~-. . =.->=. .. .. . .

, “

_.. _.—_..
.-
,.,
al
NATIONAL ADVISORYCOMMITTEE
FOR AERONAUTICS
Lmlq
TECHNICAL copy

A METHOD FOR PREDICTING LIFT INCREMENTS DUE TO FLAP

DEFLECTION AT LOW ANGLES 03’ ATTACK IN

INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW

By John G. Lowry and Edward C. Pol.hamus

Langley Aeronautical Laboratory

Langley Field, Va.

Washington
January 1957
 . . -,
-48’7

G
NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS

*-
. TECHNICAL NOTE 3911

“-
.
A METHOD FOR PREDICTING LIFT INCREMENTS DUE TO FLAP

DEFLECTION AT LOW ANGLES OF ATTACK IN

INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW

By John G. Larry end Edward C. pOhS211US

SHY

A method is presented for estimating the lift due to flap deflection

at low angles of attack in incompressible flow. lh this method provision
is made for the use of incremental section-lift data for estimating the
effectiveness of h@h-lift flaps. The method is applicable to swept wings
of any aspect ratio or taper ratio. The present method differs from
%. other current methods mainly in its ease of application and its more
general application. Also included is a simplified method of estimating
the lift-curve slope throughout the subsonic speed range.
..
●✎

INTRODUCTION

Although several methods are currently avaibble for estimating the

effectiveness of flaps on wings of various plan forms (for example
refs. 1 to 4), they are generally restricted to small flap deflections;
and furthermore each method has certain reservations in its application.
For example reference 1, which is a semienrpiricalapproach, is limited
to specific wing plan forms and flap-chord ratios within the range of
experimental data used as well as to small flap deflections. In addition,
both references 1 and 2 may require considerable manipulation to obtain
values for a particular plan form.

The present method attempts to combine the various existing methods ‘

into a simple procedure that has more general applications than any one .
of them alone. Section lift data are used as a basis of the calculations,
and this approach provides a means of estimating the increments of lift
due to high-lift flaps at large deflections.

●.X

8-’
 ,. , ..

2 NAC!ATN 3911

SYMBOIS

“w
.
A aspect ratio

% section lift-curve slope, per radian

-b wing span

bf flap span

CL three-dimensional lift coefficient

ACL increment of three-dimensional lift coefficient due to flap

deflection

CL three-dimensional lift-curve slope, per deg

cL5 = ZJ(constant a)

c wing chord

Cf flap chord

Cz two-dimensional section-lift coefficient

Acl increment of section-lift coefficient due to flap deflection

c2a section lift-curve slope, per deg

Kb flap-span factor (ratio of partial-span-flap lift coefficient

(ACL) partial spsm
to full-span-flap lift coefficient),
(ACL) full SPSJI

Kc flap-chord factor (ratio of three-dimensionalflap-effectiveness

parameter to two-dimensional flap-effectivenessparameter),
(%)cL/(%’)cz

M Mach number

a angle of attack, deg

(%) CL three-dimensional flap-effectivenessparameter at constant lift

 NACA TN 3911 3
d-
0
(qj)cz two-dimensional flap-effectiveness parameter at constant lift

““
6 flap deflection normal to hinge line, deg

5’ flap deflection streamwise, tan 5’ = tan 5 cos ~, deg

A angle of sweep, deg

Ah sweep of hinge line, deg

Jc/2 sweep of half-chord line, deg

f’Jc/4 sweep of quarter-chord line, deg

A taper ratio

Subscript:

eff effective
*..

DEVEH3PMENT OF METHOD
..

One reason for developing the present method is to provide a means

of estimating the lift increment of high-lift flaps. The method is there-
fore based on the use of a section lift increment Act, either theoreti-
cal or experimental. The basic concept used in the method is

ACL = Ck (c+= 8Kb (1)

Since it is desired to use either a theoretical or an eqerimental value

of Acz in the method and since

Acl = CZa (UJC7 ~

A&l
multiplying the right-hand side of equation (1) by
Cza (%)CZ5
gives

(2)
4 NACA TN 3911

(a51CL
where ~ is the aerodynamic induction factor, — is the flap-
(a~)cl

(AC!L)partial span
chord factor K&, and & is the flap-span factor,
(ACL) ftil S-

Section-Lift-CoefficientIncrements

The values of Acz used may be either two-dimensional experimental

or theoretical values. For the purpose of this paper the section values
are obtained in a streamwise direction; and flap deflection in the stream
direction 51 is used, since this plane is used for measuring the angle of
attack. Several investigators have proposed that the section data should
be referred normal to some sweep line since this concept wouldbe in
agreement with that used in the simple sweep theory. For airfoils in the
range where the profile has a negligible effect on section characteristics
(thin with small trailing-edge angle), the two methods give identical
results for constant-percent-chordflaps on relatively untapered wings. 4
-.
For highly tapered wings the present method somewhat simplifies the
difficulties, with regard to flap-chord ratios in the vicinity of the
root and tip, that are encountered in the simple sweep theory. In view ..
of this simplification and the fact that wings of current interest are
relatively thin, the use of section data relative to the airplane center
line is believed to be warranted. Since the values of Act are the basis
of the method, the final results will be only as accurate as the section
data; therefore use of experimental data is advisable when such are
avai~able.

Aerodynamic ~duction Factor

The aerodynamic induction factor C! depends upon the three-

&/cla
dimensi.onallift-curve slope c~. A simplified method is presented in
the appendix for estimating C~ which includes the effects of sweep,
aspect ratio, and taper ratio. The appendix gives the following simple
expression for the incompressible lift-curve slope (eq. (A6)):

“=++tik ?,-

...
 NACA TN 3911 5
~..
.
Dividing both sides of this equation by Cla gives the following expres-
-“ sion for the aerodynamic-inductionfactor:

c~
cla
–= $ +d(?f
+ (cosi+)’
(3)

~ CL
If both sides of equation (3) are divided by A, the e~ressi.on .—~~a
A
()
A
is a unique function of for a given value of ao, and the
cos Ac 2
/
relationship is shown in figure 1 for the case where an = 2Yf. For esti-
mations of ACL normally required, this curve should p~ovide the value
CL
of —; if a. differs appreciably from 2x, the term should be com-
ch
puted from equation (3) by using the most appropriate value of a.
0.. available. The choice of A=/2 rather than the more commonly used
&/J+ as the sweep angle for use in equation (3) is discussed in detail
in-the appendix. A nomograph for converting quarter-chord sweep angles
.,. to half-chord sweep angles is given in figure 2 for wings of various
aspect ratio snd taper ratio. An extension of the expression for c~
to account for compressibility is given in the appendix.

Flap-Span Effect

In order to apply the method to flaps other thsn full-span flaps,

it is necessary to obtain a span-effectivenessfactor Kb where

(AC!L)partialspan
‘b = (ACL)fu~ Span

An expression for the span-effectivenessfactor for inboard flaps has

been developed in reference 4 for wings having unswept trailing edges
and streamwise tips (rectangular in the vicinity of the trailing edge).
Equation (37) of reference 4 can be written as

-.%

““
‘Si+il
‘b=+wFF 1- J
(4)
6 NACA TN 3911
., -
#
Examination of the results of references 5 and 6 and results obtained
by using the 10-step method of reference 7 indicated that more accurate
values can be obtained by using the empirical variations of Kb with ‘“
bf
— for the three taper ratios O, 0.5, and 1.0 given in figure 3 than
b/2
c-w be obtained from the single curve of equation (4). The following
table gives the variation that canbe expected when the curves of fig-
ure 3 are used.

Taper ratio Aspect ratio V~iatiOn in Kb

1.0 1.5<A<12 +0.02

●7 1.5<A<12 komo3
o 1.5<A< 6 M.05

If greater accuracy is required than is indicated by the table the span

factor should be obtained by the methods of references 5 and 6.

For flaps other than inboard, the values are obtained by superposi-
tion of the flaps. T!hisprocedure is shown schematically in figure 4
for a midspan flap, and a similar method is used for outboard flaps,

Three-DimensionalFlap-EffectivenessParameter

According to the assumptions of lifting-line theory, the section

values of the flap-effectivenessparameter (a~]cl are independent of
aspect-ratio effects. Because

and because, according to reference 8, the lifting-surface-theorycorrec-

tion to the lifting-line value is greater for c= that for C , a
%
lifting-surface-theorycorrection to (~)CL is necessary. The results

of calculations for wings with a taper ratio of 1.0 and with flaps of
constant cf/c (ref. 4) were also used to obtain values of the factor
~ for wings of small aspect ratio. When the values from reference 4
and the limiting value for zero aspect ratio from reference 3 ((qj)c~ = 1
for all values of cf/c) were used, curves were established to provide
the values of & as a function of aspect ratio for a range of values .
f.
of (~~)cza These curves are presented in figure 5, together with a plot
showing {he variation of (a~)cl with cf/c. Because & is dependent
“..
 NACA TN 3911 7

~..
upon the type of chordwise loading, it might be expected to be more depend-
ent upon Cf c or upon the center of pressure than upon ~ ~~. How-
I ()
.“
ever, the data available at the present time indicate a better’correlation
with (LX5)CZ.

Figure 6 presents a correlation of (%) CT with values obtained

JJ

from experimental C~ CL5 data fr~m?eference 9 for wings having

and
a constant-percent-chordflap with a value of (a~)cz= 0.60. ~e agree-
ment between the estimated and the experimental variation with aspect
ratio is very good.

When experimental values of Act are used in order to estimate

ACL for small deflections, the value of (a~)cz used in determining
& canbe obtained from experimental values or from the inset chart in
figure ~. When large flap deflections are used ad separation occurs
over the flap, the values of (cqj) csm be obtained from
cl
---

(5)
. ,.

If theoretical flap effectiveness is obtained by the use of boundary-

layer control, the values of (a~)cz from the inset chart in figure 5
are used regardless of the value of 5.

The effectiveness of flaps that have variable values of (a~)cz

across the spsm is found by mechanical integration across the flap span
of the following equation:

Kt),outboard

[1
1
(a~)czeff =Kb,outboard - Kb,inboard I Kb,inboard
(U~)=zdKb (6)

where the values of Kb are obtained from figure 3. When the values of
(a~)cl are plotted against the values of Kb for all points along the

flap span, then the area under the curve is equal,to Kb a~)cz eff.
[1
For most configurations, however, an average value of (a~~cz will
:*
provide sufficient accuracy in the estimation of ACL.
8 NACA TN 3911

.,*
For convenience, an e~erimentsl correlation of (@)cz for various
flap chords is given in figure 7 for deflections of ~lOO. The experimen-
“.
tal data were obtained from airfoils having trailing-edge angles of
approximately 10° and includes both gap open and gap sealed conditions.

Experimental Verification

Since the usefulness of any method of estimating lift increments

depends on the agreement obtained with actual results, the values of
A(!L obtainedby the present method are compared with some experimental
results in figure 8. me results of ML are for the conditions of low
speed (M<O.4) at a = OO. The results at low flap deflections were
obtained on unswept wings varying in aspect ratios from 1 to 6 and having
flap-chord ratios varying from 0.10 to 0.40. The values of (%)cZ used
for the estimation were obtained from figuxe 7. A few comparisons are
shown for double-slotted flaps deflected approximately 6@ on both a
swept wing and a delta wing. The section lift increments Act were
obtained from experimental two-dimensional data. It is apparent that ..-
the method, at least for the configuration shown in figure 8, is accurate “
for predicting the lift increment due to flap deflection.
.,
.

CONCLUDING
IUMIlW8

A simplified method is presented to provide for the estimation of

the lift due to flap deflection on swept wings in incompressible flow
from section data. A comparison of the experimental finite-span lift
increments with those estimatedby this method provides a satisfactory
verification of the method.

Langley Aeronautical Laboratory,

Nationsd.Advisory Committee for Aeronautics,
Langley Field, Vs., October 10, 1956.
 NACATN 3911 9

APPENDIX

.’
SIMPLDIED METHOD OF ESTIMATING C% THROUGHOUT

‘IEl!
SUBSONIC SPEED RANGE

The purpose of this appendix is to describe simple but accurate

methods of estimating the effects of aspect ratio, sweep, taper ratio,
and Mach number on the subsonic lift-curve slope.

Effect of Sweep, Aspect Ratio, and Mach Number

A very simple but accurate equation for the subsonic lift-curve

slope is (for a. = 2fi)

(Al)
--

“==’)
. .-
This equation, which is a modification of the Helmbo~d equation (ref. 10)
to account for sweep and Mach number, was derived by the junior author,
who originally presented it at a seminar (Ohio State University - Wright
Patterson Air Force Base Graduate Center) in 1950. This expression is
somewhat more accurate at low aspect ratios than the method presented in
reference 110 An expression which gives identical results is derived in
reference 12.

Equation (Al) can be derived simply by correcting the section lift-

curve slope in Helmbold’s equation (ref. 10) for the effect of sweep
(a. COSA) and applying the well-known three-dimensional Prandtl-Glauert
transformation. Correcting HelmboldIs expression for the effect of sweep
gives

(c4 ““~ ,/-&) (A2)

-.,

.-
10 NACATN 3911

..=
Applying the three-dimensional Prandtl-Glauert transformation to account
for compressibilitygives
‘.

“’)”%-’)
(A’)

where AM is defined as

‘“AM==

By trigonometric substitution it can be shown that

—A
~=A2(~-M2)
COS2 AM
(
~+ 1
cos2A(l -l@)
—=1
- 1-M’ )( ) cos A
- (AM)2
‘,.
(ALL)

and by substitution of eqyation (Ah) in equation (A3)

ad
c&M= (A5)
() ()
~+
J(*Y + (*)2 - (AM,’ *
This equation differs from that for the incompressible case (eq. (A2))
by only the term (AM]2. The same result can be obtained by correcting
the section lift-curve slope a. in eqwtion (A2) for compressibility
by using the Mach number normal to the leading edge. Substituting

ao

~1- M? COS2A

for a. in equation (A2) and rearranging results in

“’’”’’m(k)

which reduces to equation (A5).

 NACA TN 3911 11

Effect of !lkperRatio
.’
It will be noted that no term for wing-taper-ratio effects appears
in equation (Al). me effects of taper ratio, however, can be essentially
eliminated if the half-chord line is used for the sweep reference line.
This fact is illustrated in figure 9 where the incompressible lift-curve
slope, as determined by the Weissinger 15-point method (refs. 5 snd 6),
is plotted as a function of the sweep of the quarter-chord line and the
sweep of the half-chord line for various taper ratios. The results for
an aspect ratio of 1.5 are presented in figure 9(a), and those for an
aspect ratio of 3.0 are presented in figure 9(b). The results indicate
that, when the usual procedure of referencing the sweep angle to the
quarter-chord line is used, the effects of taper ratio on the lift-
curve slope are rather large. However, when the half-chord line is used,
the effect of taper is eliminated to a large extent. The fact that
rather large effects of taper ratio occur for wings having the same sweep
of the quarter-chord line (see left part of figs. 9(a) and 9(b)) can be
explained to some extent at least by the reversibility theorem (ref. 13),
which states that the lift-curve slope of a wing is the same in forward
as in reversed flow. This theorem implies that if the sweep is referenced
+-
to a line other than the half-chord line, only the lift-curve slopes of
the untapered wings (X= 1.0) will be symmetrical about zero sweep. It
therefore is impossible for the lift-curve slopes of tapered wings to
.. coincide with those of’untapered wings throughout the sweep range, and
at least an apparent taper-ratio effect must exist. The reversibility
theorem itself, of course, does not exclude an actual taper-ratio effect;
however, figure 9 shows that when the curves are made symmetrical by use
of the half-chord line for the sweep reference, relatively little dis-
placement due to taper ratio occurs. Also, in the modified lifting-line
methods such as the Weissinger method, taper effects are dependent upon
the sweep and the relative position of both the quarter-chord line
(bound-vortex location) and the three-quarter-chord line (boundary-
condition location). This fact suggests the possibility that wirigs
having the ssme sweep of the intermediate or half-chord line might be
less affected by taper than those having some other common sweep line.

Accuracy of Method

The preceding results indicate that equation (A2) may be applicable

to all plan forms, providing the sweep of the half-chord line is used.
Use of A42 results in the following expression for the lift-curve
slope:

.. .

“- ‘
12 NACATN 3911

Dividing both sides by A and letting a. equal 2Z gives the

following expression:
“.
(%) M+o = 2X
(A7)

which indicates that —% is a unique function of A In order

A Cos &/.2 “
that the accuracy of the method may be evaluated, equation (A7) is comp-
ared with available lifting-surface solutions (refs. 14 to 18) in fig-
ure 10. The Swanson method used for the 600 sweptback elliptical wing
is described in reference 8. The lifting-surface solutions presented
are probably the most accurate solutions available, end it will be noted
that they cover a wide range of plan forms. me fact, therefore, that
the lifting-surface solutions sre in excellent agreement with equa-
c~
tion (A7) appears to indicate both that ~ is, for all practical pur-
A
poses, a unique function of and that equation (AT) is stifi- ...
Cos A@
ciently accurate.
‘.

Design charts

For the convenient determination of the lift-cuxve slope, some

desiga charts are presented. Figure 11 presents the variation of
c% A
— with for incompressible flow. For the convenient cor-
A Cos A@
rection of these results for the effect of Mach number, correction fac-
tors are presented in figure 12 as a function of the half-chord sweep
for various aspect ratios at Mach numbers of 0.40, 0.60, 0.80, 0.$33$and
o.~. Since sweep angles are quite often referred to the quarter-chord
line, a nomograph for converting from quarter-chord sweeps to half-chord
sweeps is presented in figure 2.
 NACATN 3911 13
---

.,
1. Lowry, John G., and Schneiter, Ieslie E.: Estimation of’Effective-
ness of Flap-Type Controls on Sweptback Wings. NACA TN 1674, 1948.

2. DeYoung, John: Theoretical Symmetric Span Loading Due to Flap ’Deflec-

tion for Wings of Arbitrary Plan Form at Subsonic Speeds. NACA
Rep. 1071, 1952. (Supersedes NACA TN 2278.)

3. DeYoung, John: Spanwise Loading for Wings and Control Surfaces of

Low Aspect Ratio. NACA TN2011, 1950.

4. Stone, H. N.: Aerodynamic Characteristics of Low-Aspect-Ratio Wings

With Various Flaps at Subsonic Speeds. Rep. No. &l?-743-A-2(Con-
tract NO. Al?33(038)-17397), Cornell Aero. Lab., lhc., Jsm. 1952.

5. Diederich, Franklin W., and Zlotnick, Martin: Calculated Spanwise

Lift Distributions, Influence Functions, and Influence Coefficients
for Unswept Wings in Subsonic Flow. ~ACA Rep. 1228, 1955. (Super.
+.
. sedes NACA TN 3014.)

6. Diederich, Franklin W., and Zlotnick, Martin: Calculated Spanwise

. Lift Distributions and Aerodynamic Influence Coefficients for
Swept Wings in Subsonic Flow. NACATN 3476, 1955.

7. Campbell.,George S.: A Finite-Step Method for the Calculation of

Span Loadings of Unusual Plsm Forms. NACA RM L501113,1951.

. 8. Swanson, Robert S., and Crandall, Stewart M.: Lifting-Surface-l%eory

Aspect-Ratio Corrections to the Lift and Hinge-Moment Parameters for
Full-Span Elevators on Horizontal Tail Surfaces. NACA Rep. 911,
1948. (Supersedes NACATN1175. )

9. Dods, Jules B., Jr., and Tinling, Bruce E.: Summary of Results of a
Wind-Tunnel Investigation of Nine Related Horizontal Tails. NACA
TN 3497, 1955.

10. Helmbold, H. B.: Der unverwundene Ellipsenfl~gel als tragende Fl~che.

Jskrb. 1942 der Deutschen Luftfahrtforschung, R. Oldenbourg (Munich),
pp. Ild.1 - 1113.

11. pOfiamUS, Edward Co: A Simple Method of Estimating the Subsonic Lift
and Dsmping in Roll of Sweptback Wings. NACA TN 1862, 1949.
:. 12. Diederich, Franklin W.: A Plan-Form Parameter for Correlating Certain
Aerodynamic Characteristics of Swept Wings. NACATN 2335, 1951.
.-‘
14 NACA TN 3911

13. Brown, Clinton E.: The Reversibility Theorem for Thin Airfoils in
Subsonic and Supersonic Flow. NACA Rep. 986, 1950. (Supersedes ..
NAC!ATN 1944.)

14. Krienes, Klaus: The Elliptic Wing Based on the Potential Theory.
NACA TM971, 1941.

la. Falkner, V. M. (With Appendixby Doris Lehrian): Calculated Loadings

Due to lhcidence of a Ihmiberof Straight and Swept-Back Wings.
R. &M. No. 2596, British A.R.C., June 1948.

16. Dickson, R.: Comparison of Tho Methods of Calculating Aerodynamic

Loading on an Aerofoil With Iarge Sweepback and Small Aspect Ratio.
R. &M. No. 2353, British A.R.C., June 1946.

17. Schneider, William C.: A Comparison of the Spanwise Loading Calcu-

lated by Various Methods With Experimental Iaadings Obtained on a
45° Sweptback Wing of Aspect Ratio 8.02 at a Reynolds Number of
4.0 x 106. NACA Rep. 1.208,1954. (SupersedesNACA RM L51G30.)

18. Jones, Robert T.: Properties of Iow-Aspect-RatiaPointed Wings at ..-

Speeds Below and Above the Speed of Sound. NACA Rep. 835, 1946.
(SupersedesNACA TN 1032.)
..
 ., .,
.!
.
‘, b
“,

0 / 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 /0
A/cos AC,=

~()
cLa
Figure 1.- Variation of aerodynamic induction factor — —
A cla
with
A
Cos &/Z”
ao=Zh; M=O.
 0!

78
Sweep of half-chord line, deg
Aspect rath, A

Figure 2.- Nomograph for converting quarter-cho~d sweep angles to half-chord sweep angles.

. , .“
i ., “,
 NACA TN 3911

.2 4 .6 .8 Lo

Figure 3.- Variation of span factor Kb with flap span for inboard flaps.
 -.

*,

Lo
~/2
F%mre 4.. Spm factor for flaps other tk inbood

flaps ●

f!
.

‘ b.
 NACA TN 3911 19
-.,

.,.*
0 .2 .6 .8

. ‘“

2 3 4 5 6 7 B 9-/0
A

Figure 5.- Variation of flap-chord factor with (%)CZ smd aspect ratio.

-,
..

.,-
20 NACA TN 3911

‘,
.

.8C

I From fig 5
I( (@’&L= Kc @’&t
)

*;.

“.

.6C ,
0 2 3 4 5 6 7
A

Figure 6.- Comparison of estimated values of (~)CL with experimental

values of reference 9. (%)c~ = 0.60.

,,

“..
●
✎ ✎✌

.7
F
s’
!3
.6

,5

.3

.2

./

o
0 .04 .08 ./2 ./6 .20 .24 .28 .32 ,36 go
Cf
T

Figure 7.- Variation of flap-effectiveness psrameter with control-chord ratio. Average trailing- N
r
edge angle approximately 10°; M S 0.2; flap deflection, ~lOO.
22 NACA TN 3911
.*=

af A ~g A A .:

0 Plo/’ff flop 10° 0 1 /to6

n Double - slotted fbp 60” 40° .4/ 3.7
A Double - slotted fhp 60° 4/0 0 2.3 /

7.
-.

‘.

o .2 4 .6 .8 /.0
Es fimufed A CL
1’
Figure 8.- Correlation of experimental and estimated ValUeS of ML.
—
u= OO; M <0.4. “**
 ●✌ . ,..
) .(
‘; “ .’

——– /4=!5
A=Lo
—- /l=o

.-
.0.5

.04
I ——
.—~ —
./ ~—1’ \
.03 - \

,02 -

.0/ -

I I I I I i i
I 1
0 a J

-60 -40-200204060 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60

Sweep of quarter- chord line, o’eg Sweep of half -chord Iine, o’eg

(a) A = 1.5.

Figure 9.- Variation of ~ with sweep; Weissingez 15-petit method.

 —–– J=L5
A=/o
—- A’o

.(25-
I
.05 -

/ /
04 -

.03 -

.02 -

.0/ -

0 A I I
-60 -W -20 0 20 40 60 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Sweep of quarter-chord /inel deg Sweep of ha/f-chord line, deg

(b) A = 3.o.

Figure 9.- Concluded.

g
r

,t, . .- ,
●“ ,.
 .< .

/4 l% Method Ret

0° Krienes /4

27° Fa/kner /5
4/” Falkner /5
.020 - .3/ 55° Falher /6
95 43” M/Hhopp 17
.0/6 -
A 0° Falkner /5

_/
45° Fi71kffer /5
.0/2 - Eq@ v

v
.008 -

.c04 -

0 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I 1 1
0/23456 789/0///2
A/cos Avp
.
%a A
Figure 10.- Variation of — with as determined by several methods. a. = 2x; M = O.
A Cos A@
 .032
n)
(h

.028

024

.020

c~a .0/6
A

.0/2

.008

,004

0
o / 234567 8 9 /0 // /2
Akos Aq2

c% A
Figure H. - Variation of ~ with in incompressible flow.
Cos &/2
–, —

. .4
,
; .* b“
 NACA TN 3911
-, .
.

..
.

(cL.)M
(%=)M=O
“y

-’

o /0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Sweep, of half-chord Iine, cfeg

Figure 12. - Ratio of compressible to incompressible lift-curve slopes

for subsonic speeds.
-.
28 NACA TN 3911
.

L
.

w.’

‘.

Sweep of half-chord /ine,deg

?:

Figure 12. - Continued.

, #-
 NACA TN 3911 29
=“ .

.
2.5

w’
4

24

2.3

22

2./

20

/,9

*,* 18

(%)M /.7
- *’
(CL=)M=O

16

/5

/4

13

L2

1./

/,
o 10 20 30 40 50 GO 70 BO 90’
Sweep of half-chord line, deg

Figure 12.- Concluded.

NACA -Langley Field, VJ.