Shannon Baker, Laura Paviglianiti, Tim Stuart
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
What is Artificial
Intelligence?
The intelligence of machines and the branch
of computer science that aims to create it
"the study and design of intelligent agents”
No single goal of artificial intelligence
Some say it’s putting the human mind into
computers
What is intelligence?
The computational part of the ability to achieve
goals in the world
We do not yet fully understand what
intelligence consists of
1941 1949 1956 1958 1963 1968 1970 1972 1986 1991
1941:DEVELOPMENT OF THE
ELECTRONIC COMPUTER
-Some trace the origin to John Atanasoff
and Clifford Berry at Iowa State
University
-Required large, separate
air-conditioned rooms
-Required separate
configuration of
thousands of wires
-Data fed into system
By punched cards
1941 1949 1956 1958 1963 1968 1970 1972 1986 1991
First Commercial, Stored
Program Computer
Made job of entering a program easier
Advancements in computer theory
computer science
(and eventually
to AI)
Invention of a
means of processing
data makes AI
possible
1941 1949 1956 1958 1963 1968 1970 1972 1986 1991
Dartmouth Conference
John McCarthy (“father of AI”) organizes
conference
A month of brainstorming in VT
Talent and expertise of others interested in
machine intelligence
Biggest gain:
Field now called
Artificial Intelligence
1941 1949 1956 1958 1963 1968 1970 1972 1986 1991
Lisp Language Developed
McCarthy announces new development: LISP
language
Still used today
LISt Processing –
language of choice
among AI developers
1941 1949 1956 1958 1963 1968 1970 1972 1986 1991
Start of DoD’s
Advanced Research Projects
MIT receives 2.2 million dollar grant from US
govt. to research Macine-Aided Cognition (AI)
From Department of Defense
US wants to stay ahead of Soviet Union
1941 1949 1956 1958 1963 1968 1970 1972 1986 1991
Microworld
Program, SHRDLU Created
SHRDLU part of microworlds project – research &
programming in small worlds
When confined to small subject matter, computer
programs can solve spatial &
logic problems
1941 1949 1956 1958 1963 1968 1970 1972 1986 1991
First Expert System
Predict the probability of a solution under set
conditions
Potential to interpret statistics, formulate rules
Over course of 10 years, can forecast stock
market, aid doctors in diagnosis, show miners
promising mineral locations
Large applications in market place
Conditional rules & storage of information
1941 1949 1956 1958 1963 1968 1970 1972 1986 1991
PROLOG Language
Revealed
General logic programming language
Represented as facts and rules
Developed in France
Remains one of most
possible programming
languages today
1941 1949 1956 1958 1963 1968 1970 1972 1986 1991
AI-Based Hardware Sells
$425 Million to Companies
Expert systems in particular demand
DuPont, General Motors, Boeing rely heavily
on expert systems
Companies develop that specialize in creating
software that aids in producing expert
systems
1941 1949 1956 1958 1963 1968 1970 1972 1986 1991
AI Military Systems Used
Effectively in DESERT STORM
Used in missile systems, heads-up-displays,
etc.
AI truly put
to the test
1941 1949 1956 1958 1963 1968 1970 1972 1986 1991
AI System Beats Human
Chessmaster
AI goes home
Public interest growing
AI system placed against a
human chessmaster to see
who would win
AI wins – shows skills &
abilities
Applications of AI
Military
“Smart bombs”
Guided by remote control camera systems
directed to the intended target
Unmanned drone aircraft
Missiles fly military missions and launch
weapons from a distance
Decoding of enemy secret codes
Rapid translation of foreign language
Applications of AI
Science
Development of new drugs
Model clinical studies in animals and humans
Remote controlled surgical procedures
Uses robotics and computer-based optical
systems
Can be performed half-way around the world
Advanced weather modeling
Doppler Radar
Looks at trends and past models to predict
weather patterns
Applications of AI
Industrial
Machine vision inspection systems
Cameras and computers are placed on
assembly lines to find defects
Robotic systems
Use computer automation and
mechanical equipment
Take place of humans in manufacturing
of cars
Applications of AI
Business
Macros
Computer mimics the programmer's actions
Advanced financial systems
Quickly analyze trends
Allows for rapid investment decisions
Consumer
Personal computers
Computer applications for Apple & IMB
Voice and character recognition
Entertainment
Games, such as chess, where over 120 million moves
can be recognized
Future of AI
The future is really unknown
Researchers seem to disagree on a lot of the
same issues
With the rate at which technology is
improving it is logical to believe AI will
continue to get more and more sophisticated
AI in Video Games
Over the years AI is getting
exponentially more sophisticated
Now AI’s are able to react with an
“intelligence” that simulates the
computer as a human
AI’s are able to respond to voice
commands
Chess & AI
Theory: if they can create a computer that
can outsmart humans in this obviously
strategic, thinking-based game, then it
would be a major milestone on the road to
the intelligent computer
Ethical Questions?
-Will there come a point when computers become too intelligent?
-Should robots have the same legal rights as humans?
-How would we get around the question of ownership?
-To what extent should we trust (be able to predict the behavior
of) such a species?
-What responsibilities do we owe such robots?
-Would it be wrong to deliberately install mechanisms that gave
humans an immediate physical advantage e.g. an off switch?
-Should we allow a self-governing robot society to co-exist with
ours?
Works Cited
http://www-
formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/node1.html
http://library.thinkquest.org/2705/history.html
http://www.a-i.com/
http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/01/storyboard-
artificial-intelligence-cars/
Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel,
Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical
Approach. New York: Oxford University
Press.ISBN 0195102703.
http://www-
formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/node1.html
http://www.cedmagic.com/history/atanasoff-berry-
computer.html
