different Types of Generator:
a) AC Generator
It consists of field magnet, armature, slip rings and brushes.
b) DC Generator
It consists of field magnet, armature, commutator and brushes.
• Motor:
It is a device which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Back emf e ∝ ω
Current flowing in the coil,
E − eb
ia =
R
E = eb + ia R
Where R is the resistance of the coil.
Out put Power = ia eb
Efficiency,
eb
η= ×100%
E
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