Advanced Fluid Mechanics

Dr. Omar Mehrez Dr. Ahmed M. Khaira

2018/2019 2019/2020
(PhD) Assistant Professor,
Mechanical Power Engineering Department,
Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University

Chapter Four
Application of Viscosity Concept "Bearings"
1
 - About the Course -

❑ Fluid Kinematics
❑ Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow
❑ Applications of Equations of Motion
❑ Bearings
❑ Turbulent Flow

2
 Application of Viscosity Concept "Bearings"

➢ Introduction "Bearings"
➢ Journal bearing
➢ Foot-Step bearing
➢ Collar bearing
➢ Conical bearing

3
 Application of Viscosity Concept "Bearings"

➢ Introduction "Bearings"
➢ Journal bearing
➢ Foot-Step bearing
➢ Collar bearing
➢ Conical bearing

4
 Application of Viscosity Concept "Bearings"
Introduction
➢ Bearings: A bearing is machine part, which support a moving
element and confines its motion. The supporting member is usually
designated as bearing and the supporting member may be journal.

➢ Since there is a relative motion between the bearing and the moving
element, a certain amount of power must be absorbed in overcoming
friction, and if the surface actually touches, there will be a rapid
wear.
)‫ أجزاء ميكانيكية تستخدم في حالة وجود عناصر متحركة (مثل عمود دوار‬:‫❑ كراسي التحميل‬
/ ‫تعمل على تقييد حركته عن طريق إزالة (إلغاء) األحمال المؤثرة عليه سواء أحمال محورية‬
‫ تتضمن هذه األجزاء وجود جزئين معدنيين بينهما حركة نسبية و لمنع حدوث تالمس‬.‫قطرية‬
‫مباشر بين الجزئين و بالتالي تقليل حدوث إحتكاك و تأكل بينهما فيتم تزييت هذه المنطقة‬
.)Oil Film Lubrication ‫(وضع طبقة من الزيت تسمى‬
5
 Application of Viscosity Concept "Bearings"
Introduction
❑ Oil bearing: In the mechanical engineering application like, turbine,
pump, and other turbomachines. The very thin oil film is located
between the stationary and rotating surfaces. This oil film is used to
prevent the contact between stationary and rotating surfaces. This
thin oil film is called “oil bearing”.

❑ Oil Film Lubrication:

.‫❑ يتم تصنيف أنواع كراسي التحميل على حسب طبيعة هذه الطبقة‬
❑ Bearings are classified as follows:-
➢ Self-acting bearings (Hydrodynamic bearing).
➢ Externally pressurized bearings (Hydrostatic bearing).

6
 Application of Viscosity Concept "Bearings"
Introduction
❑ Objective of oil bearing:
➢ Reducing the friction between the stationary and rotating surface.
➢ Cooling the rotating part.

❑ Purpose:
➢ Calculating the power required to overcome the viscous resistance.
.‫➢ حساب القدرة المستهلكة للتغلب على لزوجة الزيت نتيجة وجود هذه الطبقة‬

❑ Self-acting bearings (Hydrodynamic bearing).

Self acting bearings (Hydrodynamic)

Journal bearing Foot-step bearing Collar bearing

7
 Application of Viscosity Concept "Bearings"
Introduction
❑ Analysis of flow in oil bearing:
In different type of oil bearing. By taking a fluid element in
bearing surface, we calculate:
➢ The viscous shear stress on bearing surface.

➢ The viscous shear force on bearing surface.

➢ The required torque from the rotating part to overcome the

viscous resistance.

➢ The power consumed to overcome the viscous shear force on the

bearing surface.

8
 Application of Viscosity Concept "Bearings"

➢ Introduction "Bearings"
➢ Journal bearing
➢ Foot-Step bearing
➢ Collar bearing
➢ Conical bearing

9
 ‫‪Journal bearing‬‬

‫‪Fig. 4.1 The Journal Bearing: Rotating Shaft in Bearing.‬‬

‫❑ يتكون من تجويف إسطواني بداخله ال ‪ shaft‬حيث يتم تثبيت قاعدة الكرسي‪ .‬أو لدينا‬
‫‪ horizontal shaft‬يدور داخل ‪ journal bearing‬يفصل بينهما طبقة من الزيت‬
‫(جزء منها مالصق للعمود سرعته = سرعة العمود المماسية & الجزء األخر مالصق‬
‫‪ 10‬لل ‪ bearing‬و يكون سرعته صفر ‪.)at rest‬‬
 Journal bearing
❑ Power Consumed = 𝑇.ω to overcome viscous resistance

‫العزم الالزم للتغلب على‬ ω = (2𝜋𝑁Τ60)

viscous resistance ‫ال‬
❑ Torque Required = 𝐹.R to overcome the shear force

Shear force Shaft radius

❑ Shear force = τ.A Tangential force

Shear stress Shear area

𝑑𝑢
❑ Shear stress = 𝜇 ‫❑ إجهاد القص الناتج من لزوجة الزيت على العمود‬
𝑑𝑦 11
 ‫‪Journal bearing‬‬

‫‪❖ From linear distribution of‬‬

‫)‪velocity (𝑑𝑢Τ𝑑𝑦) = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. = (𝑈Τℎ‬‬

‫❖ مشابه لتطبيق ال ‪ Couette flow‬في حالة‬

‫(‪ )𝜕𝑃Τ𝜕𝑧 = 0.0‬حيث يكون السطح السفلي‬
‫ساكن و السطح العلوي متحرك بسرعة (𝑈)‬
‫‪12‬‬
 Journal bearing
❑ Notation used in analysis:
➢ 𝐷: Shaft diameter [𝑚]
➢ 𝐿: Bearing width [m]
➢ ℎ: Oil film thickness [m]
➢ 𝑁: Shaft rotational speed [rpm]

❑ Viscous Torque and Power—Rotating Shafts

𝑑𝑢
➢ Shear stress, 𝜏 = 𝜇 = 𝜇 (𝑢Τ𝑦), as linearity is assumed.
𝑑𝑦
➢ 𝑢 = ω𝑅 = 𝜋𝐷𝑁Τ60, 𝑦 = ℎ, clearance (oil film thickness) in [𝑚].
➢ 𝜏 = 𝜇 (𝜋𝐷𝑁Τ60 ℎ), Tangential force = 𝜏.𝐴, 𝐴 = 𝜋𝐷𝐿.
➢ Torque, 𝑇 = tangential force  (𝐷Τ2) = 𝜇 (𝜋𝐷𝑁Τ60 ℎ)(𝜋𝐷𝐿)(𝐷Τ2).
Substituting, 𝑇 = 𝜇 𝜋 2 𝑁𝐿𝐷3 Τ120 ℎ 𝑇 = 𝜇 𝜋 2 𝑁𝐿𝐷 3 Τ120 ℎ
If radius is used, 𝑇 = 𝜇 𝜋 2 𝑁𝐿𝑅3 Τ15 ℎ
𝑇 = 𝜇 𝜋 2 𝑁𝐿𝑅3 Τ15 ℎ 13
 Journal bearing
➢ Power consumed, 𝑃 = 𝑇. ω = 𝑇. (2 𝜋𝑁Τ60)
➢ 𝑃 = (𝜇 𝜋 2 𝑁𝐿𝑅3 Τ15 ℎ)(2 𝜋𝑁Τ60)
𝑃 = (𝜇 𝜋 3 𝑁 3 𝐿𝑅3 Τ450 ℎ) 𝑃 = (𝜇 𝜋 3 𝑁 3 𝐿𝑅3 Τ450 ℎ)

➢ For previously equations, proper units are listed below: 𝐿, 𝑅, 𝐷, ℎ

should be in meter and N in rpm. Viscosity 𝜇should be in 𝑁.𝑠/𝑚2
(or 𝑃𝑎.𝑠). The torque will be obtained in 𝑁.𝑚 and the power
calculated will be in W.
➢ Note: Clearance ℎ is also the oil film thickness in bearings. End
effects are neglected. Linear velocity variation is assumed. Axial
location is assumed.

14
 Application of Viscosity Concept "Bearings"

➢ Introduction "Bearings"
➢ Journal bearing
➢ Foot-Step bearing
➢ Collar bearing
➢ Conical bearing

15
 ‫‪Foot-Step bearing ≡ Thrust bearing‬‬

‫‪Fig. 4.2 The Foot-Step Bearing: Schematic and Notation Used in Analysis.‬‬
‫❑ يستخدم هذا النوع من ال ‪ bearing‬في حالة وجود ‪ vertical shaft‬يدور بسرعة ‪N‬‬
‫حيث يستخدم ك ‪ thrust‬للتغلب على األحمال المحورية الناتجة من وزن العمود‪ .‬حيث‬
‫‪ 16‬يوجد طبقة من الزيت على السطح السفلي للعمود‪.‬‬
 Foot-Step bearing ≡ Thrust bearing
❑ Viscous Torque and Power - Foot-Step bearing
❖ Consider the thin oil element has a radius 𝑟, with thickness 𝑑𝑟.
𝑑𝑢
➢ Shear stress, 𝜏 = 𝜇 ❖ (𝑑𝑢Τ𝑑𝑦) is varied with variation
𝑑𝑦
of radius 𝑟 at (𝑦 = ℎ) where;
➢ 𝑢 = ω𝑟 = (2𝜋𝑁Τ60).𝑟, at (𝑦 = ℎ).
‫❖ نأخد حلقة على بعد نصف قطر (𝑟) و لها سمك (𝑟𝑑) و نحسب العزم المطلوب للتغلب‬
.‫على تأثير اللزوجة عندها‬
𝑢 1 𝜋𝑁𝑟
➢ 𝜏(at 𝑟) = 𝜇 = 𝜇 (2 𝜋𝑁𝑟Τ60) = 𝜇 𝜏(at 𝑟) = 𝜇
𝜋𝑁𝑟
𝑦 ℎ 30ℎ 30ℎ

➢ The viscous shear force on the element 𝑑𝐴, is 𝑑𝐹.

➢ 𝑑𝐹 = 𝜏  𝑑𝐴 & 𝑑𝐴 = 2𝜋r𝑑𝑟
𝜋2 𝑁 𝜋2 𝑁
Substituting, 𝑑𝐹 = 𝜇
𝜋𝑁𝑟
(2𝜋r𝑑𝑟) = 𝜇 2
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝐹 = 𝜇 15ℎ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟
30ℎ 15ℎ
➢ The torque required to overcome this force (𝑑𝑇):-
𝜋2 𝑁
➢ 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑑𝐹. 𝑟 = 𝜇 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟. 𝑟, Torque required from element with 𝑑𝐴
15ℎ 17
 Foot-Step bearing ≡ Thrust bearing
➢ The total torque required (on the whole bearing), (𝑇 = ‫)𝑇𝑑 ׬‬
𝜋2 𝑁 𝑅 3
Substituting, 𝑇 = 𝜇 ‫ 𝑟 ׬‬. 𝑑𝑟
15ℎ 0
𝜋 2 𝑁 R4 𝜋2 𝑁R4
By integration, 𝑇 =𝜇 𝑇 =𝜇
15ℎ 4 60ℎ

➢ Power consumed (absorbed) to overcome viscous resistance

𝜋2 𝑁R4 2𝜋𝑁
➢ 𝑃 = 𝑇. ω = 𝜇 .
60ℎ 60
𝜋 3 𝑁 2 R4 𝜋 3 𝑁 2 R4
➢𝑃= 𝜇
1800ℎ
[W] 𝑃= 𝜇
1800ℎ

18
 Application of Viscosity Concept "Bearings"

➢ Introduction "Bearings"
➢ Journal bearing
➢ Foot-Step bearing
➢ Collar bearing
➢ Conical bearing

19
 Collar bearing

(b) Multi-Collar Bearing

𝑅1 : radius of shaft
𝑅2 : radius of collar
(a) Single-Collar Bearing
Fig. 4.3 The Collar Bearing: Schematic and Notation Used in Analysis.
‫) مثبت‬bearing ‫ فيه يوجد جزء (من ال‬thrust bearing ‫❑ نوع أخر من أنواع ال‬
‫) و يدور هذا الجزء بنفس سرعة دوران العمود و ينفصل عن‬collar( ‫بالعمود يسمى‬
.)ℎ( ‫) بطبقة من الزيت ذات سمك‬bearing( ‫ سطح ال‬20
 Collar bearing
❑ Viscous Torque - Collar Bearing
➢ The torque required to overcome the viscous force:-
𝜋2 𝑁
➢ 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑑𝐹. 𝑟 = 𝜇 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟, Torque required from element with 𝑑𝐴
15ℎ
➢ The total torque required, (𝑇 = ‫)𝑇𝑑 ׬‬
𝜋2 𝑁 𝑅2 3
Substituting, 𝑇 = 𝜇 ‫ 𝑟 ׬‬. 𝑑𝑟
15ℎ 𝑅1
𝜋2 𝑁 𝑅24 𝑅14 𝜋2 𝑁
By integration, 𝑇 = 𝜇 ( − ) =𝜇 (𝑅24 − 𝑅14 )
15ℎ 4 4 60ℎ
𝜋2 𝑁
𝑇 =𝜇 (𝑅24 − 𝑅14 )
60ℎ

➢ The power consumed to overcome viscous resistance (friction):-

𝜋2 𝑁 4 2𝜋𝑁
➢ 𝑃 = 𝑇. ω = 𝜇 (𝑅24
− 𝑅1 ).
60ℎ 60
3
𝜋 𝑁 2
Substituting, 𝑃 =𝜇 (𝑅24 − 𝑅14 ) 𝜋3 𝑁2
1800ℎ 𝑃= 𝜇 (𝑅24 − 𝑅14 )
1800ℎ
21
 Application of Viscosity Concept "Bearings"

➢ Introduction "Bearings"
➢ Journal bearing
➢ Foot-Step bearing
➢ Collar bearing
➢ Conical bearing

22
 ‫‪Conical thrust bearing‬‬

‫‪Fig. 4.4 The Conical Bearing: Schematic and Notation Used in Analysis.‬‬
‫❑ نوع أخر من أنواع ال ‪ thrust bearing‬فيه شكل الجزء الدوار المالصق لطبقة الزيت جزء‬
‫من مخروط ناقص‪ .‬و هذا الجزء المخروطي المثبت بالعمود الدوار يدور بنفس سرعة دوران‬
‫العمود و ينفصل عن سطح ال (‪ )bearing‬بطبقة من الزيت ذات سمك (‪.)ℎ‬‬
‫‪23‬‬
 Conical thrust bearing
➢ Considering a small element between radius 𝑟 and 𝑟+𝑑𝑟, as shown in
Fig. 4.4. The surface width of the element in contact with oil is
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑟/sin𝜃
➢ The surface area should be calculated with respect to centre O as
shown in Fig. 4.4—the point where the normal to the surface meets
the axis—or the centre of rotation, the length OA being 𝑟/𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃.
➢ Hence contact surface area = 2𝜋𝑟.𝑑𝑟/ sin𝜃.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃.

➢ The velocity along the surface is ω.OA = (2𝜋𝑟𝑁/60).𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and the

film thickness is ℎ.
➢ The viscous shear force on the element (𝑑𝐹).
𝑑𝑢
➢ 𝑑𝐹 = 𝜏  𝐴 where 𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟.𝑑𝑟/ sin𝜃.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and 𝜏 = 𝜇
𝑑𝑦
1
Substituting, 𝑑𝐹 = 𝜇 )2𝜋𝑟𝑁/60(.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (2𝜋𝑟.𝑑𝑟/ sin𝜃.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
ℎ
𝜋2 𝑁𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝐹 =𝜇 24
15ℎ sin𝜃
 Conical bearing
❑ Viscous Torque - Conical Bearing 𝑑𝐹 = 𝜇
𝜋2 𝑁𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟
15ℎ sin𝜃
➢ The torque required to overcome the viscous force:-
𝜋2 𝑁𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟
➢ 𝑑𝑇 = d𝐹. 𝑟 = 𝜇 𝑟, Torque required from element with 𝑑𝐴
15ℎ sin𝜃
➢ The total torque required, (𝑇 = ‫)𝑇𝑑 ׬‬
𝜋2 𝑁 𝑅 3
➢ If the integration between [0 and 𝑅] , 𝑇 =𝜇 ‫ 𝑟 ׬‬. 𝑑𝑟
15ℎsin𝜃 𝑜
➢ For contact only between 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 𝜋2 𝑁𝑅4
𝜋2 𝑁 𝑅2 3 𝜋2 𝑁 𝑇 =𝜇
𝑇 =𝜇 ‫׬‬ 𝑟 . 𝑑𝑟 =𝜇 (𝑅24 − 𝑅14 ) 60ℎsin𝜃
15ℎsin𝜃 𝑅1 60ℎsin𝜃
𝜋2 𝑁
𝑇 =𝜇 (𝑅24 − 𝑅14 )
60ℎsin𝜃

➢ The power consumed to overcome viscous resistance (friction):-

𝜋2 𝑁 4 4 2𝜋𝑁
➢ 𝑃 = 𝑇. ω = 𝜇 (𝑅 − 𝑅1 ). 𝜋3 𝑁2
60ℎsin𝜃 2 60 𝑃= 𝜇 (𝑅24 − 𝑅14 )
3
𝜋 𝑁 2 1800ℎsin𝜃
Substituting, 𝑃 = 𝜇 (𝑅24 − 𝑅14 )
1800ℎsin𝜃 25
 Summary

✓ Introduction "Bearings"
✓ Journal bearing
✓ Foot-Step bearing
✓ Collar bearing
✓ Conical bearing

26
THANK YOU

27