] Open and Short-Circuited Lines The voltage and current at any point ina transmission ine are dependent on the load at the end of the line and on the distance of the points frem rae load. Since the impedance at any point is the ratio ‘of the voltage to the current a: that point, the impedance then must also be dependent of the load and the distance from it. Thus in any ‘wansmission line the load, é.¢. the termination establishes the current and voltage relations ; while the relation at the generator terminals determines the input impedance ‘Therefore, various ways in which the voltage and current may be distributed along a transmission line can be understood by con- sidering in detail the following significant cases of the load : (i) when the load end ic. the terminating ead is open, }) when the load endl is shorted and ) when the load is equal to the characteristic impedance. Open-circuited line is defined as a transmission Line whose far end, i.e. the terminating ead is open. Similarly short-circuited line is defined as a transmission line whose far ead is shorted. Both the open-circuited line and short-circuited line can be arranged by proper choice of the line length to act as series resonant or parallel resonant or any desired value of reactance eiz. inductance and capacitance. In U.HLF. range, however, these lines length are appreciably small ard thus find considerable’ appiication as Teactance etc. These short lengths of the line are commonly termed as stubs. ‘The use of short-circuited stubs as variable reactances is a common high frequency technique. Open-circuited stubs are rarely used because it is difficult to vary their length: and because of radiation losses at the open ends 21. Reflected and Incedenc Waves As already explained in chapter 1 when the load, ie. the termination is equal to the characteristic impedance of a transmission line, it is equivalent to an infinite line. Therefore, all the energy sent down the line is completely absorbed by the load and no reflec-36. TRANSMISSION LINES AND NETWORKS, tion takes place. However in dealing with open and short-circuited lines, all the energy sent down the line is reflecced back because there is no resistance at the terminating end to absorb it. It ic, therefore, necessary to examine the result of reflected energy, in order to analyse the voltage and current distribution along the open and shor(- circuited lines. “Voltage and current at any point of a transmission line has already been given by Eq. (1°39). Vabe?* taeP= 1 — Px Px z, We ac) The voltage and current existing in a transmission Lune as given by above equations can be conveniently expressed as the sum of the voltage and current of two waves ciz. be~** and aeP* The first term be—P* in each of the above. equations represents a voltage or current componen: of 2 travelling wave decreasing exponentially due to factor e~?* in the direction of x increasing, i.e. towards the load. This wave is called the incident weve because it is incident on the load, Thus, the term be—P* represents the net sum of all individual waves that travel to the load. Similarly, the second term ae* in each of the above equations represents a wave similar to the first but travelling in opposite direction. ‘This wave is called the reflected wave and is generated at the load by the reflection of the incident wave. Thus, the term acs represents the sum of all waves that :ravel away from the load, because the distance x will be negative as it is now measured in the direction of « decreasing... ‘These two waves incident and reflected as shown in Fig. 2-1, are incident in nature except for consequences arising from thei Sas different direction of wavel. It can,” therefore, be concluded that voltage REFLECTED-WAVE and currant at any point of a line may be interpreted as the superposi- tion of two waves travelling in ‘opposite direction. If the line is infinite z=00, the reflected component aeP= PX Fig. 2-1. Jacideat wave in open and sborted circuited line. sae sz will be negative for reflected wave as explained above). This (hows that there is no reflected wave in an infinite line whichOPEN AND SHORT-CIRCUITED LINES. 37 confirm to earlier statements of no reflection in an infinite line or a finite line terminated in its characteristic impedance. 22. Standing Waves in Open and Short-Circuit Lines As explained in Art. 2'1, there will be two waves travelling in opposite directions between the input end-and the load end. At some points in the line the two wavés will always be in phase and will add. while at other points tlie nwo waves will always be out of phase and will cancel. The places where the two waves add will be point of maximum voltage and is termed anti-nodes, while the points of cancellation will have minimum-voltage and is termed nodes. In the case of open and short-circuited line, since complete reflections takes place, the cancellation is complete and the voltage minimum in zero. Since the positions of maxima and minima or anti-nodes and nodes voltage remain motionless, a standing wave is said to exist on the line: r (i) Open circwited lines. A voltage difference can exist bett ween two wires but no current can flow in open circuit. Thus a- : : ' {cuRRENT : i ‘ ‘ " s Ale 34/4 He 2/4 _GOaC (a) Loss LESS LINE () Lossy Line Fig. 2-2. Voltage and curreat distribution along open circuited line. ‘the open ended termination of this line there exist a maximum voltage and a minimum (nearly zero) current. Therefore, impedance at the open end will be infinite. A quarter-wavelength from the open end, the incident wave will be 90° earlier and the reflected wave 90° later they are at the end, and thus will be 180° out of phase. At this point the voltage will be zero. © Similar reasoning shows that the standing wave pattern is repeated every half-wave lengths, that is, maxima are spaced half-38 TRANSMISSION LINES AND NETWORKS wavelength apart on the transmission line and minima are also spaced half a wavelength apart. The distance between a maximum and minimum is a quater wavelength. ‘The current maximum occurs at a point of voltage minimum and vice versa. ‘The current and voltage distribution along the open-circuited line as shown in Fi In a high frequency lossless line the values of the different maxima are equal as shown in Fig. 2-2 (a) ; however in a lossy line, these go on decreasing due to attenuation of the line as shown in Fig. 2-2 (6). : (ii) Short-circuited lines~, Access the short-circuited end between the two transmision line wires there can be no voltage difference, but there will be a maximum current flow. Therefore, at the short- circuited termination, the current is maximum, the voltage is zero and impedance wi'l also be zero. The. standing waves thus has a node or minimum at the short-circuited end and at every half-wave- length from the end. : Voltage and current distributions here differs from the distribu- tions of the open-circuited case only in that voltage and current are interchanged. That is, with short-circuited load the voltage on the line goes through minima at distances from the load that are even multiples of quater wavelength and through maxima at distance that are odd multiple of a quarter wavelength. ‘The voltage and current distributions along short-circuited lines are shown in Fig. 2-3. In a lossless line the distribution is as shown “@) Lossy line Fig. 2-3. Voltage and curreat distribution along short circuited line in Fig. 2-3. (a) while that of a lossy line is shown in Fig. 2-3 (b). In alo ine the wolage and current gets attenuated as they travelOPEN AND SHOR1-CIRCUITED LINES 39 23. Input Impedance of Open and Short Circuited Lines Input impedance of an open-circuited line is tie impedance measured at the input of a finite length of line when its far end is open as shown in Fig. 2-4 (a). It is normally denoted by Zse. a) Fig. 2-4. Input impedance of open and short circuited lines. Similarly, input impedance of a short-circuited lines is the impedance measured at the input end of finite length of line when its far end is shorted. It is usually denoted byZ,e, as shown in Fig. 2-4 (6). Consider a length of line J, having far end voltage and current « Vrand Ix respectively. Therefore, when 2=l, V=Vr and I=In} and putting these values in Eq. (1°10), we get Va=V, cosh Pl—I,Zq sinh Pl a+e(2°1 a) In=l, cosh PLT sinh PL sn(21 8) R In an open-circuited line, as explained in Art. 2°2, In=0 and Eq. 21 (6) will become O=Z, cosh Pl— $*- sinhYPt V._» cosh Pl or Fp Fo pr =% coth PL Hence $+ is the input impedance Ze of the open-circuited i line. Le=LZy coth Pl (22a) Similarly, in a short-circuited line, Vr=0 and Eq. 2°1 (a) will ene 0=P, cosh Pl—I,Z, sinh Pl oF Ye og, Sob Pl og, aah Pt I cosh Pl40 FRANSMISSION LINES AND NETWORKS But here a is the input impedance Z,e of the short-circuited line Zic=Bq tanh Pl (22 6) Ic is interesting to note here that for an infinite length of line =o as 2 result of which tanh Pl and coth Pl both will become 1. Thus, Zee and Zye as expressed by Eqs. 2°2 (a) and 2°2 (U) will each become to Zs. itis, therefore, proved again that input impedance of an infinite line is its characteristic impedance (Ref. Art. 1°6). 2:4. Secondary Line Constants in Terms of Zs, and Z, Multiplying Eq. (2°2 a) and (2°2 0), we get LoeXZue=Zy coth PLXZ, tanh Pl ZocZ eZee or LZy=NDeLne +=(2°3 a) ‘Thus for any uniform and symmetrical line the characteristic impedance is the geometric mean of the open and short-circuited impedances. Dividing Eqs. (2°2 6) by (2:2 a) gives Zee _ Ze tanh Pl Zee Ze coth Pl =tanh® PL Therefore, tanh Pl | ge «(23 8) ce Equations..(2°3 a) and (23 8) are of much practical importance. help the secondary line constants of a transmission line to be calculated from the measured values of Zoe and Zs of a known length of line. Having obtained the’ values of secondary line constants Z, and P, the values «f primary line constants R, L, @ and C can also be computed with the help of Eq. (1°19) as explained in worked out examples. 2:5. Impedance as a Function of Line Length For lossless line «=0 and P=a+j8 will become j§ onl Therefore, putting P=J8 in Eq. (2:2 a), we get ee 2u=2, coth jpl But coth jpl=+J cot Bl Therefore, . Zee=j Zp cot Bl +=(2"4 a) Similarly putting P=jp in Eq. (2°2 b) we get Zye=%q tanh jelOPEN AND SHORT-CIRCUITED LINES 41 But tanh jpl=j tan Bl ‘Therefore, Zye=iZq tan Bl 2-24 b) Examinations of Eq. (2'4) shows that input impedance of an ‘open and short-circuited lossless line is a pure reactance. Desired value of reactance is obtained by varying the electrical length fl stubs, 7 The graph of Zee and Zw as expressed by Eq. (2°4), asa function of i! is shown in Fig. 2.5. Dotted line shows the variations Fig. 2-5. Variation of Z,, and Z,_ with 6! or /. of Zee with Bl or t, while regular lines shows the variation of Zee with Bl or J. Above the horizontal line shows the length of line L in terms of wavelength, while below the horizontal line shows the electrical length of line $l in terms of x. Again, above the horizontal line the value of Zee and Ze will have positive reactance that is inductive, while below the horizontal line the value of Zee and Zye will have negative reactance that is capacitive. Therefore, Zee and Zee assumes all possible reactive values ranging from positive infinity to negative infinity as fl varies from 0 tom, as the length of the line is varied from zero to half wave- length at a given frequency. Considering the variation of Zs. only, parallel resonance or anti-resonance with theoretically infinite impedance occurs when l is an odd multiple of x/2 and series resonance or resonance with theoretically zero impedance occurs when Bl isan even multiple of x/2. ‘The graph from Bl=0 to fl=n (omitting the variation of Zee that is dotted line) has the same general form as the reactance curve of a parallel lumped L C circuits when frequency is varied. Similarly, considering the variation of Zee only, parallel resonance occurs when Bl is an even multiple of n/2 and_ series reasonance occurs when Bl is odd multiple of /2. The graph from42 TRANSMISSION LINES AND NETWORKS BI=0 to Sl=x (omitting the variation of Zee that is regular line) has the general form as the reactance curve of series lumped L-C circuit, when the frequency is varied. Further more, short and open-circvited stubs having length less than 4/4, value of Zee will be positive, ie. inductive reactance while value of Zee will be negative, ¥.¢. capacitive reactance. Similar- ly, short and open circuited stubs‘of length between A/4 to A/2 the reactance of Zye will be capacitive while reactance of Zee will be inductive. The result obtained in Fig: 2-5 hold for all frequencies. The theory is perfectly general} but, at low frequencies and long wavelengths, it is not possible to obtain reasonable lengths to simulate a complete reactance variation, At high frequencies or short wave- lengths, ic is rather simple to obtain the complete reactance varia- tions with manageable length cf line. 26. Experimental Determination of Primary and Secondary Line Constants It has already been explained in Art. 24 that primary and secondary constants of a transmission line can be computed from the knowledge of Zee and Zsc. These quantities can be found by measure- ment of the input impedance of the line under two conditions : (i) with the far end of the line shorted and (ii) with the far end of the line open. ‘The input impedance of a line is normally determined by an 4.C. Bridge (WIEN) as shown in Fig. 2-6. The input end of the Fig. 2-6. A.C. Bridge (Wien).OPEN AND SHORT-CIRCUITED LINES 43 line PQ is connected in BD arm of the bridge. The opposite arm CD contains an adjustable resistor R and variable capacitor C. The impedance Z across CD arm and consequently R and C are so adjusted that no current flows (null point) through galvanometerG . Under this condition of null. Py 22 Ros where Ziw is the input impedance of the line. If R, and R, are so choosen that have equal values, then Zin Z or Z=Liw This shows that under null condition the impedance of the arm CD will be the input impedance of the line. Thus, we have to determine the value of Z. 1 1 G =z tee R af 2— jek” Multiplying the right hand side numerator and denominator by (1—JjwOR) in order to separate the real and imaginary parts, we get _ RU=joR) _ g 2= TpetoRy 2 tI% say R Therefore, <=7750R" —wCR* aoa T= Tyrer ‘Thus, {Z| =VaepyF R “Tieor ++(2°5 a): Also g=tant = =taf! (—wCP) w-(2'5 8) If the capacitor is connected across the input PQ of the line, the value of Z is the same as given by Eq. (2‘5 a), but ¢=tan™* (wCR), a positive angle. ‘Thus, the value of Z and subsequently}Zrw can be determined in magnitude and direction from 4, 25) where RO are. values of44 TRANSMISSION LINES AND NETWORKS variable resistor and variable capacitor respectively for which null point is obtained and im is the frequency of A.C. source. In order to find the value of Zee, the far end is open-circuited for specified period and Ziw is determined” from Eq. (2°5), let us say it is Zee/$se. Similarly, in order to determine the value of Zee, the far end is now shorted for a definite period and Ziw is deter- mined again as. Zrelbse- Precautious to be talen in performing the experiments (a) A sensitive galvan ometer should be. used and it should be shunted to avoid excessive deflection of the galvanometer when the bridge is out of balance. : (0) Parallax error should be-avoided while getting null point. (c) If there is any phantom telegraph working in the Circuit, it should be disconnected after intimation to the concerned staff. (d) Maintenance staff likely to handle the line should be warned about the test timings. (e) The test should be taken at the line commutator, cutting out all internal wiring and other equipments. (i) Experimental determination of Zee. After determining the value of the input impedance of open and short circuited line by an A.C. Wein’s bridge the value of Z, can be easily determined from Eq. (2°3 a) by substituting the values of Zee and Z« there in. Zo= A LeeX Lue =A Ti BoeX Zul bue =1EaxZe| = As a measure of check, after Z, is calculated, the far end is asked to connect this value of Z, and thus the value of Ziw-is com- puted again. It should be equal to Z,. This is because the input impedance of a line termined in its characteristice impedance Zo. (ii) Experimental determination of P. After obtaining the values of Zee and Z,e by an A.C. bridge, the propagation constant P an be computed by putting these values in Eq. (2°3 6). +++(2°6)OPEN AND SHORT-CIRCUITED LINES 45 Therefore, tanh Pl=Z,/4,, suppose Eq. (2'6) shows that the value of P cannot be directly obtained from it unless it is simplified mathematically. Converting right hand side of Eq. (2°6) into a Cartesian form, we get tanh Pl=Z,(cos 4,+J sin $,) Pl_g-Pl a PoP ATSB. Pipe Ad By componendo and dividendo (i.., denominator-+numerator upon denominator—numerator), we get Qe 14+ A445 del (45) 1+A+jB or orl erat (27) + 5B, say. Hence rifts (in polar from) rb, =r/®, suppose. Taking log of both the sides, 2Pi=log, {1/6} loge r.eH6+207) Thus, Papp loge r+5(0+2nn)} (28) The addition of 2nn to the quadrature component result from the fact that the logarithm of “a complex number is not uniquely defined. n is a positive integer here. (iii) Experimental determination of , 8, and vy. It has been shown above that P can be determined with the knowledge of Zee and Ze while Zee and Zye can be obtained from A.C. Wien’s bridge as explained above. The real part of P will give the attenuation constant «, while the imaginary part of P will give the phase constant 8. Thus, from Eq. (2°8), we get ++(2°9 a) and +-(2°9 8) The problem now is to assign a suitable value for n in order to obtain the desired value of B. This can be done if approximate velocity of propagation is known.46 TRANSMISSSON LINES AND NETWORKS If the approximate velocity of propagation is given, the approximate vaule of B can be found out from the relation, o Or=t ‘After obtaining the approximate value of B, the corresponding value of nis calculated from Eq. (2°94). Rounding off this value of n to the nearest integer will give. the desired value of n. Substituting this value of n in Eq. (2°9 6) wif give the correct value of B. After getting the correct value of f, velocity of propagation vp can be readily computed from relation, oe A Obtaining the values of P and B from the knowledge of Zee and Zveis rather typical of its type and is better understood by examples given beloow : Example 2:1. Open and short circuit impedance of a transmission line at 16 KHz are 900/—30° ohms and 400/—10° ohms. Calculate its Z,. (Grad. LT-E., May 1969) Solution. It is given that Zee=900/—30° Zye=400/—10° Characteristic impedance Z. of a transmission line in terms of Zoz and Zee is given by Eq. (2°3 a). Lo=d BX A HER = 1300%400 =600/—20° ohms. Example 2:2. A transmission line 50 km long, gave the following results of impedance measurements at 796 Hz. Zoe=328/—29°2° Zye=1 548/6-8° Determine the line constants. (A.M.LE. May, 1964) Solution. Here, a=2nf =2x3:14X796 =5 000 radians/sec.OPEN AND SHORT-CSRCUITED LINES 47 From Eq. (2°3 2) =i DiexZee =v 328/—25 XI 548/68* = 292468 2 = 328x1 343/ =712/—11-2° From Eq. (2°3 6), eal Tsao 326/—29:2° - (2 1548 / 68+29-2 31 2 =217/18° =2'17 (cos 18°4, sin 18°) =207 4 0674 ‘Therefore, By componendo and dividendo, we get lp e~PlpePle-Pl 142-0745 0°674 7 Ply gPl_gPl 4 et Fl ~ 1120745 0674) 2ePl 3:07+j 0°674 Qe =T07—j 0674 2pr_ 314/124" _ 1°242/212°3° ‘Taking Jog of both the sides 2Pl=log, {2°524/—199°9°} 1 Therefore, = zy flog, 2°524-+j(—199-9°4-2nn)} 1=50 199°9°=3°47 radians. But48 : TRANSMISSION AND LINES NETWORKS 1 . ; ; « Thus, P= grog 091645 (—3 4746-28 n)} 1 ; 7 = Foy (MEG $474 628 n} ={0'009 16—j 0:034 7+ 0062 8 n} where n is a positive integer. : ‘Since the approximate velocity of propagation is not given. we will proceed by taking n=074, 2......to get the suitable value of 8. When n=0, P=—0°034 7. Since negative value of B is not possible we will take the next value of n. When n=1, B=0°028 and ¥g=1'8x10* km’sec. Taking » more than | will yield very low value of vp. ‘Therefore, B=0'028 corres- ponding to‘n=1 is the suitable value of B. Hence P=0°009 16+ 0028 =0°029 5/71'8°. Secondary line constants Ze and P have thus been calculated. Since the question does not specify which line constants fare to be aesecniea ‘we will calculate the primary constants R, L, @ and From Eq. (1'19 @), R4joL=PxZ. =0°029 5/71°8° x 712/112" =0:029 5x 712/71:8—11-2° =21/60°6° =21 (cos 60°6°+J sin 60°6*) =10-25+j 183. Comparing the real and imaginary parts, R=10°25 ohms/km and wL=183 18:3 T= 5000 =3°66 mH/km Similarly, from Eq. (1°19 ), henryOPEN AND SHORT-CIRCUITED LINES 49 0029 5 "jig BBS =41'4x 10- (cos 83-4 sin 83) =(54j 41'1)10-. Comparing real and imaginary parts. @=5x 10-* mhos =5 micro-mhos/km and 041-1 x 10-4 411 x10-* Cc S000 — farad =0-00822 ufd/km. Example 23. A line 10 km long has the following line constants Z,=600/0° ohms «=0'1 neper/lan £=0°5 radians/lon, Find the received current and voltage when 20 milli. amperes are sent down into one end the receiving end is shorted. Solution. The general line equation of voltage is given by Eq. (1°10 2) V=V, cosh Pz—I.2, sinh Pz But V=0 at z=10 km ; due to short-circuit * 0=V, cosh 10 P—I,Z, sinh 10P 4, sinh 10P ‘Therefore 0 SP The general line equation of current by Eg. (1°10 8) is I=I.cosh PoP" sink Pe But I=Iz when 2=10 km. Therefore In=I, cosh 10P—E> sink 10P Ze sinh OP =H, coh 10p— “2s SHOP inh 10P =I cosh? 10P—sinh? 10P _ cosh 10P50 TRANSMISSION #ND LINES NETWORKS But cosh? 10P—sinh? 10P=1 de Therefore In=~ sh 10P - 20 fi = Von 104y5) emP Since P=atjp 20 (ceil T cos 0547 sinh | sin 0°5) 20. =TSiF KOBE SLT 175 DxO4OTB™ in 20 ik ="(15544+50'564) =(12°6—J5°25) mA =13°65/—22'5° mA, ‘Thus, the received voltage is zero and the received current is 13°65 mA lagging behind the sent current by 22°5°. le 2:4. The open circuited impedance at w=5 000 cond of § km length of a loaded cable is Z..=1 930/68'8° ohms. The short-circuited impedance of the same § km line is Z,.=1 308/—762° ohms. Determine the Zp, «, 8 and pri constant of the line. Approximate phase velocity is 16 000 km/sec. (Grad. I.T-E., May 1963) Examp! radian per s¢ Solution. From Eq. (2°34), Lo= AEX Die = 41 930/688 XT 30 =1T930x1 308/* ° ohms. Similarly, from Eq. (23 = tanh Pl=, SBE =0'823/—72°5°OPEN AND ‘SHORT-CIRCUITED LINES St =0°823(cos.72'5°—j sin 72'5) =0°823(0'300 7—f0°953 7) =0°247 5—j0'784 3. Therefore, ePl_e—Pl_ 0247 550-7843 Gita: saiee hae: By componendo and dividendo. 2eFl 140-247 5—J0-784 3 acs net Sgt ES 0°752 5+4:70°784 3 149/114" 1-264/462° Faking log of both the sides 1-442 e 2Pl=log. {isis } P= Fits. 1169 -+5(—348°+2nn)" But l=8 and —34'8°=0°607 3 radians. Therefore, Pa zig (0146 2-J0-607 34.46.28n (n being a positive integer) P=0:009 1—J0°037 9+0'392 7n For n=0 8=-00379. (negative value of B is not physically possible) For n=l, £=0'3558 5.000 . and "= 9-355 8 =1-41 x10! km/sec =14 100 km/sec.52 TRANSMISSION AND LINES NETWORKS. Which approximates to the given velocity of propagation (or phase velocity). Therefore, the desired value of B is 0-355 8. Thus P=0:009 1+450°355 8 =0°356/88°6° Therefore, =0°009 1 neper/km and 8=0'355 8 radians/km. From Eq. (1°19 a), RtjaL=PxZ, ‘ =0°356/88°6° x 1 589 /—3-7° =0°356x 1 589/88-6—3-7° =513 7/84-9° Comparing real and imaginary parts, R=50'82 ohms/km and wLl=508'2 508-2 7=F 000 henry/km =101°64 mH/km. Similarly, from Eq. (1°19 8) si P O+je0=z- 0'356/88'6° “1589/—37° =224 x 10-4/92'3° =224 x 10-(cos 92°3-+4j sin 92-3) =(223'9+j8-962)10-¢ Comparing real and imaginary parts, @=223'9 x 10-* mhos/kn =223'9 pm hos/km @C=8'962 x 10-# C= sone xto* farad/km. and =0-001 8 uf/km.‘OPEN AND SHORT-CIRCUITED LINES 53 Example 2:5. The S.C and O.C. impedances at 800 Hz of « transmission line 40 lam long respectively are 3 200/--80° ‘Q and 1 300/80° Q. Calculate the line constants R, L, G and G. (Grad. I.T.E., May 1962) Solution. Here, w=2nf =2 x34 x 800 =5 000 (approximately) From Eq. (2°3 a), Z2g==4 Za.XLa = VS 200 BORT SOB =~ | —80+80 =43200x1 300 | aoe =2 039°6/0° ohms. Similarly, from Eq. (2°3 6), Z, tanh Pl=4]—>* Zee ~, [320 1 300/+80 = 1:569/—80 =0°272 4—#1°545. ‘Therefore, efl—e~Pl_ 0-272 4—j1-545 Pipe { By componendo and dividendo, 2eP! 140-272 4—§1:545 2ePl 1 (0202 4—71'545) 2pi_ 1272 4—J1°545 =0°727 6491545 =1°173/—115:2° Taking log of both the sides, 2Pl=log,{1°173/—115:2°}54 TRANSMISSION AND LINES NETWORKS. P: Be thoge 1:173-45(—152°+ 208) Tn 2x40 {0°1570—J2°01 +j6-28n} Since 01 radians and =40 $=0-002—0°025-+j0'078 Sn where n is a positive integer. Since the approximate phase velocity is not given, we will proceed by taking n=0, 1, 2 ...to get the suitable value of 8. When n=0, 8=—0-035, but negative value of f is physically” not possible. When n=1, 2=0:053 5 5 000 00535 Taking n greater than 1 will increase the value of @ and decrease the value of v, to a much lower value than the normal value of v». Therefore, 8=0'053 5 corresponding ton=1 is the suitable value of B. and =0'94 x 108 km/sec. Hence, P=0-002-4j0'053 5 =0054/87'9° From Eq. 1°19 (a), R+joL=PxZ, =0°054/87-9° x2 039°6 =0°0542 039°6/cos 87°9-++j sin 87°9) =100'13(0'036 6+j0°999 3) =40414 110). Comparing real and imaginary parts, R=4041 ohms/km and wL=110 110 L=s goo henry/km. =22 mH/km. Similarly, from Eq. 1°19 (0), ie G+ j00=OPEN AND SHORT-CIRCUITED LINES 55 _ 0:054/87:9° ~~ 20396 =26°5 x 10-(cos 87°9+j sin 87°9) =26'5 x 10-*(0°036 6+ 0°999 3) =(0°970 147 26°45)10- Comparing real and imaginary parts, G@=0'970 1x10 mhos/km. =0°970 1 mhos/km ond oC =26'45 x 10-* : m. 2 ( -6 C= Sapp X10-* farad/km =0:005 3 uF/km. Example 2:6. Calculate the characteristic impedance, Propagation constant and line constants of an open wire lossless line 50 km long. Z,,andZ, measured by an A.C. Bridge at 700 Hz were found to be 286/—40° and 1 520/16° ohms. respectively. The velocity of propagation of the lin ; assumed as 1:86 x 10! km per sec approximately. Solution. Here w=2nf =2x3'14x 700 =4'396 x 10? radians/sec. From Eq. 2°3 (a), Z = 4286/40 xT 520/16° 40+16 = 4286x1520 [-*#8 =660/—12° ohms. From Eq. }2°3 (6), | Z. tanh Pl= ,f Lee =i 527/16" ~ NV 286740" =2°31/28° =2:044 1-08.56 TRANSMISSION AND LINES NETWORKS Therefore, <7 —e7"!_ 2044-9108 Pi 1 By componendo and dividendo NggPtOR! 2 OF E108 Qe PL 1 = (204-5108) art, 30449108 = 1045108 =2'1/152'3° Taking log of both the sides 2Pl=loge (2'1/152°3°) ie 4 {log 2°1+5(152'3-+2nn)} 1 But 1=50 and 152°3°=2°65 radians. Thus, P= ——~ {0'742+j(266-+628 n)} as TOO =0°007 424-j0°026 6+J0-062 8 n ir n=0, 6=0-026 6 o and w= = 8 4396 x 10° 0°026 6 Which is quite close to the given approximate velocity of propaga- tion. Therefore, B=0°026 6 is the desired value of B. Hence P=0/007 42+40:026 6 =0°024 6/74°4° =1°65 x 10* km/sec. From Eq. 1°19 (a), R+joL=Px Zp =0:027 6/74°4° x 660/: 027 6 x 660/74°4°—12 = 182/68" =8'35-+j161.‘OPEN AND SHORT-CIRCUITED LINES Comparing real and imaginary parts, R=8°35 ohms/ken. cand oL=161 161 L=zyg6sci02 henry/km. =3°66 mH/km. Similarly, from Eq. 1°19(), ee C+ ju0= J 0-027 6/74-4°- =41°8 x 10-*/86°4° =41°8 x 10-* (cos 86°4-+J sin 86°4) =(2-18-441°5)10-* Comparing real and imaginary parts, G=2'18x 10-* mhos/km =2'18 y mhos/km. ‘and w0=41°5 x 10-* 41°5x 10-* C= F596 x10° farad/km =0°009 47 pF/km. Example 27. Input impedance measurements on 2 -certain transmission line Item long by A.C. bridge ata fre- -quency of © Sooo Hz yields the following results. Input impedance with far end shorted =49/25° ohms. Input impedance with far end open =2 500/—70° ohms. Calculate the values of the series impedance and shunt admittance per metre of the line. Assume the phase velo- -city in the transmission line to be roughly about 80 000 lam/sec. (Grad. I.T.B., May 1965)58 TRANSMISSION AND LINES NETWORKS Solation. From 2-3 (a/, Lo=AZXLG, = 49/25 2500/—70° 25—70 = 9x7500 [22 =350/+22'5° ohms. Similarly, From Eq, 2°3 (6), tanh Pl= at a F500/—70° ee j/a2g?? = Ob 2 =0°14/47 =0-095+70°103. 0-095+40-103 RESO Pl__.,—Pl Therejore, —€ lye Pl By componendo a nd dividendo, 2ePl 140:095+50-103 2e—7 = “1—0095—j0103 <2Pl_.. 1-09540'103 09050103 1-096/5-4° OSI =1°198/11-9° ‘Taking log of both the sid 2Pl=log, fe 198-45(11-9°-+-2nx) P=yy {0181 0+411-9°+J6-28n} But t=1 and 11-9°=0-207 7 radians. Thus, Pi = m 710181 0450-207 7456-28n} =0°090 5+70'103 8+53-14nOPEN AND SHORT-CIRCUITED LINES 59 when n=0, =01038 and ont 8.000 =6103 8 which is roughly about 8 000-km/sec. Hence the desired value of 8: is 0103 8. Therefore, P=0-090 5+j0'103 8 =0'137 5/41°1° Since the value of series impedance and shunt impedance are required in metres P='137 S/ALI°X1 000 =0:000 14/41-4° From Eq. (I*l a) and (1-19 @) Series impedance, Z=R-+-joL =PxZ, =0°0001 4/41°1°x 350/—22°5° =0°00014 x 350/41-1—22'5 =0-049/18-6° ohms/metre Similarly, from Eqs. (1°16) and (1°19 4), P Shunt admittance ¥=@+jwO= _0:000 14/41-1° 0000 14 40-1 1 00. = 0 AN 4-22°5 =0°4 x 10-4/63°6° =0°4/63°6° micro-mhos/metres. Example 2:8. Impedance measurement on a 500 km. length of cable at w=10 000 radians/sec, under open-circuited and short-circuited conditions gave the following results. Zoe=2 000/—80° ohms 20/20° ohms. Calculate the values of Z, « and B. (Grad. L.E.T.E., May 1976)60 TRANSMISSION AND LINES NETWORKS Solution. From Eq. (2°3 a), LZo=VE.XLae =42 0007 200 aa | —80-+20 =< Foooxan | =20+20 =200/—30° ohms. Tn order to calculate ‘a and/® we have to calculate fist the value of P. From Eq. (2'3 8) we have tanh Prey[ Ze ue 20/20° 78s | ae y To 2 =0°1/50° =0'1 (cos 50°+4jsin 50°) =0'1('642 84-766 0) =0:064 28440-07660 PI. Pl “ Pe 642 8440076 60 ‘Therefore, Tp oP TO By componendo and dividendo, we get age _1+(0°642 845-076 60) “Re-FT. “1=(-06F 7845-076 60) ¢2PI__ 1-064 2845-076 60 "935 72—F 766 0 =1135/8-8° Taking log of both the sides, we have 2Pl gt 135-43 (8'8°+2nn) Pay flog, 1°1354-3(153°! '59+-2nz)]OPEN AND SHORT-CIRCUITED LINES 6r Since 8°8°=153'59 radians But 2=500 metres='5 km. Therefore 1 eee Paasey (126 645153 5942nx)] Since the velocity of propagation’ is-not given, we have to- assume n= Hence P="126 647153 59 26 6 never/km 1536 radians/km Therefore, « B= Example 29. A generator of 1:0 volt at 1 KHz is connec. ted to 2 150 km long transmission line having the following secondary constants Characteristic impedance=692/—12° ohms Attenuation constant ='004 7 nepers/lam Phase constant = 022 radians/lan. Calculate the output current when the far end is short- circuited. (Grad. IETE., May 1975). Solution. It is given chat Vs=l0V f= 1 KHz=1 000 7=150 km Zo=692/—12° «="004 7 and ig=-022 Va=0, since the far-end is short-circuited Therefore, P=a+jp (004 745-022) Putting these values in Eqs. (2—1), we get 0=1°2 cosh 150 (004 7-4:022) —4, 692/—12° sinh 150(-0047-4-5-022) In=I, cosh 150 (-0047-+45:022)— = 1 - sin h 150 (004 945-022)TRNSMISSION AND LINES NETWORKS From first equation, cosh 150(-004 7+:022) 20° sinh 150(°004 7++-7°023) Putting this value of J, in second equation, will give cosh? 150('004 7-7 1 5 e 5 — eye sinh 150(-004 4+°022) = wy ent 150( 008 24. 7-022) (sinh 150(004 747-022 1 cosh? 150(004 7-+5°022 ] But/cosh?,¢—sinh? 0=1, 1 ‘Therefore Ie=G557—1F sinh 150(-004 74-022) 1 =$92/—12° sinh(-705 0+93°3) 1 = %92/—12° (sinh “705 0 cos $349 cosh “705 0 sin 3°3) 1 = G00] — 12" (1-254 OX — 987 S45 164 IX — 157 6) 1 = $92[—12(—1-238—F 120 6) 1 = SOY 1FK1 244/18 [-173°6° [eo2x 1-244 =1'161/—173'6 mA PROBLEMS 2:1. Draw the voltage and current variation along an open circuited ‘and a short-circuited line. Exolain their nature. * (Grad. 1.T.E. Nov., 1971 and May 1968) 2:2, Voltage and current at any point may be interpreted as the super- -position of two waves travelling in opposite directions. (Grad. 1..E. Nov., 1969) 2°3, An open wire unloaded tine, 50 km long, is operated at a frequency of 800 Fiz.” The open-circuit input impedance if found to be 330/—30° ohms. and the short-circuit impedance is 1 $40/7° ohms, Calculate the parameters of -this line assuming vp to be 1°86 x 10* kmysec.‘OPEN AND SHORT-CIRCUITED LINES 63 24. Desccibe an experi ‘impedance of aline. What are ( ental method of determining characteristic important precautions in this method ? (Grad. 1.E.T.E, May 1972, 73) 25. Impedance measurements made on ¢ km length of the geld quad cable at 1 600 Hz under open-circuit and short-circuit conditions gave tie following results. Zoc=2 4601 Zye=2V'5| 5° Calculate Zs, a, 8, R, C, L'and G. Approximate velocity fof propagation for a field quad cable can b: assumed to be £0 000 kmifscc. 2-6. Ina uniform :line there ‘exists, in general two travelling‘ waves. Explain how the superposition of the two waves produces standiog waves of voltage and current in short-ci ansmission line Derive an expression showing the nature of voltage distribution 1n such a line : (Grad. 1.T.E. Nov., 1964) 2°7.. Explain how weuld you determine the primary and: secondar constants of « transmission live by impedance measurements. Also explaig how velocity of propagation and attenuation constant can be exocrimentally determined. (Grad. LT.E. May 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966 : Nov., 1961) 1960, 1968 and A.M.L_E. May 1964) 2'8. The following impedance measurements were made a: the sending end ofa 70 km open wire telephone line: (a) withthe receiving end shore, circusted, the sending-end impedance was 46%/—66:9° ohms at 1000 Hz ; (5) with the receiving end-open circuited. the sending end impedance was ohms at 1 000 Hz, Determine the characteristic impedance of the line, also the attenuation and phase constant per km. 29. Starting from the geocral solution of the equation of the trans- mission line, show that the characteristic impedance can be determined from the knowledge of the input impedance of the length-of the line with its for ced (i) open circuived (4) short-circuited. (Grad. 1.T.E. Nov., 1971, May 1965) 2°10. Show that far any uniform transmission line the following relativas are valid ZaVTX Lu Z, and tanh Pisa | ad (Grad, 1.T.E. May 1961) 2:11. Consider a low-loss transmission line of finite length short-circuited atthe farend. Derive an expression for the input imdedance of the line in terms of the relevant parameters. (Grad. 1.E.T.E. May 1974) 2:12. Describe am experimental method of determining the secondary constants i.2. Zp, « and B of a transmission line, (Grad. LE.T.E. May 1974) 213. Consider a low loss (small but not negligible) transmission line with open circuited at the far end. Derive an expression showing the nature of the voltage distribution ia such a line, (Grad. 1.E.T.E. Nov., 1974) 2:14. Short-circuited and open-circu'ted measurements at frequency of 5.000 Hzon a line of length 100 km yields the following results : Zoe=570!—48" Zena Eind the characteristic imoedance and propagation constant of the line. 2.15. Measurements on a transmission line of leneth 120 km were made at frequency of 6 000 Hz. If Zo¢=520/—30° and Z,_=640/43°, find Z,. and P.a Line with Any Termination So far we have discussed three modes of termination viz., line * terminated in its characteristic impedance, short and open-circuited termination. In this chapter we will deal with the fourth mode of termination, i.e. the termination Zr, other than the characteristic impedance of the line. This type of termination is normally referred as line with any termination. Obviously open-circuited and short- circuited terminations becomes the particular cases of the line with any termination when Zg=oo and Zx=0 respectively. When a voltage is applied to a transmission line, it originates an incident wave and there is no reflected wave if the line is infinite ‘or is terminated in its characteristic impedance as already i in earlier chapter. However, when a line is terminated with any impedance Zz, part of the energy will be absorbed and part of it will be reflected back. Therefore, line with any termanition ga case of partial refiection while open and ‘short-circuited termination are the cases of total reflection. ‘The input imy ce of a_long line with losses having any termination can safely be considered to be the characteristic impe-. dance of the line and is independent of the terminating i ipedance 2x. The reason for this is that when attenuation is of much i- tude, the reflected wave becomes negligible compared to the incident wave and the input impedance is simply the ratio of the voltage to the current in a single (incident) wave. In contrast the input impe- dance of short lines with high loss is determined by the terminating i impedance Ze and is independent of its characteristic impedance. Tn practical communication lines the termination Zz is of very much importance because unless Zr'is the conjugate complex of the source impedance maximum power is not transferred to Zz and there is a power loss. The magnitude of this power loss can be assessed oe the ames of reflection taking place. This will be discussed in letail later. 64LINE WITH ANY TERMINATION 65 31. General Equation Considering a transmission line of length J terminating in an impedance Zp. Let Hp be the voltage- across Zp and In be the current flowing through it. k— <—>-— t-x —_] Fig. 3-1. A line with any termination Zp. Voltage and current at any point of a transmission line has been given by Eq. (1°8). V=A cosh P2+B sinh Pz +(1'8 a) I= ~ (A sinh Pz+B cosh Pz) ...(1-9 6) At the termination Zr, 2=1, V=Ve ana T=is. Putting these values in above equations, we get Va=A cosh Pl+B sinh Pl +--(3'1 a) and In=— 2 cosh Pi-Z sioh PL ...(3-18) B ; To determine the value of constant A multiply Eq. (31 a) by Ssh Pl and Eq. (3'1 b) by sinh Pl and then add the two equations. 7 ) TB cosh Plt-In sinh Pl=-Z (cosh? Pl—sinh* P), But cosh? Pl—sinh®? Pl=1. Therefore, A=Va cosh Pl4InZy sinh Pl Similarly, to determine the value of constant B, multiply Eq. ($11.0) by Sah PE and Eq. (3:1 &) by cosh PI and then 0 add the two equations.‘TRANSMISSION LINES AND NETWORKS 66 Ve B . VR inh Pl4+-In cosh Pl= ——z- (cosh Pl—sinh*Pl) Le Zq Therefor, B=—(Va sinh Plt: InZ, cosh Pl). Substituring the value of 4 and B in Eqs. (1°8 a), we get Va(Vg cosh Pl+Zele sinh Pl) cosh Pz—(Va sinh Be +-InZ, cosh Pl) sinh Px =P (cosh Pl éésh Px—sinh Pl sinh Pz) “Zola (sinh Pl cosh Pz—cosh Pl sinh Pz) =F r cos P(l—z)-+1eZq sinh P(l—) .-(3'2 a) Similarly, substituting the value of A and B in Eq. (1°8 8), we get Ab sinh Pe (Pr cosh Plt Zole sinh PD) a I= iss zk cosh Px (Vr sinh Pl-+Zolx cosh Pl) ; = me (sinh Pl cosh Pz—sinh Pz cosh Pl) o Ie (cosh Pl cosh Pz—sinh Pz sinh Pz) = TA sinh PU=2)+ Ix cosh (l-2) «al3'2 ) jo If the distance of the point on the line is measured from the receiving end instead of sending end, then any point on the line wall always be at a distance (1—2) from the receiving end-_ Let y be Wp grays" Shaured from the receiving end, then y=l—2 and Eqs. (3:2) will become, V=Vx cosh Py+InZ, sinh Py --(3'3 a) and = TE sinh Py Tn cosh Py (33.8) 0 ___ Equations (3°2) are the general line equations expressing respec- tively the current and voltage at 2 point distance z from the ‘sending end in terms of the received current and voltage. * Comparing equations (3:2) with equations (1:10) it is obvious that Eq, (3-2) can be applied only to a line of finite length, while Eq. (1°10) can also apply to an infinite length. At the sending end, 2=0, 7 =Vsand I=I+- Substituting these values in Eqs. (3°2), we get V,=Vr cosh Pl-+Ix%o sinh PL 2(3'4 a) w+ (3°48) and 1,—E2 sinh Pl+Ia cosh Pl LoLINE WITH ANY TERMINATION 67 Thus, Eqs. (3°4) gives sending end voltage and current in terms of received voltage and current and secondary constants of the line. 39. Input Impedance Input impedance of transmission line is defined as the impe: dance measured across the input terminals of the transmission line. Itis normally denoted by. the letter Zw. In other words input impedance of a transmission: line is the impedance seen looking into the sending end or input terminals. In. is the impedance into which the source must work when the line is connected. Thus, Ziel. q Referring to Fig 3-1 again, at the sending end, z=0, V=F. I=I,, Applying these conditions to Eqs. (3:2), we get V.=Va cosh Pl+InZy sinh PL FE sinh Pla cosh Pl. Therefore, Vr cosh Pl+IrZ, sinh Pl Fi sinh PLE Te cosh PL zi ‘Multiplying numerator and denominator by -, we get Tr 3 2 cosh PLYZy sinh. PL ily, Ta OO RD bt Fe tinh PL+-Z, cosh PI oe But Zr: oper Zroosh Pl+Z, sinh Pl ,,. ‘Therefore, Zin=Zq Lz TZ sink P35 @) This can further be simplified by dividing numerator and denominator by cosh Pl and putting sinh Pl SOL Er =tanh Pl inka, 2A+%a tanh Pl (85 0) °~Zy+Zr tanh PL68 TRANSMISSION LINES AND NETWORKS Eq. (3:5) are important in the study of transmission line theory and. should be memorised by heart. Several results which fheory ready been obtained otherwise can be derived easily from Eq, (3°5 b).. Several more restilts which will be derived later will use Eq. (3°5) as the basis. For example, in an open-circuit line Ziw=Zee and Za= oo and Eq. (3°50) will become I+ Je tanh Pl ¥ m gp Zy 42 Atanh Pl ZR te gee ed =~“? 0-+tanh Pl =Z, coth Pl. which is the same as Eq. (2°2 ¢). Similarly, in a short-circuited line Ziw=Zse and Ze=0 and Eq. (3°5 b) will yield, 0+2Z, tanh Pl Lamhe =Z, tanh Pl which is the same as Eq. (2'2 6). ‘A transmission line is said to be perfectly matched to the load or properly terminated when it is terminated by its characteristic {npedanee. For such line the input impedance is simply the areeacteristic impedance of the line itself. However, if Zx7Z», the input impedance may have a wide range of values. 33. Input Impedance of a Lossless Line Input impedance of a lossless line (.e., high frequency line) of any length can, of course be found from Smith chart (which will be described later) where it will be shown.that its locus for neligible losses simply follows a circle of constant reflection coefficient. For some purposes it is, however, convenient to have a formula for the input smpedance, perhaps to obtain better accuracy than be realised grapically by Smith chart. From Eq. (3°5 8), we get 7, ZatZq tanh Pl, 2207 FEx tanh Pl ore ossless line, a=0, therefore, P=a-+jp will become jB only.{INE WITH ANY TERMINATION 69 Zg-+Zy tanh jpl He = 242k tM tanh jpl | ie Pw=2o 757 tanh jp But ~ tanh jpl=j tan fl. ng, Zeti% tan Bl t Therefore, Lin 20 Feta «+-(3°6) Since Zant jy tan 2Zu0n=2Z,.———>- --(3°7) ZotsZe tan cae ; Again ior a lossless line, the resistive co ent of the line, te. Rand G will be equal to zero. roe" Thus, ~ViRFNORI or 0+j8=V jab xjot p=0V IC. =2nfVIC . Iff is the frequency of operation and the terminating impe. dance is a pure resistance Rr Eq. (3°6) will become ae zqRetize tan 2nf VIC ZotjRe tan 2xfs Therefore, input impedance Z;w of a lossy and lossless line can be calculated from either of the above equation depending upon the data given. 34. Reflection Reflection of energy occurs when there is an impedance: ir- regularity, ¢.e. when the primary constants of the transmission line are not uniform along the line ; or the terminated impedance at the far end is different from Z, of the line assumed to be uniform. ‘The phenomenon of setting up of a reflected wave at the load due to improper termination or due to impedance irregularity in a line is called reflection. The reflection takes place because the ratio of electric field and magnetic field on both the sides of terminals boundary must be the same under all conditions. The condition will be satisfied by the addition of reflected wave to the incident wave.70 TRANSMISSION LINES AND NETWORKS: Reffection is normally undesirable on transmisson line. If the attenuation is not large the reflected wave appears as echo at the tending end. In addition there is a reduction in efficiency and Sutput because a portion of the received.energy is rejected back by the load. The reflected wave is reflected again at the sending end, resulting in.a new incident wave. The energy is thus transmitted back and forth on the line until dissipated in the line losses. & The reflection will be rhaximum when the line is open or short circuited and will be zero when Zr=Zo- 3°5. Reflection Coefficient Reftection coefficient is defined as the ratio of the reflected voltage to the incident voltage. It is normally denoted by K. Reflection coefficient is, in general a vector quantity having magnitude and direction both. In fact, dealing with the voltage the ratio is called Voltage Reflection Coefficient abbreviated as V.R.C. Similarly in dealing with the current the ratio of the reflected current to the incident is tilled current reflection coefficient. The only difference between the two is that current reflection coefficient is the negative of voltage reflection coefficient. Let Viand V; be the incident and reflected voltage respec: tively. ve 4 ‘Then uo ...(3°9 a) Similarly let Zs and I; be the incident end reflected current respectively. ; Then, Fae (3°96) ft Reflection coefficient is a measure of the voltage a current reflected from any point in a transmission line due. to an mpedanc.e irregularity, or from the receiving end due to improper itermination Fundamental equations for voltage and current at any point ofa transmission line as per Eqs. (1°9) are, s V=be~?*-a0eP* «--(1°9 a) —Px wa(1°9 8) ‘As already explained in Art. 2'1 the first term in each of the above equations represents an incident voltage or current while the second term represents a reflected voltage or current.LINE WITH ANY TERMINATION 71 If y is the distance measured from the termination Zr (i.., the receiving end). Eq. (1°9) can be expressed in terms of y, simply by putting z=—y. Thus, V=be?¥4ae—Py +--(3°10 a) 6 a =p ePy— Zep, (3° Taz-ehy zz Y (3°10 b) Here again the first term ‘in Eq. (3°10 a) represent incident voltage V; while the second term represents reflected voltage Vr because incident voltage must go on increasing and reflected voltage decreasing as y increases {i.e. as we travel away from Zr) At the termination Zz when 0 V=Ve and I=In. Substituting these values in Eq. (3°10), we get Va=b+a and In Zz a od or IeZ=b—a Hence an Pattee w(3-11 a) and an Pete : =-(S°11 8) From Eq. (3°9 a) Voltage reflection coefficient ve = aaerr bP sper At the termination Za, y=0. Therefore, =F Puting the values of a and 6:from Eq, (3°11), Va-InZo X= WyT Talea TRANSMISSION LINES AND NETWORKS Dividing numberator and denominator by Ix and substituting Zr for we get o-(3°12) Thus reflection coefficint K can be computed ifthe termina- ing im pedance Zz and characteristic impedance Z, of the line are given. Given the values of Ze arid Z, K can be readily computed eraphically by smith chart also. 36, Input Impedance in Terms of Reflection Cofficient The input impedance Zyw of a line terminated in an impedance Zr as per Ea, (3°5 a) is given by, Dawa OER SH Plt Be sinh PL tm oo cosh PUL En sn PL Changing hyperbolic functioris to exponential form. we get sees eee ep! e PT Fant 2) x24) PL Dividing numerator and denominator by -5— (Zet+Z), we get ~2P1 ( Zr—Zo 1403" (Fe) 1—e2Fl ( 2 Zin=Zo a Zant Dy ) _= Za—Zy Putting eeeLINE WITH ANY TERMINATION 73 14-Ke72Pl , Liw= By SP ++-(3°21 a) From Eq. (3:20 a), FL Hcosk PI ayy =eosh PIL Anz, (cosh Pl—1) 7. cash Pl-1 : aly ~ Sarr G21 8) 142 sink- 21 Zo -——p,- 2 sinh—-cosh = Pl =2,tanh—> =++(3-21 ol It follows from Eq. (3°21) that J'-network shown in Fi ‘is equivalent of the 3 SE Dinca tee t Hoa sat the frequency}at}which Z. and P have been computed. Za tanh Pll, Z,tonh Pi, Z, [sian PL 2 Fig. 3-7. Equivalent 7-network of a uciform transmission line. The corresponding x network can be derived from the 7 metwork by means of the well-known J'—n, or Wye-delta transfor- mation and will be dealt in detail later. However ‘the result is shown in Fig. (3-8 a). Similarly, the corresponding lattice network can be obtained from the T-network by applying Bartlett's Bisection theorem which will also be explained later. But the result obtained is shown in Fig. (3-8 0).80 TRANSMISSION LINES AND NETWORKS Therefore, after obtaining equivalent T-network of a uniform transmission, the equivalent x and lattice network can be obtained Zosinh PL Z,coth Ply Z,fon PU, Z,tanh Ply Zpcoth Pt, Z,coth Plly » F Z,coth Pl[y @ o Fig. 3-8. Equivalent x and lattice network of a uniform transmission line. from T-network itself and we need not go through the entire process zewe did for T-network. In fact obtaining the equivalent = and latice network of a uniform transmission line in the manner we obtained for 7 will not be that easy and simple due to circuit con- figuration of x and lattice. Examle 3-1. A transmission line 10 lan Ylong is termi- nated properly at the far end. At a frequency of 1 000 Hz, tae attenuation and phase constant of the line are respectively 0-03 neperficm and 0'03 radians/km. If the far end voltage at 1000 Hz is 4/0° volis. Calculate sending end voltage of the line. (Grad. 1.7-E., Nov., 1961} Solution. It is given that, 1=10, a=0°03, B=0°03 and Vr=4/0._ Therefore, Pl=(«+JB)l =(0-034j0'03)10 =(149)0'3. From Eq. (3°4 a), we get V,=Vr cosh Pl+IrZ sinh Pl. Since the line is properly terminated Zr=Zo hence Vr=IrZo. Thus, V.=Var cosh Pl+Va sinh Pl V.=Vr (cosh Pi+sinh Pl) Vi=Vrel.LINE WITH ANY TERMINATION $l Putting the given values, we get = 4eltH)0-8 a4 e08,gf08 =4e"%(cos 034 sin 0°3) x 1°349 9(0°956 3+-70°0292 4) 399 6(0°956 3-+j0°292 4) -163-451°579 "394/17? volts. Therefore vi: Example 32. A lossless transmission line of charac- teristic impedance 50/0° ohms and half wavelength long is left open circuited at che farend. The r.m.s. value of the open circuted voltage is 10 V. Calculate the r.m.s. value of voltage and current at a distance of eighth wa away from the open circuit. (Grad. I.7.8., May 1967) Solution. From Eq. (3°3), we get V=Vacosh Py+InZesinh Py ..(3°3.a) -} sinh Py-+Incosh Py ...(3°3.) vAgey eagtincads sipscsat toeegasibant end, Sa circuit end here. Tt is given that Zo=50/0° Pr=10V Ir=0 (because no current ean flow in open-cricuit). Since the line is lossless «=0 and P=a+jp will become 8. ‘Thus Eq. (3°3) will become P=Pr cosh jfy4InZ sinh jy and ee sinh j6y-+In cosh jy But cosh j2y=cos By and sinh jfy=j sin By Therefore V=Pr cos By+jlrZ, sin By and I=iz Ve 7, sin By't+In cos By82 TRANSMISSION LINES AND NETWORKS =0'141 4/90° Amps (r.m.s.) a where V and J are voltage and current at a distance ~5- from open- circuit end. Example 3:3 A long transmission line of characteristic impedance 500/—43° and a propagation constant of 0:07+ 0-08 per lan is properly terminated. A voltage of 5/0° V is applied at the sending eud. Calculate the complex rms. voltage and current at a distance of 10 km from the (Grad. I.T.E., Nov., 1967) end. Solution. It is given that, Z_=500/—43° 0 km P=0-07+j0'08 and 50° when a line is properly terminated it behaves as an infinite line, and the voltage at any point of an infinite line is given by Eq. (1°11 8 V=Ve7 Fl. Substituting the given values, we get - Va 5e—(0'07+/0'08)10 =5e(0 7408) =5 xe(cos 0'8—j sin 0'8) =5 x0'496 6(0'694 7—J0:719 3) 483(0°70—j0'72) approximately j1-787LINE WITH ANY TERMINATION 83 At any point of a properly terminated line, the input impe- dance is the characteristic impedance. If I is the current at a distance of 10 km from the sending end. Fe Z 25/—45-8° - Zz cosh Pl+2Zp sinh Pl Z, cosh PI-+Zr sinh Pl It is convenient to find the values of sinh Pl and cosh Pl separa- tely before substituting the given value in Eq. (3°5 a) sinhiPl=sinh (0°7+j2°8) =sinh 0°7 cos 2°8-+j cosh 0°7 sin 2°8 =0°76 x —0°94+51-26 x 0°33 =—0°714j0°42 Similarly cosh Pl=cosh (0°7+J2'8) =cosh 0°7 cos 2°8+-j0°76 x 0°33 26 x —0°94+- 50°76 x0°33 1:184j0°25 Zin=Zq84 TRANSMISSION LINES AND NETWORKS. Since 2°8 radians=160'44 =(180—19'12%) Thus cos 2°8=cos'19*12°=0'09 sin 2°8=sin 19°12°=0°327 2 Also Ze=To/i4® 10(cos 14°+j sin 14°), =710(0°S7+j02'4) =688°7+j1704. Substituting all these values in Eq. (3°5 a), we get i « f 300(—1-18=J0°25)+ (688:7+J170°4)0°71-450'42 an =none { {688 7-+j170 41 18-+9025)+ 300(—0 714-5042 —914-05 } —1 119°26—797°13 =none{ =710/14° nels 710x995, =Tnis6 / =680'4/4'5 ohms. Example 3:5. Find the sending end impedance of a line having a negligible losses, where Z, is 55 ohms, receiving end impedance is 115+j75 ohms, and line is 1183 times the wavelength. (Grad. I.7.E. Nov., 1972) Solution. It is given that, Zy=55 Za=115+575 and 1=1:183 A Therefore, =2x314x1'18 =7°43 radians 7°43 x 57°3 degree =426° which is equivalent to 66°.“INE WITH ANY TERMINATION 35 Substituting the given values in Eq. (3:7), we get Zrtj Zp tant Zin=Ze Lotion tan 23h (115+975)-+955 tan 66° '55+9(115-+375) tan 66° (125.4575) +955 x 2°356 55+5(115-4+975)2 356 115+575-+5229'58 554-9270°94—176°7 =55 1154530458 _ =T21:7-+9207 94 55 (115 + 4304°58)(121-74+-4207°94) (= 121°7-£5207-94)(121- 7 +5207 94) 5531 160)-+14 000—54 190-4524 340 (§207°94)*— (121-7) : —40'190-+455 500 =73 480—I4 810 5402 X 10*—75'55 x 104) 88 190 5402 —95°55)108 882x108 =55; =55 =5: =55 =H at 02—35'55) =6'236(4-02—J5'55) =25°06—j3461 Ziw is the desired sending end impedance here. le 36. _A transmission line 100 metre long operating at 100 MHz has the following constant Z.=50/—5°- «=0'001 neper/metre p= ‘The transmission line is now connected to a load and the value of voltage reflection. coefficient measured at a distance 4 metre away from the load is found to be 0°5/30°. Calculate input impedance of the transmission line. (Grad. I.7'.E. Nov., 1964) 5 radians/metre86 ‘TRANSMISSION LINES AND NETWORKS. Solution, Voltage and current at any point of a transmission line as per Eqs. (1°9) are Vabe-P* +aeP* ors oe gPs and deegs* a Here we have to calculate Zw, therefore, at the sending end, z=0,I=I, and v=v.. Thus, Vi=b+a and L=b+a But Lina Taking the modulus alone of the above o5—— e2(0-001)(100-4) 52% goa os b & 05 xe-o "5 x 0825 2 =0°412 6 Thus oe Putting this value of z and the given values in above equa~ tion, we getLINE WITH ANY TERMINATION 87 of 140412 6 Zin=50/-5 [ 1—0412 6. =120'25/—5° ohms. Example 3-7. The voltage reflection coefficient at a’point Aon 2 non-lossy line is found to be 0°2/—30°, Calculate its value at a distance of 1 towards the generator,from A. (Grad. .7-E., May 1961) Solution. Let there be a point B on the non-lossy line at a distance 7 from A and at a distance 2 from the generator. There- fore, point A becomes [ at +] from the generator or the sending end. If Ka and Kg are VRC at A and B respectively, Ka=0'2/>30° and Kz is to be found out. ae We have proved in Example 3°6, VRC at any point, distance « from the sending end is given by a4 2Px E.==? For non lossy’ line, «=0 Thus R=pem 0:2/—30°=Ka It is given that, nua eUi8(x+N12) and Koa itr Dividing first equation by second, we get 0°2/—30 _ 28 +4/12) Es eee88 TRANSMISSION LINES AND NETWORKS Ve ie. Thus Pe =oosh Pl+ >2sinh Pl «+.(3°14) Vr Zr It is convenient to find out the values of cosh Pl and sinh Pl separately before substituting the given values in Eq. (3°14). Now, Pl=(a+Jp)l =(0°01 +50°035)100 =(143'5) Hence cosh Pl=cosh (1-+53'5) =cosh 1 cos 3°54] sizih 1 sin 3°5 =1°543 cos 200°55°-+41°175 sin 200°55 =1°543(—cos 20°550)+J1°170 sin (—20°55°) “543 x —0°936 2451°175 x —0°351 6 —1445—j0'413 1 —1'503/15°85° Similarly, sinh Pl=sinh (1+j3°5) =sinh 1 cos 3°5+j cosh I sin 3°5 =17175(—0-936 2)-+j1-543(—0°351 6) =—1'101—J0'542 4 =—1°227/26'23° Putting these and the given values in we (3°14), we get Vv. 10/—16° 3° ee M44 5—jorsi3 14-2 300 X — 1227/26:23° =—1'144 5—j0-413 1— TOXT2T 10-250 23° 3 27590 and = 2ianyia Es = eitl3 0°2/—30° Therefore, Ka=- if = oe 0-2/—30 Te =0-2/—90°LINE WITH ANY TERMINATION 89 Example 3°8. The characteristic impedance of a certain line is 710/—16° when the frequency is 1 KHz. At this frequency attenuation function is 0°01 neper/lam and the phase function is 0-035 radians/km. If the line 100 km long is terminated by a 300 ohms resistor, calculate the ratio of the transmitter voltage (assumed as zero impedance -voltage source) and the receiver voltage in neper decibels. (Grad. I.7.E. Nov., 1970) Sloution. The line equation for voltage has been given by Eq. (110 a), V=V, cosh Pz—I,Z, sinh Pz If the line is of length 1, V=Vr when z=1, we have Va=V, cosh PI—I,Z, sinh Pl =/, { cosh pee sinh ri} -445—0.413 1-2-904/10 “4450413 1—2-904(cos 10°23°+ j sin 10-23%) 445-0413 8—2°859—J0'515 9 -304—j0'929 ~— 4: 402/77°8° =v, { cosh PL -~22 sinh Pr} Zw 5 Substiuting the value of e from Eq. (3°5 a),-we get «pp Zo cosh Pl+Ze sinh Pl Fark. { cosh Pl—sinh PLT och PLT Zy sinh sit y, Zx(cosh* Pl—sinh? Pl) * Zr cosh PIFZ, sinh PL VZn "Gr cosh Pl+-Z, sinh Pl Ratio is nepers=leg/?* | =log, 4-402 =1°48 nepers Ratio in decibels =1°48 x8°686 ==12°87 decisble.90 TRANSMISSION LINES AND NETWORKS: Example 39. An open wire line having characteristic impedance 692—12° ohms is terminated in 200 ohms resistor. - ‘The line is 100 km long and is supplied power by a generator of10 volt at 1.000 He. Determine the voltage reflection. coefficient. Solution. It is given that Z,=692/—12° Zn=200 Substituting these values in Eq. (3°12), we get Voltage Reflection coefficient, 200—692/—12°_ ~ 20 Fea LIE __200—(676'7—5143'9) “200+ (676°7 —9143°9) __ 4767451349 = 3767-71439 497°8/163 “arr =0°56/—187-6° =0°56/172'5° Example 3:10. A geuerator of 1 volt 1000 Hz supplies power to a 1 000) kam open wire line terminated ‘in Z, (chara- cteristic impedance) having the following p: arameters . (Grad. I.B.7.E. Nov., 1972) G=0'8 x10 mhos/km =0:008 35 micro farad/km Calculate the power delivered at the receiving end. Solution. ‘The value of Z, and P has already been calculated in example 1°5. They.are, Z,=692/—12° and P=(0-007 55+j0°035 5) per km Thus, P1=(0-007 55+-J0°035 5)1 000 =(7°55453°55)LINE WITH ANY TERMINATION gL. Since the line is terminated in Z,, then Zin=Z, so that Tats ___10 ="692/—12 =0°014 5/12° Amp From the definition of propagation constant, Pr ds OTe Therefore yew Pl 001 45/12¢ e-(7ss4185-8) 001 45/12 e-7 88, en ta88 ‘001 45/12 x 0°472/—203°8° Since eis equivalent to an angle of —3°55 radians, or —203°8° Therefore, Tr=0-000 685/—191°8° ty TOM Ea: (15), power delivered at receiving end Ps is given 7 Pa= | In|? Re 000 685)? x 692 cos 120° (0-000 685)? x 692 x 0°978 1 =317°9x 10-6 wart =317°9 micro-watt. Example 3'11 A transmission line of 50 km has a chara~ cteristic impedauce 692/—12° ohms phase function 0:035 5: xadiace per km ; attenuation fanction 0-007 55 neper/per Ion. Sending-end voltage is 10 volt at 1 000 Hz aud the line is trmi- nated by a 300 ohms resis:or, Calculate sending end current receiving end curreni and voltage and efficiency of trans- mission. Solution. It is given that, 1=50 2,=692/—12° P=(0:00 755+ 300 355)TRANSMISSION LINES AND NETWORKS 92- V,=10 volts and Ze=300. Therefore, Pl=(0:007 5+30°035 5) 50 =(0°377 5491-775). It is convenient to evaluate sinh Pl and cosh Pl separately, before start computing the desired values. sinh: Pl=sinh (0377 5+51'775) =sinh 0°377 5 cos 1°75 4j cosh 0°377 5 sin 1°775 387 X—0-204451°072 x0°978 —0-079441°05 =1-06/942° Similarly cosh pl=cosh (0°377 5+51'775) =cosh 0°37 5 ¢0s 1°775 “4 sinh 0°37 5 sin 1-775 =1:072x —0-204+j0°387 x0°978 —6:218+50'379 0°437/120:1° Since 1°775 radians=101°8° In order to determine the value of sending end current Ir, we hhave to first compute sending end impedance Zs or Zin. Substituting the above values in Eq. (3°5 a), we get Zr cosh Pl+Z, sinh Pl Zo cosh Pl+Ze sinh Pl =692/—120° 300 x 0°437/120°1°-++692/—12°x wot? } 692/—12 KO-487/1 201° +300 X 106/94-2° =692/—19° 131°1/120° c+ 75s sue | oe 301-4/108 1°-+ 318/942" 692 x 131°1/108°1 +692 x 733°52, '301°4/108'1°-+318; kz 90 721°2/108°1-+4507 595°84/70'2 301°4/108°1°-+-318/94°2° Lw=LZqLINE WITH ANY TERMINATION 93 90 721°2(cos 108-1+4j sind 108°1)+5 07 595°48(cos 70°2°-+J sin 70°2°) = 301-4{cos 108°I+F sin 108'1)+318 (cos 949-47 sin 949) _-90 721°1(—0°310 7+-7 0°950 5)+507 595°84(0°338 7450-940 9 ae: 301°4(—0°310 7+50°950 5)+318—(0°073 2450997 3) = 28 214341 72075+J(86 276-+.477 648) —93°74—23-29 +5(317 +295°2) 143 86145563 924 —117-+7612 582 x 108/75°4° ~~ 6238/1008" =934/—25°4° ohms. Now, wap Therefore, v ae 10 =g34—25 Amp =0°001 071/25-4 Amp. Receiving end voltage Vz wili be calculated from Eq. (1°10 a) by putting : - L and V=Pr. Vr=V, cosh Pl—Z,I, sinh Pl =v, [cosh Pinay sinh P| i ve [cos PI Ze sinh Pi] 69: 9347 =10[—0'218 + j0:379—0-775/107-6") =10[—0'218+50°379—(0-232+50°737)] =10[0°014—J0'358) =3°6/—88° volis.. S =10[ —0218+.j0'379—“94° TRANSMISSION LINES AND NETWORKS Receiving end current Ia is given by the relation, Ve Lar ig Vr 3°6/—88° Therefore, In=—ge = =0-012/—88° Amp. In order to evaluate efficiency of transmission 1, we have to -compute Px and P, first. From Eq. (3°15), Power delivered to the load, Pr=|Ir[ Re =(0012)? x 300 =0°432 watt. From Eq. (3°17), Power, input Is cos 6 19 x0°001 071 xcos 25°4° 0-010 71 x0°903 3 960 watt. From Eq. (3°16), efficiency of transmission, _ Pr a= pe x 100 Example 3°12. Calculate the resistance and inductance .of the series and shunt elements of a T-network to 10 kam of line having a characteristic impedance of 280/—30° ohms and propagation constant of 0:08/40° per loop kam at a frequency of 000 re, (Grad. I.T.E., May 1964) Solution. It is given that, 1=10 Zp=280/—3 P=0°08/40° ard fe-8000.,aLINE WITH ANY TERMINATION Thus 95. and =10x0-08/40° =08/40 =0°8 (cos 10+ sin 40) =0°8 (0°766 0+j0'642 8) =0°612 8+j0'514 2. Ic is convenient to obtain the value of sinh Pl and tanh ans Therefore Pla gl0-si2 0440-544 2) 1d agg0-5u4 2 eo-42 9/0514 2 Sete 6799-47" =1°84 (cos 29-47°-+j sin 29°47°) =1°60+30'91 Similarly =0°47—j0-27 elie Pl But sinh Pl= 1:60+40°91—(0'47—J0'27) re _ 11345118 BT 2 =0°57+0°59 =0'82/46" P24 — Plj2 ‘Similarly, tanh 41 7—< PIR _ PM =0°314j0-24 =0°39/37:87°96 “TRANSMISSION LINES AND NETWORKS =280/—30x 0'39/37'87° =109-2/7'87° =109'2 (cos 7°87-+ sin 7°87) =108-4j14'95. Since it is having a positive imaginary part (reactive com- ponent) it will be inductive. ‘Therefore, series element of the 7-network will have R=108 ohms and oL=1495 =2:99 mH. Similarly, from Eq. (321 2) =341°5/=76° =341°5 (cos 76°—j sin 76°) =82°6—J331°3. Again, since it contains a negative imaginary parts (reactive component) it will be capacitive. Therefore, shunt element of the T-network will have, R=82'6 ohms and o0=331'3 3313 C= 5000 farad =66°26 x 10° farad =0°066 uF. ‘Thus the desired series and shunt elements of the equivalent P-network of a 10 km. long line is shown in Fig. 3°9. ,LINE WITH ANY TERMINATION 97 106-12 — 2-99mH 299mH W812 2ER “O66 LE Fig. 3-9. Equivalent 7-network of 10 km long line. Example 3:13. The series elements of a T-network, which is equivalent to 5 km of a uniform transmission line at a frequency 5 000/2x Hz have each a resistance of 175 ohms and inductance of 10 mH and the shunt element consists of 02 pfd condenser in series with a 270 ohm resistor. Determine the characteristic impedance and the Propagation. constant of the line given the identifies. Te tanh («+ j8)=A+jB ; ae and 8 + tanh", @: 2A IF ATE 2B T=(A By" (Grad. I.7.B., Nov., 1965) Solution. It is given that, l=5 5.000 Hence, 175435 000 x 10x 10-8 =(175-+350) =270— j aa 220 TO OTKIO* =(270—}1000). Therefore, from Eq. (3°21), we get 4 =Zy can! =(175 4550) +-(3°22 a) and Zy=— 20 =(270—j1 000) ++-(3°22 8) th PE98 TRANSMISSION LINES AND NETWORKS Dividing Eqs. (3°22 a) by (3°22 6), we get 175+j50° 175493. 270—j1 000 ~ (27-7100) tanh # sinh Pl=. To solve this let tanh 2 17Se75 oz Then ~ HHO “5 .say om 175495 WSFP+LIRMNM) Sama 364 / herefore, t=, | ——— Therefore, ae or tanh 43 =0'284/42°91° h {tps 0-284 (cos 42°91-4j sin 42°91) tant tj $ }ro208 140°193 4. Now using the given identity, ab 1 oeepenyea Tae aan eke, 2x0°208 1 T0208 1)? (0-193 4 O4162 10043 300374 0°416 2 Jen See O80 7 =} tanh= 0°385 =} (0°41) neper. tanh"? = 1 Saal 1 “7% 1 2LINE WITH ANY TERMINATION g9 Thus gn oh z Since i=5 «=0°08 neper/km. Similarly, by using the other identity, Bain 2B 2 I-47 FB) oe 2x0'193 4 2 a . F005 3-0-0374 --, 0386 8 = Z anh” CoI93 d tan 0-421 8 2°87° =0°398 3 radians. 0298 3 radians/km. 079 radians/km. Hence Paatjp =0°08-+j0°079 per loop ki. From Eq. (3°21 6), we know that Thus 8 _ 1754950 ~ 0-208 1450193 4 =773'8/27° ohms. Therefore, the desired value of propagation constant is {0°08+-j0°079) and characteristic impedance 773°8/27°. Example 3:14. A lossless transmission line having a characteristic impedance of 50 ohms (resistive) and of length 50 metres is left open-circuited at the far end. If the open. circuit voltage is 100 /0° volts. Calculate the voltage and current ata distance of 10 meters away from the open. circuit, assuming the generator frequency to be 20 MHz. (Grad. L.E.T.E., Nov., 1974)190 CTRANEMISSION LINES AND NETWORKS: Solution. It is given that, «=0, since the line is lossless Z,=50 Vr=100/0° 1=50 metres =10 metres ‘since the line is open-circuited. and Solution. We know that, 300 300 =—5 metres d=) ~"20 =15 metres 2x3'14 15 =0°418 radians Hence, by=418 radians=239°29°47"" Putting the given values in Eqs. (3°3), we have ¥=100 cosh (0+58)y+0 x50 sinh (0+JF)y" and I= 100-sinh (0-4J8)!°4-0 xcosh(O-+J8)y V=100 cosh j8y=100 cos v3 aad T=2 sinh j By=2 isin By Putting the value of By, we have V=100 cos (239° 29° 47” =100 cos(180-+-59° 29° 47") =—100 cos 59° 30° approx. =—100x'505 7 =—50°75 volts =50°751/80* volts [=2j sin (180+59° 29° 47”). =2j sin 59° 29° 47°") =2j sin 59° 30° approx =—2jx Bl 6=—J 1°723.2 =1°723 2/- 45° Amp. and‘LINE WITH ANY TERMINATION 101 Example 315. A transmission line of characteristic impedance 600 ohm. is terminated by a reactance of j 154 ohms ; find the input of a section 25 cm. long at a frequency of 300 MHz. Smith chart may be used. (Grad. I.E.TE., Nov., 1978) Solution. It is given that, Z,=600 Zr=j 150 ohms. 1=25 cms.=} metres} ‘f=300 MHz Solution. We know that, d= 30 metres Flin MHz) 300 1 metre =407 But Therefore and When Now putting the given values in the above expression, we have _ (600) ~ 7150 2400 J =—j 2400 ohms. Zw: This question will also be solved by Smith chart in chapter 5. Example 3:16. The primary constants for a certain transmission line operating at 75 KHz are : R=2°6 ohms/loop km L=5'4 mH/loop km C=-007 8 uF/loop km G=0'11 pQ/loop km102 TRANSMISSION LINES AND NETWORKS At the sending end of 50 km Iength of such a line, an ideal generator having a voltage of 10Vr.m.s. is connected and the output end is terminated in a matched load. Calculate the power consumed in the load. (Grad. 1.B.T.E., Nov., 1974) Solution. Line is terminated in a matched load means it is terminated in its Z). Hence the input impedance of the line will be 2, as already explained iu srt 1°7. Let us first determine Z, and P of the line. Using notations of chapter 1, we have Series impedance, o=R-+joL 6+j 2X75 x 10° x 2-4 x 10° 264511304 = 113'5/88-7° Approx. Similarly, shunt admittance, Y=6+joC = 0°11 x 10-64.92x x 7'5 x 1080-007 8 x 10-€ =(0°11+j5 367°38)-¢ =367'38 x 104/89'8° Approx. Putting these values of Z and ¥ in Eqs. (1°12), we will have 11°3/8870 Lara] = pe ee . iz. ee 367-38 10-*/39°8° Trs_ /88:7—39°8° =104/ its [=e =630'8/—0°5* and P=VZ+¥Y =4 11 3/88-70°x367 38x 10-695 E 88:7+89'8 = 10-7 113x367 38 /-Se. ="204 2/89°25° ='204 2 (cos 89'25°-+j sin 89°25°) = "204 2x 013 147 204 2x0-999 9 ='002 676+7:20 Hence, Pl=53(-002 676-+0'20) = 13445 1-0