Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
CEng5165 - Steel and Timber Structures
Chapter 1: Introduction
By: Yohannes Gudeta
CEng5165 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
Introduction
▪ Structural Steel for construction purposes:
▪ Definition:
✓ Steel:- Iron + Carbon + …..
▪ Structural steel:- Steel elements of a structural frame
supporting design loads.
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
Introduction
▪ Structures whose major constituent components are:
✓ Steel are known as steel structure while those with
large proportion of timber components timber
structures.
▪ Steel and timber are used both in structural and non-
structural members in various civil engineering
applications.
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
Field of application
✓ Buildings,
✓ Bridges,
✓ Power transmission and communication towers,
✓ Windmills
✓ Off-shore oil and gas,
✓ Airport terminals,
✓ Facilities,
✓ Reservoirs,
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
Why is steel a good structural material?
▪ High strength – high strength of steel per unit weight
means less dead load.
✓ Small section members: small self weight
✓ Light weight: easy to handle and transport
✓ Resist high load, with a verry small cross section.
✓ Architectural Advantages.
✓ Good Seismic action performance.
▪ Faster erection rate and additions or alterations can be
made easily.
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
Why is steel a good structural material?
▪ Uniformity – properties do not change appreciably with time.
▪ Elasticity – steel behave closer to design assumption than most
materials because it follows Hooke’s Law.
▪ Ductility – withstand extensive deformation without failure. i.e.
show evidence of impending failure.
✓ Does not fail suddenly.
▪ High density – non porous.
✓ Liquid and gas tightness due to high density.
▪ Long Life – very durable material and long service life.
✓ If properly maintained.
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
Why is steel a good structural material?
▪ Additions to existing structures – new members can be added
to existing frame building.
▪ Time saving – no curing time and scaffolding and form-work
time.
▪ Flexibility in fabrication – geometry, strength and other
properties easily controlled. With less FS.
▪ Re-usable – highly reusable, can be converted to raw material
to produce new sections.
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
Disadvantage of Steel?
▪ Corrosion- It is very susceptible to corrosion if not
properly treated.
▪ Fire resistance- It is low fire resistance, under high
temperature the strength is reduced greatly while
deformation increase dramatically.
▪ Composite structures- the dis advantage of steel can be
avoided by using composite structures.
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
Structural usage of Steel
▪ Properties of particular importance in structural usage
are:
✓ high strength compare to any other available
material, and
✓ ductility (i.e., its ability to deform substantially in
either tension or compression before failure).
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
Structural usage of Steel
▪ The most important structural properties of steel for
Design purposes are:
✓ yield strength and ultimate strength,
✓ modulus of elasticity,
✓ shear modulus,
✓ Poisson’s ratio,
✓ coefficient of thermal expansion, and
✓ its density.
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
Design Procedure
▪ From inception to detailing and quantity estimation, there
are phases in design processes as:
✓ Functional Planning is the first and the most difficult
problem in design to enable the structure to fulfill
effectively the purpose for which it is to be built.
✓ Structural Planning is independent of functional plan.
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
Design Procedure
✓ Structural analysis- Once the loads are defined, Structural
analysis must be made to determine the internal
responses which will develop in various members of the
structure.
✓ Proportion- The members of the structural system must
be proportioned. Finally cost estimate should be made for
all possible structural schemes.
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
Design Philosophy
▪ Structural design should be performed to satisfy three
criteria: strength, serviceability, and economy.
✓ Strength pertains to the general integrity and safety of the
structure under extreme load conditions.
✓ Serviceability refers to the proper functioning of the structure
as related to its appearance, maintainability, and durability
under normal, or service load, conditions.
✓ Economy concerns the overall material and labor costs
required for the design, fabrication, erection, and
maintenance processes of the structures.
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
Types of Steel
As per ASTM classification
a) Carbon Steels (ASTM A36, ASTM A529, ASTM A709)
▪ In addition to iron, the main ingredients of this
category of steels are:
▪ Carbon (maximum content 1.7%) and manganese
(maximum content 0.65%), with a small amount
(<0.6%) of silicon and copper.
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
Types of Steel
As per ASTM classification
a) Carbon Steels (ASTM A36, ASTM A529, ASTM A709)
▪ Depending on the amount of carbon content:
✓ Low-carbon steel: carbon content < 0.15%.
✓ Mild carbon steel: carbon content varies from 0. 15
to 0.29%.
✓ Medium-carbon steel: carbon content 0.30-0.59%
✓ High-carbon steel: carbon content 0.60 - 1.70%
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
Types of Steel
As per ASTM classification
a) Carbon Steels (ASTM A36, ASTM A529, ASTM A709).
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
Types of Steel
As per ASTM classification
b) High-strength Low-alloy Steels (ASTM A441, ASTM A572)
▪ These steels possess enhanced strength as a result of
presence of one or more alloying agents, such as chromium,
copper, nickel, silicon, and vanadium
▪ All the alloying elements is below 5% of the total
composition
▪ These steels generally have higher corrosion resistance
capacity than carbon steels
▪ This category includes steels having yield stresses from 275
to 480 MPa with a well defined yield point
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
Types of Steel
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
Types of Steel
b) High-strength Low-alloy Steels (ASTM A441, ASTM A572)
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
Types of Steel
As per ASTM classification
c) Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steels (ASTM A852, ASTM
A514)
▪ The quantities of alloying elements used in these steels are
in excess of those used in carbon and low-alloy steels
▪ They are heat-treated by quenching and tempering to
enhance their strengths
▪ Have reduced ductility
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
Types of Steel
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
c) Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steels.
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
Structural Steel Shapes
▪ In general, there are three procedures by which steel
shapes can be formed:
✓ hot-rolled,
✓ cold-formed,
✓ built-up and compound.
▪ When rolling is done on hot steel, the product is termed
hot-rolled steel.
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
Structural Steel Shapes
▪ When thinner plates are further rolled or bent, after
cooling, the product is called cold-formed steel.
▪ When special conditions occur (heavy load or longer span)
built up members can be produced by welding together
different plates to form I, H or box member.
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
Method of Design
▪ Three major design methods are employed in steel
structures. They are,
1. Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
2. Plastic Design
3. Limit State Design (LSD) (LRFD)
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
Allowable Stress Design
▪ In this philosophy, a member is selected such that under
expected loads, known as service or working loads, the
stress will not exceed limits of structural usefulness.
▪ Analysis is based on elastic theory and section are sized
so that permissible stress are not exceeded.
▪ These permissible stress are expressed in terms of yield
stress (fy) or tensile stress (fu).
▪ Factor of safety is applied for nominal resistance of the
member.
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
Plastic Design
▪ Plastic design makes use of the fact that steel sections
have reserved strength beyond the first yield condition.
▪ This phenomenon of progressive yielding referred to as
plastification, means that the cross section does not fail
at first yield.
▪ After complete yielding of a cross section, force (or,
more precisely, moment) redistribution will occur,
▪ Failure will occur only when enough cross sections have
yielded resulting in the formation of a plastic collapse
mechanism
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
Limit state Design
▪ Limit state is a probabilistic design procedure in which a
structure, or part of a structure, is considered unfit for use
when such a limiting condition exceed a particular state,
called a limit state.
▪ This is reached when a structure or part of a structure
collapse.
▪ The collapse may be triggered by,
✓ Loss of equilibrium or stability
✓ Failure by rupture of structural members
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University CACE
Thank You
CEng4122 - Steel and Timber Structures
