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Definition
Data Models An integrated collection of concepts for
describing and manipulating data,
relationships between data and
constraints on the data in an organisation.
•The role of Data Model
A model is a representation of real world
•Hierarchical Model
objects and events and their associations.
•Network Model
•Relational Model It represents the organisation itself.
Components Of Data Model Components Of Data Model
Structural Part Set of integrity rules.
Consists of a set of rules according to These ensures that the data is
which a database can be constructed. accurate
Manipulative Part
Defines the type of operations that are
allowed on the dat(updating,retrieving
data etc)
The role of a data model Data Model Categories
To make it easier to understand the Object Based, Record Based, Physical
meaning of the data ie The first two are used to describe data
each user’s perspective of the data at the conceptual and external levels.
The nature of the data The later at the internal level, it
The use of the data across user views describes details of how data is stored
It is used to design a database in the computer
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Hierarchical Data Model
Record Based
There are three types. Data is represented in tree like structure
Relational Data Model Records appear as nodes or segments
Network Data Model It allows segments to have only one parent
Hierarchical Data Model The parent is sometimes known as the root
The relationship between records is
represented by sets which are implemented
as pointers
Network Data Model
Hierarchical Data Model
Access to a record is through a This model is similar to the hierarchical
parent record. model.
It allows segments to have more than
Purchase
one parent
Order Order-Item
example Object Based
Object Oriented Data Model (Details in
Course1 Course 2 Course 3 Future Lectures)
Student 2
Student 3 Student 4
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Relational model
Data are organized in two-dimensional tables
called relations.
The tables are related to each other.
RELATIONAL
MODEL
Introduction to Relational Introduction to Relational
Databases Databases cont:
The relational approach was originally
proposed in 1970’s .
The model was proposed as a disciplined
The first project that proved the way of handling data using the rigour of
practicality of the relational model is mathematics, particularly set theory.
System R, developed at IBM’s San Jose
This would enhance the concept of
Research Laboratory in 1976. examples
program-data independence
oracle, Sybase, access
and improve programmer activities.
Introduction to Relational Relational Data structure
Databases cont:
The relational model will have only The Relational approach is based on
values. elementary mathematical relation
Even references between data in theory.
different sets (relations) are Its basic construct is a relation. A
represented by means of values. relation is also called a table.
In the hierarchical and network model The data is organized in tables. The
there are explicit references (pointers), table has columns and rows.
which make them more complicated.
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Relational Model Terminology Relational Model Terminology
A relation is a table with columns and Attribute is a named column of a
rows. relation.
Only applies to logical structure of the Domain is the set of allowable values
database, not the physical structure. for one or more attributes.
This doesn’t mean that data are stored as
tables; the physical storage of the data is
independent of the way the data are
logically organized.
Relational Model Terminology
Cont: Instances of Courses table
Tuple is a row of a relation.
Degree is the number of attributes in a
relation.
Cardinality is the number of tuples in a
relation.
Relational Database is a collection of
normalized relations with distinct
relation names.
Examples of Attribute Domains Alternative Terminology for
Relational Model
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Database Relations Properties of Relations
Relation schema Relation name is distinct from all other
Named relation defined by a set of relation names in relational schema.
attribute and domain name pairs. Each cell of relation contains exactly
Relational database schema one atomic (single) value.
Set of relation schemas, each with a Each attribute has a distinct name.
distinct name.
Values of an attribute are all from the
same domain.
Properties of Relations Relational Keys
Each tuple is distinct; there are no Superkey
An attribute, or a set of attributes, that uniquely
duplicate tuples.
identifies a tuple within a relation.
Order of attributes has no significance. Candidate Key
Order of tuples has no significance, Superkey (K) such that no proper subset is a
superkey within the relation.
theoretically. In each tuple of R, values of K uniquely identify
that tuple (uniqueness).
No proper subset of K has the uniqueness
property (irreducibility).
Relational Keys Relational Integrity
Primary Key Null
Candidate key selected to identify tuples uniquely
within relation.
Represents value for an attribute that is
currently unknown or not applicable for
Alternate Keys
tuple
Candidate keys that are not selected to be primary
key. Deals with incomplete or exceptional data.
Foreign Key Represents the absence of a value and is
Attribute, or set of attributes, within one relation that not the same as zero or spaces, which are
matches candidate key of some (possibly same)
relation.
values.
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Relational Integrity Relational Integrity
Entity Integrity Enterprise Constraints
In a base relation, no attribute of a primary Additional rules specified by users or
key can be null. database administrators.
Referential Integrity
If foreign key exists in a relation, either
foreign key value must match a candidate key
value of some tuple in its home relation or
foreign key value must be wholly null.
