The document discusses error ellipses which provide a graphical representation of the estimated error in the coordinates of an adjusted station. An error ellipse centered at the station represents the bivariate normal distribution of errors in the x and y coordinates. The semi-major and semi-minor axes of the ellipse indicate the directions of maximum and minimum estimated error.
The document discusses error ellipses which provide a graphical representation of the estimated error in the coordinates of an adjusted station. An error ellipse centered at the station represents the bivariate normal distribution of errors in the x and y coordinates. The semi-major and semi-minor axes of the ellipse indicate the directions of maximum and minimum estimated error.
The document discusses error ellipses which provide a graphical representation of the estimated error in the coordinates of an adjusted station. An error ellipse centered at the station represents the bivariate normal distribution of errors in the x and y coordinates. The semi-major and semi-minor axes of the ellipse indicate the directions of maximum and minimum estimated error.
The document discusses error ellipses which provide a graphical representation of the estimated error in the coordinates of an adjusted station. An error ellipse centered at the station represents the bivariate normal distribution of errors in the x and y coordinates. The semi-major and semi-minor axes of the ellipse indicate the directions of maximum and minimum estimated error.
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Error Ellipse:
• After completing the least- square adjustment, the estimated standard
deviations in coordinates of an adjusted station can be calculated from covariance matrix elements. • These standard deviations provide error estimate in the reference axes direction. • The graphical representation, they are half the dimension of a standard error rectangle centered at each point. The standard error rectangle has dimensions of 2S x by 2S y . • This is not true representation of the error present at the station
Y y 2S x
B 2S y
X x f(x,y)
f(x) h f(y)
y µ µx
x The bivariate normal distribution surface
The equation representing a family of ellipses, centered at (µ x , µ y ) where k2 is
related to the height h of the intersecting plane above the xy plane.
Put x=0 and y=0 in the equation shows that the ellipse cuts the translate y axis at ±kσ y (1-ρ2)1/2 and translate x axis at ±kσ x (1-ρ2)1/2
Differentiation the equation to find the gradient (dy/dx) gives the two particular cases of tangents at y= ±kσ y and x= ±kσ x .
The semi axes a and b are given by
a2=(1/2)(σ2 x +σ2 y ) + [(1/4)( σ2 x -σ2 y )2 +σ2 xy ]1/2
and
b2=(1/2)(σ2 x +σ2 y ) - [(1/4)( σ2 x -σ2 y )2 +σ2 xy ]1/2
The bearing ψ of the semi major axis can be found from geometry of the ellipse and is given by
tan2ψ= 2σ xy / ( σ2 y -σ2 x )
when ρ is zero (no correlation between x and y)the axes of the ellipse lie along the x and y axes.
The random variable X and Y which are in general correlated can be transformed to uncorrelated random variables by the rotation of x and y axes through the angle ψ to coincide with the axes of the ellipse.
The transformation U = cosψ -sinψ X
V sinψ cosψ Y
If the covariance matrix for the random variable X and Y is
Cx = σ2 x σ xy
σ yx σ2 y
The covariance matrix C u for the uncorrelated random variable U and V is
Cu = cosψ -sinψ σ2 x σ xy cosψ sinψ
sinψ cosψ σ yx σ2 y -sinψ cosψ
= σ2 x cosψ + σ2 y sinψ -σ xy sin2ψ (1/2)( σ2 x -σ2 y )sin 2ψ + σ xy cos2ψ
(1/2)( σ2 x -σ2 y )sin 2ψ + σ xy cos2ψ σ2 x sin2ψ + σ2 y cos2ψ +σ xy sin2ψ
The two diagonal terms are both equal to σ uv and must be zero so
tan 2ψ =2σ xy / (σ2 y - σ2 x ).
σ xy >0 σ xy <0 y U V Sx
Sy t
Standard error ellipse
x
Sv
Standard error rectangle
The usual case the position of a station is uncertain in both direction and distance.
• The estimated error of the adjusted station therefore involves the
errors of two jointly distribution variables (x and y coordinates).
• Thus it follows the Bivariate Normal Distribution(BND).
• The figure above shows a contour plot of the BND.
• To describe the estimated error of a station fully, it is necessary to
show the orientation and lengths of the semi axes of the error ellipse. • The orientation of the ellipse depends upon the t angle which fixes the directions of the auxiliary, orthogonal (u,v) axes along which the elipses axes lie.
• The u axis defines the weakest direction in which the station’s
adjusted position is known.
• It lies in the direction not maximum expected error in the station’s
coordinates.
• The v axis is orthogonal to u and defines the strongest direction in
which the station’s position is known or the direction of minimum error.
• For any station, the value of t that orients the ellipse to provide these maximum and minimum values can be determined after the adjustment from the elements of the covariance matrix.
Can the Ombudsman Validly Start an Investigation on the Basis of Anonymous Letters Where the Identity of the Complaint is Not Fully Disclosed- Almonte vs. Vasquez, GR No. 95367 May 23, 1995 244 SCRA 266
The Impact of High Performance Work Systems in The Health-Care Industry, Employee Reactions, Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, and Customer Loyalty
Can the Ombudsman Validly Start an Investigation on the Basis of Anonymous Letters Where the Identity of the Complaint is Not Fully Disclosed- Almonte vs. Vasquez, GR No. 95367 May 23, 1995 244 SCRA 266
The Impact of High Performance Work Systems in The Health-Care Industry, Employee Reactions, Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, and Customer Loyalty
