LAB 4

FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN

MEKANIKAL DAN PEMBUATAN
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
BMMH 2313 FLUID MECHANICS

LAB SHEET 4

IMPACT OF JET

Learning LO2 To measure the force generated by impact of the jet on 2 types of
Outcome (LO): vanes Flat plate and Hemispherical cup

Program PO5 To compare the result from the experiment with theory calculation.
Outcome:
Synopsis: The objective of this experiment is to investigate the reaction forces produced by
the change in momentum of a fluid flow when a jet of water strikes a flat plate or a
curved surface, and to compare the results from this experiment with theory
calculation.

Related Lecture’s 1. Newton’s second law

Topic:

Prepared by: Date: 20 Apr 2020

Approved by Dr Muhammad Ilman Hakimi Chua Bin Date

LM/SLM/HOD Abdullah

QMS : REVISION RECORDS

Revision Date Approved by

Description Prepared by :
No (DD/MM/YY) LM/SLM/HOD:
1.0 OBJECTIVE
1. To measure the force generated by impact of the jet on 2 types of vanes:
i) Flat plate
ii) Hemispherical cup
2. To compare the result from the experiment with theory calculation.
2.0 THEORY

One way of producing mechanical work from fluid under pressure is to accelerate
the fluid to a high velocity in a jet. The jet is directed to the vanes of a turbine wheel, which
is rotated by the force generated on the vanes due to the momentum change or impulse
that takes place as the jet strikes the vanes.

Consider a vane symmetrical about the x-axis as shown in Figure 2. A jet of fluid
flowing at the rate of m& (kg/s) along the x-axis with the velocity u 0 (m/s) strikes the vane
and is deflected by it through angle β, so that the fluid leaves the vane with the velocity u1
(m/s) inclined at an angle β t o the x-axis. Changes in elevation and in piezometric
pressure in the jet from striking the vane to leaving it are neglected.
Figure 3: Force Developed (Theoretical) on Vane of Various
Shapes
3.0 EQUIPMENT & TOOLS
1. Impact Of Jet apparatus
2. Hydraulic bench (gravimetric)
3. Stop watch

Figure 1 : Impact of Jet apparatus

3.0 PROCEDURES/ METHODOLOGY

1. Set the weigh beam lever (of Figure 3) to the balance position with the jockey weight at zero
position by adjusting the nut (Impact of a Jet Apparatus). The beam lever is balance once it is
in a horizontal position when the tally indicator is in line with the top plate.

2. Slide the weigh beam stop (of Figure 4) out of line of the beam and lift the beam for 10–15
seconds to ensure the weigh tank is empty (Hydraulic bench).

3. Slide the weigh beam stop above the weigh beam (of Figure 4).
 4. Switch on the pump and open the bench supply valve to maximum.

5. Start timing when the weigh beam touching the weigh beam stop and place selected mass
immediately on the weight hanger (8kg).

6. When the mass of water collected balances them as of the weight hanger, the beam will rise
again to the horizontal position and touching the weigh beamstop, immediately stop the timer
and record the time interval.

7. Adjust the jockey weight (Figure 1) position to set the weigh beam lever at balance position
(refer totally indicator) in line with the top plate.

8. Record the time and jockey weight distance into Table 1 for flat plate or Table 2 for
hemispherical plate.

9. Switch off the pump.

10. To drain the weigh tank, depress weigh beam above weight hanger and slide weigh beam
stop away. Gently let weigh beam rise until it stops against the sump tank. Remove the
weights and the tank will continue draining. (Lift it for 10-15 seconds to drain completely).

11. Repeat the procedures 2 to 7 with decreasing the water flow rate by closing the supply valve
three-quarter turn each time.
Note:
(a) The mass of water collected is three times the mass used on the weight hanger.
(b) Repeat the above experiment with at least six readings of flow rate.
(c) Change the vane to different type and repeat again the above procedures

Video link :

LAB 4 IMPACT OF JET

https://youtu.be/EKMSCCQLVYw
Formation and equations for calculation:

Density of water ρ=103 kg/m3

Diameter of nozzle=10mm
Cross-section area of nozzle, A=78.5mm2
Mass of jockey weight=0.6kg
Distance from centre of vane to pivot of lever=0.15m

Figure 5
From Figure 5,
the jockey weight weighs (0.6g) Newtons. When it is moved a distance y metres from weigh
beam pivot, the corresponding force F Newtons on the vane is obtained, by taking moments
about the pivot, as:
4.0 RESULTS
EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND RESULTS

Table1 Flat plate

Water Time, Distance, Mass Flow Velocity,u Initial Momentum, Force
mass Rate,ṁ velocity,u0 ṁuo on
t y (m/s)
vane,
(kg) (s) (m) (m/s)
(kg/s) (N) F (N)
5
5
5
5
5
5

Table2 Hemispherical cup

Water Time, Distance, Mass Flow Velocity, Initial Momentum, Force on
mass Rate, ṁ u velocity,u0
ṁuo vane,
t y
(kg) (m/s) (m/s) F (N)
(s) (m) (kg/s) (N)

5
5
5
5
5
5
Note: Attach samples of calculation in different sheet.
Plot a graph for F versus ṁuo for both cases. Calculate the slope of the graph. Compare with
theoretical slope and describe.
5.0 DISCUSSION
For discussion, you should answer all questions as follows:

i. By referring to the graph, what are the relationship between F and ṁuo for flat plate and
hemispherical cup?

ii. The percentage of error of the experimental result:-

Vane Type Percentage of Error Factor

Flat plate

Hemispherical cup
6.0 CONCLUSION

Give your conclusion of this experiment work / report. Summarize its main findings.

7.0 OTHERS

The report must be prepared as APPENDIX.

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
Your response to each task will be graded separately based on the checklist attached. To obtain
maximum marks, ensure that your response addresses each of the tasks in the question accordingly.

Assessment checklist for Lab Activity 1

Assessment tasks Mark LO PO C/P/A level

allocation

Procedure 10 LO2 PO5 P1 - Perception

Work Process 10 LO2 PO5 P2 - Set

Work Process 15 LO2 PO5 P4 – Mechanism

Outcome (Results) 25 LO2 PO5 P4 – Mechanism

Outcome (Explanation of the 15 LO2 PO5 P5 - Complex

results) Overt Response

15 LO2 PO5 P5 - Complex

Outcome (Discussion) Overt Response

Discipline 10 LO2 PO5 P2 - Set

TOTAL 100

SPECIFIC INSTRUCTION

1. Answer in ENGLISH .
2. Must include list of references .
3. Submit your assignment ONCE only in a SINGLE file.
4. Submit your assignment ONLINE.
5. Submission date: Week 4
6. This lab report/activity accounts for 5% of the total marks for the course.