Mega Goal 2

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
2
MegaGoal is a dynamic American English series for international communication designed for high school
students and Grades 10-12. Books 1-6 integrate the four skills, present the grammar in context, and help
students develop natural conversation. With eye-catching art and high-interest topics, MegaGoal is easy
and enjoyable to teach and to learn from.
Features
• Unit openers, enhanced by attractive and contemporary illustrations, help students make visual
connections and retain the new language.
• Units are thematic and contain high-interest topics that relate to students’ age and interests.
• A consistent unit format makes navigation clear and predictable.
• The Grammar section offers succinct explanations, followed by activities that reinforce the grammar
2
points presented.
• Interactive Conversations allow students to choose or make up their own endings.
• Vocabulary development occurs throughout and everyday expressions are explained in the Real Talk
feature.
• Sections on Pronunciation, Listening, and Writing are included in each unit.
• Readings and Projects at the end of each unit allow students to experience real world situations.
• Chants enable students to expand their language in a pleasant way.
• Learning strategies and critical thinking skills prepare students for success.
• Humor and cross-cultural information and values are present throughout the series.
KSA Edition
Name:
McGraw-Hill School:
STUDENT’S BOOK
MG_02_SB_COVER_2020.indd 1 13/5/20 6:13 PM

C Ministry of Education, 2017
King Fahd National Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Brewater, Simon
Mega Goal 2 : á∏MôŸG - ájõ«∏‚’G á¨∏dG
ÖdÉ£dG ÜÉàc - ÊÉãdG iƒà°ùŸG - ájƒfÉãdG / Simon
Brewater,.- Riyadh, 2017
..p; ..cm
ISBN: 978-1-5268-1918-5
1-English language-Curricula I-Title

428.241 dc 1438/5492
L.D.no.1438/5492
ISBN: 978-1-5268-1918-5
MG_02_SB_COVER_2019.indd 2 20/05/2019 13:16

MEGA
GOAL 2
MANUEL DOS SANTOS

ELI GHAZEL
DANAE KOZANOGLOU
MG_02_SB_TEXT_2020.indd 1 9/6/20 6:23 PM

MegaGoal 2 Student Book
Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored
in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited
to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
ISBN: 978-1-4470-9148-6
Publisher: Jorge Rodríguez Hernández

Editorial director: Anita Raducanu
Development editors: Ana Laura Martínez Vázquez, Janet Battiste
Art direction: Heloisa Yara Tiburtius
Interior design and production: Page2, LLC
Cover design: Page2, LLC
Photo coordinator: Kevin Sharpe
Photo Credits: The Photo Credits section for this book on page 107 is considered an extension of the copyright page.
Exclusive rights by McGraw-Hill Education for manufacture and export. This book cannot be re-exported from the
country to which it is sold by McGraw-Hill Education. This Regional Edition is not available outside Europe, the Middle
East and Africa.
www.mheducation.com
MG_02_SB_TEXT_2020.indd 2 9/6/20 6:23 PM

Contents
Scope and Sequence iv
Unit Intro 2
Unit 1 You’ve Got Mail! 6
Unit 2 Wishful Thinking 20
Unit 3 Complaints, Complaints 34
EXPANSION Units 1-3 48
Unit 4 I Wonder What Happened 54
Unit 5 If It Hadn’t Happened 68
Unit 6 What They Said 82
EXPANSION Units 4-6 96
Vocabulary 102
Irregular Verbs 106
Audio Track List 108
iii
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Scope and Sequence
Unit Title Functions Grammar
Intro Express, confirm opinion/ give reasons, agree/

disagree
Recycle familiar verb forms, simple present/
narrative, connectors and modifiers, passive
Pages 2–5 Talk about size, quantity, compare Give forms, would, tag questions, comparatives/
directions/ Talk about a book/ plot too – enough/ would –hypothesis
Carry out banking transactions
1 You’ve Got Mail! Discuss email and letter format and Preposition + gerund
etiquette Although, even though, in spite of
Make and accept an apology As soon as, when, So…(that)
Pages 6–19 Wish someone success Used to and would
Make arrangements There is/are
Accept and refuse invitations Plurals
Definite article: the
2 Wishful Thinking
Make wishes Conditional sentences with if-clause:
Talk about imaginary situations imaginary situations
Talk about probability and improbability Conditional sentences with might and
Pages 20–33 Talk about predicaments could
Give advice to solve problems Verb: Wish
Words connected with money, shopping habits Count/noncount nouns
and prices Expressions of quantity: some, any, no
3 Complaints, Complaints
Talk about problems and things that Needs to be (done)
need to be done Have/get something (done)
Ask to have something done Past participles as adjectives
Pages 34–47 Talk about common consumer complaints Present perfect simple tense: already, yet, just
Verb + gerund; verb + infinitive
Subject and object pronouns
Imperatives and two-word verbs
EXPANSION Units 1-3 Language Review

Reading: Play Ball!
Pages 48–53 Writing: Write about sports
4 I Wonder What Talk about events that happened in the

past before others
Past perfect tense
Can’t, could, couldn’t, must, may, or might
Happened Speculate about facts and events
Expressing enthusiasm with intensifiers and
Independent clauses with: and, but, so and yet
The past with dependent time clauses
Pages 54–67 adjectives Conditional sentences with present and
Express necessity and lack of necessity future forms
5 If It Hadn’t Happened Talk about discoveries and inventions

and how things would have been different
Should have + past participle
Conditional sentences: hypothetical
Pages 68–81 without them situations in the past
Talk about missed opportunities and If with could and might
regrets Present perfect versus simple past
Expressing ability, permission and requests Time expressions with: ago, for, since
If + past perfect + be able to
6 What They Said Report what people said

Discuss famous quotes
Reported speech
Reported questions
Pages 82–95 Relate messages Word changes in reported speech
Discussing the environment and natural disasters Reporting verbs
Expressing agreement and disagreement with: Negative questions
so, neither, either, too Relative adverb: Where
EXPANSION Units 4-6 Language Review

Reading: The War of the Worlds
Pages 96–101 Project: Report and review a story
iv
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Listening Pronunciation Reading Writing
Listen for specific Recycle and use familiar stress,

information/ draw intonation patterns, identify
conclusions falling/ rising intonation
Listen and identify language patterns
functions in discourse
Listen for specific Short vowels /e/, /æ/, /ı/ From Smoke Signals to Write an email to a friend
information from messages Email: Keeping in Touch Write greeting cards (Project)
and conversations
Listen for specific information Reductions would you and could Money: A Blessing or a Write a description of a day in the life of a quiz
to complete a chart about you in questions Problem? show winner
wishes Research about TV games with large
prizes for winners (Project)
Listen for specific information Stress in compound nouns Murphy’s Law Write a letter or email of complaint
about complaints about a faulty product
Do a family survey on complaints
about products and prepare a poster
presentation with your advice (Project)
Chant Along: If I Were a Millionaire

Project: Research a famous person
Listen for general Word-ending er Vision 2030 Kingdom Write a description of a vessel, voyage or
understanding and of Saudi Arabia expedition
speculate causes Collect information and write about a meteor
occurrence on Earth and do a poster
presentation (Project)
Listen to a radio show for Reductions could have, should Mario’s Advice Column Write a response for an advice column
details about regrets have, and would have Write the results of a survey about
regrets (Project)
Listen for specific information Unstressed and stressed that Quotes, Quotes Write an email to give information and directions
from a speech to a place
Write about interesting quotations (Project)
Chant Along: Could You Help Me Find the Reason?

Writing: Write a letter of apology
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Intro
1 Listen and Discuss
Read and say what you think each text is about.
You are spending

the night in the
desert. Everyone
else is sound
asleep but you
are still awake,
enjoying the
starlit sky. It’s a
cold but peaceful
As you drive along a busy road, you notice night. None of the usual city sounds echo in the
a car without a driver! You blink to clear your background. So you snuggle in your sleeping
eyes, and wonder whether you’re losing your bag and close your eyes. All of a sudden you are
mind! It’s the driverless car; a robotic vehicle startled by a high pitched sound! Someone or
that can travel to a predetermined destination something is whistling! You sit up, look around
without human intervention. All you would need but don’t see anyone. Then you hear the sound
to do is sit in the car and enjoy the ride! Would again, along with a soft patter of something
you do it? Would you travel in a driverless car? landing in the sand. What do you think it is? Is it
Is it science fiction or reality? a dream or reality?
They are very real and highly popular in You walk into a food
entertainment, but they are also used in store to buy some
education. They are used by many colleges yogurt and cheese.
and institutions for educational purposes. Many You notice that the
businesses and industries use them to train packaging is different
their employees and executives. They are used from what you are
for military used to. It’s very
strategy and attractive with bright
flight training. wrapping. A customer has just bought some frozen
Astronauts yoghurt in a biodegradable bag. He takes out one of the
train on round, pearl-like shapes and bites into it as you’re about
them for a to warn him not to eat the wrapping! He seems to be
long time enjoying it. He then uses a small spoon to dip into the
before they shell, eat the rest of the contents as well as the wrapper!
participate in Is the wrapping edible, or does the customer suffer
real missions. from a condition that urges him to eat things that would
Can you guess what they are? What is your normally be considered inedible? What do you think? Is it
opinion about them? science fiction or reality?
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Before the days of the computer-aided design (CAD) and lasers, models and prototypes required days
or even weeks of hard work to make and were very costly. Improvements and modifications could not be
incorporated easily, often resulting in the loss of business. An 80s idea, called rapid prototyping led to the
development of a type of machine, similar to an inkjet printer, that made it possible for designers to make
their own rapid prototypes. The machine uses plastic, instead of ink or powder, and builds up a model one
layer at a time from the bottom upward. Do you know what this type of machine is called? Is it science
fiction or reality?
2 Pair Work
A. Match each text with a heading. Compare with your partner.
3D Printing The Whistling Rain Frog Simulators
Tasty Wrappers The Autonomous Car
B. Compare your ideas/guesses about each text with your partner. Decide if the unusual things that are
described are science fiction or reality. Give reasons for your answers. Use some of these phrases.
Expressing, Confirming Opinion/ Giving Reasons/ Agreeing/ Disagreeing
It could be real, couldn’t it? I mean, it would be possible to …..
I wouldn’t feel comfortable/ safe. Would you?
They claim that autonomous vehicles will be safer because human error will no longer be an
issue.
So, according to this, you could print out any object on a 3D printer. Is this a fact?
I’m not sure how useful this type of thing would be.
I think it’s a great idea. If wrappers were edible there would be less waste and litter.
They are certainly useful but they cannot replace the real thing, can they?
I think they can to some extent, or they wouldn’t be used for pilot training.
It’s a fact. Some countries have already decided to allow them on the road.
I can’t see myself crunching on a wrapper. Can you?
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Intro
3 Conversation
Listen and practice reading the conversation in pairs.
Yasmin is in Jeddah, visiting relatives. She and her cousin, Amal,
are invited to a wedding reception at the end of the week.
Yasmin: Amal, look at that beautiful, silk gown in the
window!
Amal: I agree. It’s very elegant. Would you like to go in Size – Quantity
and have a look? We don’t have much time, shops will
Yasmin: Can we? I’d love to try it on. We don’t have much close in less than an hour, so let’s
time, shops will close in less than an hour, so let’s hurry!
hurry! There are too many people waiting in
Assistant: Good morning ladies. How can I help you? line. We’d better come back later!
Amal: We’d like to see that gown, please.
I need a larger size, don’t I? / You need
Assistant: Is it for you?
a smaller size.
Yasmin: It’s for me, actually. But I need a larger size, don’t I?
This is large enough for him.
Assistant: I’m not sure you do. I think you should try a
smaller one. Directions
Yasmin: Isn’t this small enough? Walk out the door and turn right. You’ll
Assistant: I’m afraid not. It’s an XL. Small is the right size for see some elevators on your right.
you. Would you like to try it on? Go down to the ground floor. The bank
Yasmin: Yes, please. is between the elevators and a large
…. sports store. You can’t miss it.
Yasmin: What do you think? It’s the right size isn’t it?
Go straight and take the second
Amal: Yes, it’s a perfect fit. It looks great on you. You might
turning on the left/right.
need to have the hem taken up a little.
Turn right and right again.
Assistant: We’d be happy to do that for you.
Yasmin: Right! We’ll take it! Do you accept this type of credit Talking about a book/plot
card? It has an incredible plot.
Assistant: Actually, we’d prefer cash. I can’t put it down.
Yasmin: Oh, I’m sorry. In that case, we’ll have to go to the It’s full of suspense/surprises.
bank and get some cash. Could you tell us how to
You don’t know what’s going to
get to the nearest bank?
happen next.
Assistant: Yes, of course. Walk out the door and turn right.
It’s unpredictable.
You’ll see some elevators on your right. Go down to
the ground floor. The bank is between the elevators It’s an interesting story, based on real
and a large sports store. You can’t miss it. facts.
( In the elevator …)
Amal: By the way. I noticed you were reading the book
that we bought the other day. Are you enjoying it? Your Turn
Yasmin: I can’t put it down. It has an incredible plot. It’s full of Role-play a conversation like the one
suspense and events are totally unpredictable. It’s above with a partner.
not like many boring detective novels where you Decide about the following first:
know what’s going to happen next without reading. • which city/town you are in
It’s a good, well-written book. You should read it. • what you are interested in buying
• what kind of store you are in
• who is with you
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4 Listening
A. Listen and check true or false.
true false
1. Yasmin can’t use this type of credit card
because she doesn’t have an account.
2. Yasmin is interested in opening an account.
3. Amal can use the ATM.
4. Yasmin will pick up her new gown today.
Bank clerk: Good morning. Can I help you?

Amal: 3
Bank clerk:
Yasmin: No, I’m sorry, I don’t. Is that a problem? B. Listen again and write
Bank clerk: No, not at all. the number of the correct
Yasmin: Oh, I see. What do you think Amal? I’ll be back expression in the blank.
here, every few months. It would make sense, wouldn’t it? 1. Just checking; there is no
Amal: Whatever you think is best. service charge for account
Yasmin: holders.
Bank clerk: Of course. 2. In that case, I’d like to open
Yasmin: Thank you. an account please.
Amal: Oh, excuse me. 3. Yes, please. We’d like to
Yasmin: withdraw some cash from
Amal: Yes, I do. It’s just that I don’t use it often enough to this credit card.
remember! Sorry! 4. Do you have an account
Yasmin: That’s fine! I’m glad we’ll both be using the same bank. with us?
Amal: Oh, look at the number of people waiting at the counter. 5. Would you like to come
. I forgot to take it this morning. this way and fill out some
Yasmin: Please don’t worry! I’ll wait for you. documents?
Amal: I’m not sure that’s a good idea Yasmin. Stores are about 6. I’d like to withdraw some
to close for the afternoon. You’d better hurry and pick up money from my account.
your gown. 7. I wish I had the card for my
Yasmin: You’re probably right. Actually, I won’t pick it up today. I’d cash card account. I could
like them to take the hem up. You’ll be alright, won’t you? use the ATM.
Amal: Yes, of course. Give me a ring on my cell phone when 8. Wouldn’t it be a good idea
you’re ready. to open an account?
Yasmin: I’ll do that. OK. See you soon. 9. I didn’t realize you had an
account at this bank!
5 About You 6 Pronunciation

Role-play a conversation like the one above A. Listen. Note the rising or falling
with a partner. Use expressions from B. intonation.
Decide about the following first: Good morning. Can I help you?
• which city you are in No, not at all.
• what you would like to do at the bank, e.g.
open an account, deposit money into your B. Listen and find more examples for rising
account, etc. or falling intonation in the conversation.
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1 You’ve Got Mail!
‫رابط الدر�س الرقمي‬
www.ien.edu.sa

Read the four emails and decide what the purpose of each one is.
graduationc
ards.com
sent you
Your friend Although yo
m
an ecard fro You aren’t o
u’re out of s
ight
rds.com ut of mind,
graduationca And even th
ou
I want to wis gh you’re far away
h you
it. a Great Gra
cake to view duation Day
Click on the .
HAVE A GR
E AT
GR ADUATI
ON DAY
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I will be out of the office
from October 19 to 22 and
will not have access to em
For any urgent matters, ail.
please contact: shawn_ta
ylor@unicore.com.
David Hamilton
Visit you in Paris

Delete
Print
Forward
Reply Reply to all
To: olivia@megagoal.com
Cc:
Subject: Visit you in Paris
November 15
Hi Olivia,
g used to your new
an d ho w’s Paris? Hope you’re gettin
Ho w’s wo rk, h a wonderful city.
vantage of living in suc
way of life and taking ad ,
at the end of the month
ess wh at? I’m co min g to France on vacation if yo u co uld pu t
Gu wondering
ris for a few days. I was
and I’ll be staying in Pa you in an y wa y. I’m use d to
want to inconvenience
me up. However, I don’t if it’s all rig ht if I stay with you.
t me know
sleeping anywhere. Le t
Paris, it was so rainy tha
now? Last time I was in
What’s the weather like oa t an d um bre lla.
time, in spite of my rainc
I was soaked most of the
rd to seeing you again.
I’m really looking forwa
Your best friend,
Melanie
Quick Check e
Q
Α. Vocabulary. Mark the ways to start or end letters
or emails.
2 Pair Work
A. Apologize for something.
B. Comprehension. Answer true or false.
I want to apologize for not
1. ____ Mr. Maynard answered the email as soon as
coming to your graduation
he returned.
ceremony.
2. ____ Mr. Maynard’s company is not interested in
Don’t worry. That’s quite
doing business with Mr. Silva.
all right.
3. ____ Although your friend is far away, they haven’t
forgotten your graduation day.
B. Wish someone the best on a
4. ____ David will answer all emails even though he’s
special occasion.
out of the office.
5. ____ Melanie is hoping to stay with Olivia even Congratulations. I wish you lots
though it’ll be inconvenient. of success.
6. ____ Even though Melanie was wearing a raincoat, Thanks a lot. I’m looking forward
she got wet in Paris. to the new job.
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3 Grammar www.ien.edu.sa
Preposition + Gerund
Prepositions can be followed by nouns, pronouns, or gerunds.
I apologized to Allison. (noun) I apologized for forgetting her graduation day. (gerund)
I apologized to her. (pronoun)
Some verbs are usually followed by certain prepositions.

I apologize for arriving late. I decided against wearing a uniform.
I look forward to meeting you personally. I insist on paying for our lunch.
I’m thinking of moving to a new house soon. I succeeded in getting into college.
I’m dreaming of going on vacation. I asked about applying for a job.
Some adjectives are followed by certain prepositions.

I’m tired of waiting for an answer. I’m used to having coffee at breakfast.
Although, Even Though, In Spite Of

Although, even though, and in spite of have similar meanings.
Although and even though introduce a clause that has a subject and a verb.
In spite of is followed by a noun or gerund.
Although it rained, we enjoyed the vacation. In spite of the traffic, I arrived on time.
Even though I was tired, I couldn’t sleep. He went to school in spite of being sick.
As Soon As, When

These conjunctions of time are not followed by future forms of verbs even though the verbs tell us
about future time. The present is used instead.
I’ll tell you as soon as I know. I’ll call you when I arrive.
So … (That)
Use so with an adjective or with many, much, few, or little to express result or degree.
The noise was so loud (that) we could hardly hear ourselves talk.
There were so many cars (that) we couldn’t find a place to park.
Read each example in the grammar section. Find sentences in the emails that are similar
and underline them.
A. Complete the sentences with although or in spite of.

1. ____________ her busy schedule, Maya always remembers her friends’ events.
2. ____________ Steve had all the right qualifications, he wasn’t chosen for the job.
3. Our team lost the game ____________ we played much better than the other team.
4. We had a really good time at the beach ____________ the cloudy weather.
5. ____________ she has a Russian last name, she was actually born in Canada.
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B. Use the following words to complete the paragraph:
although, as soon as, because, but, during, in spite of
The Telegraph SyStem

In 1830, an American, Joseph Henry (1797-1878), demonstrated the potential of William
Sturgeon’s invention, the electromagnet, for long distance communication. (1) ________ it was
Samuel Morse who was able to invent a telegraph system that was practical and commercially
feasible.
(2) ________ 1835 Morse was a professor of arts and design at New York University, when he
proved that signals could be transmitted by wire. The system was received rather indifferently
in 1838, (3) ________ an impressive public demonstration.
(4) ________ Morse and his associates were eager to set up an experimental line, funding was
not approved until a few years later. So, (5) ________ Congress approved a funding of
$30,000, the construction of a line started between Washington and Baltimore.
Samuel Morse and his associates managed to raise private funds and extended their line to
Philadelphia and New York. Telegraph companies started functioning in different parts of the
United States. (6) ________ of this, Western Union soon joined, dispatching telegraphs by
train. Eventually, telegraph systems were set up all over the world. It was the beginning of a
new era in communication.
C. Match the two parts of the sentences about an outing.

1. ___ There was so much traffic on the road a. we weren’t able to swim.
2. ___ The picnic spot was so crowded b. it took hours to get to the beach.
3. ___ The water was so cold c. we went straight to bed.
4. ___ There were so many mosquitoes d. I got a headache.
5. ___ The beach was so noisy e. we weren’t able to find a good place to sit.
6. ___ We were all so tired in the evening f. the children were bitten all over.
D. Complete the sentences about yourself. Then compare with a partner.

I’m thinking of studying in a foreign country .
1. I’m interested in .
2. I’m excited about .
3. I’m thinking of .
4. I’m looking forward to .
5. I’m not used to .
6. I’m tired of .
7. I apologized to my friend for .
8. I’m not capable of .
9. I’m used to .
10. I decided against .
MG_02_SB_TEXT_2020.indd 9 9/6/20 6:23 PM

1 You’ve Got Mail! ‫رابط الدر�س الرقمي‬
4 Language in Context
www.ien.edu.sa
Make a list of things you’re used to doing and not used to doing and compare with a partner.
I’m used to talking in public.
I’m not used to getting up early.
5 Listening
Listen to the messages or conversations. Complete the sentences.
1. a. Mr. Kramer’s assistant is apologizing 3. a. Omar is apologizing for not ____________.
for ____________. b. At the end, Omar is thinking of ____________.
b. Mr. Kramer wants to ____________. 4. a. Raymond is making excuses for
2. a. Nawal is thinking of ____________. not ____________.
b. Sabah is looking forward to ____________. b. He wants to ____________.
6 Pronunciation 7 About You

A. Listen to the following vowel sounds. They are In pairs, ask the questions and have your friend
sometimes called short vowels. Then practice. answer. Then switch roles.
/e/ /æ/ /ı/ 1. Are people in your country used to sending

email, letters, or cards on special occasions?
send happy wish
2. When did you last apologize for doing
get spam city something wrong? What did you do?
letters congratulations interested 3. Are you the kind of person who forgives easily?
Explain.
B. Read the emails again and underline only the 4. When you are/were absent from school,
words that have short e, a, and i. Practice reading do/did your parents write notes to your
the sentences aloud without stressing the short teachers explaining your absence?
e, a, and i in the words you underlined. 5. Are you used to doing favors or asking other
people for favors? Explain.
6. Do you put people up when they travel? Do
you ask others to put you up when you travel?
10
MG_02_SB_TEXT_2020.indd 10 9/6/20 6:23 PM

8 Conversation
Underline the words that have short e, a, and i. In pairs, read the conversation
aloud without stressing the short e, a, and i in the words you underlined.
Ahmed: Abdullah, thanks for inviting me to your graduation

event. I was really looking forward to next Thursday
night, …
Abdullah: I’ve been planning this event for ages! You’re
coming, aren’t you?
Ahmed: Well, Abdullah, I’m calling you up to explain.
Unfortunately I’m not going to be able to make it.
Abdullah: No way! I refuse to accept that. I insist on your coming.
Ahmed: I’m sorry, I really am. You see, it’s my uncle’s wedding,
and they’re having the whole family over for dinner.
They expect me to be there, and I can’t let
them down.
Abdullah: So, sneak out as soon as the dinner’s over.
Ahmed: I can’t just walk out like that.
Abdullah: Of course you can.
Your Ending
What does Abdullah go on to suggest?
. 1 No one’s going to notice.
2 Tell your uncle you’re not feeling well,
and you’re going to lie down.
3 Be straight with your uncle, and tell him
you have plans after dinner.
4 Your idea: ___________
Real Talk
No way! = used to say you won’t allow something
let someone down = disappoint
Of course = used to give someone permission or encouragement
Be straight = be honest and frank
About the Conversation Your Turn

In pairs, ask and answer the questions. Then Role-play these situations with a partner.
switch roles. 1. You can’t come to a friend’s graduation ceremony. Make
1. What was Ahmed looking forward to? up a reason and apologize for not coming.
2. Why can’t he come to the graduation? 2. Call a friend and accept an invitation to a dinner, an
3. What does Abdullah want Ahmed to do? event, or an outing.
11
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9 Reading www.ien.edu.sa
Before Reading
Read the passage and find all the sentences that talk about
the different means of communication. Compare what you
found with a partner.
From Smok e Signa lS

to
Email: Keeping in Touch
From the Stone Age to the present, people have
shown a desire to send messages to one another
over long distances.
In ancient times, according to one story, a chain of fires on mountaintops was used to relate the news of
the fall of Troy to people in Greece. In the past, native people in the Americas used smoke from fires to
transmit messages. They developed a code—in which certain combinations of smoke rising had special
meanings. For example, two parallel columns of smoke indicated the successful return of a war party.
The ancient Greeks established lines of signal towers at mountain-tops. At each one, a large fire was lit
to transmit a signal to the next tower, and in this way, information was passed on through the land. Also,
almost anything that makes a noise has been used for signaling. A kind of drum talk is still used in Central
Africa today, although few who are not natives have been able to understand it. The sender uses a drum
that can produce a high or low tone. Because the local dialect alternates in these tones, the sender is able to
simulate speech with the drums.
In modern times, people have communicated by letter, telegraph, and telephone. But no one method
has become as widespread as quickly as the use of email. The first email message took place in 1971,
and according to its sender, Ray Tomlinson, it was probably the following: “QWERTYUIOP.” What was
significant about that? Nothing, really. This is just the top row of keys on an English-language keyboard.
Tomlinson was just testing out the system and using a nonsense message. He had no concept that he was
going to start a revolution in communication.
Tomlinson was one of a group of scientists who were working on developing better computers. The
scientists at his site were able to send a message to a “mailbox” on the computer on their site. Other
scientists could view the messages in the mailbox. But there were other computers at other sites where
scientists were working on the same project. Tomlinson’s idea was to figure out a way to deliver messages
to mailboxes on those remote computers. He used the @ sign to identify messages that were headed out
of the local machine to the more distant ones. That was the start of the emailing systems that we still use
today.
At first, the number of people on email was small, but by the end of the 20th century, there were 263 million
email boxes. In the 21st century, that figure has grown to over 2 billion, and the functions of email services
in the future will become more and more diversified. And text messaging on cell phones is also increasing,
so people can, in effect, be in constant touch with people who are long distances away.
12
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After Reading
Complete the following sentences about the reading.
1. People have shown a need to communicate with one another since ____________.
2. When Native Americans saw two columns of smoke, ____________.
3. Although drums are used in Central Africa to communicate messages, only a few non-natives ____________.
4. When Tomlinson sent his first message, he wasn’t thinking of ____________.
5. Although email only began in the 1970s, by the end of the 20th century, ____________.
6. Nowadays, millions of people are used to ____________.
Discussion
1. Think about how you communicate with different people.
2. Work in groups. Make notes in the chart below.
3. Use your notes to talk about communication in class.
4. Which are the most common and most effective ways? Why?
Ways I communicate Advantages Disadvantages
With friends
With relatives
With other people

who live far away
13
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10 Writing www.ien.edu.sa
A. 1. Work in pairs. Compare the emails from Mr. Maynard and Melanie on pages 6 and 7. Make notes in the
chart below.
2. Use your notes to report in class. Discuss differences and similarities.
3. Why do you think there are differences?
Email Page 6 Page 7
From
To
Greeting
Opening lines
Topic/information
content
Closing lines
Signed
Purpose of email
B. 1. Read the email from Adel to his friend in the

USA and answer the questions.
• Where did Adel spend the summer?
• What time of year is it?
• How does Adel feel about starting school
again?
• Why is he excited about the weekend?
2. What does P.S. stand for? Why do we use it?
3. Which email in your book is this email similar
to? How do you know?
14
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Back to school
Back to school
Reply Reply to all Forward Print Delete
Reply Reply to all Forward Print Delete

To:
Cc:
To: brian@megagoal.com
Subject:
Cc:
Subject:
Attachment: Back to school
Attachment: 200.jpg
Hi Brian,
How are you doing? Did you have a good summer? How’s school? I guess you’ve just started
again, right? Well, that’s life. I am attaching a photo of us at the game. How do you like it? We
look good, huh?
This is our first week back and everyone is trying to get used to getting up early, spending most
of the day at school then home, homework, etc. But we have some great plans for the weekend.
We’ll drive to the desert with my cousins and spend the night there. I wish you could come along.
It would be so much fun.
Guess what? My father promised to let me drive the jeep in the desert. Isn’t that cool? What
about you? Any special plans for the weekend?
Don’t forget. It’s your turn next summer. You are going to come to Saudi Arabia and stay with us.
I’d better not talk about the summer now. Time to get organized and get down to homework!
Give my best to your family.
Adel
P.S. My teacher complimented me on my English! I told him I had spent two months practicing
with my friend!
1. You want to write an email to a friend.

2. Decide who you are going to write to and what you are going to write about.
3. Complete the chart with your notes. Then use your notes to write the email.
Email My notes
My greetings:
My opening
words:
My reasons for
writing this email:
My closing words:
Attached
documents:
Writing Corner
When you write an email to a friend:
• Greet and sign your letter in an informal manner, e.g. Hi/Hello/Dear + first name and
Best/Best wishes/See you soon/Take care + your first name.
• Write as if you were speaking to him/her, i.e. use contracted forms, emoticons, or abbreviations.
When you write to a business/professional contact:
• Address and sign the letter more formally, e.g. Dear Sir/Madam/Dear Mr/Mrs. + last name
and Kind regards/Best regards/Sincerely.
• Do not use contracted or abbreviated forms.
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11 Form, Meaning and Function www.ien.edu.sa
Simple Past with Used to

Use used to for past states, habits and situations that are no longer true.
Morse, the inventor of the telegraph system, used to be a professor at New York University. He used to teach
arts and design.
People used to communicate by telegraph. Telegraph companies used to dispatch telegraphs by train
across the United States.
Yes/No Questions (?) Answer
Did you use to have a blue car? Yes, I did. I sold it three years ago.
Did they use to play football every week? No, they didn’t. The used to play tennis.
Used to and Would

We can also use would in place of used to for past habits but we cannot use would for past states.
In ancient times, people would shout messages to the next tower in order to pass on information through the
area. People used to have very powerful voices in those days!
INCORRECT: People would have very powerful voices.
Information Questions (?) Answer
How did people in the Americas use to transmit messages? They used smoke signals.
Why did people use to shout from signal towers? They wanted to pass on messages.
What did you use to do when you were young? I used to ride my bike in the park.
A. Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. Use used to, would and
didn’t use to.
My grandparents often tell me that life before the Internet was very different to how it is nowadays. When my
grandfather was young, he (1. have) a computer, laptop, tablet or even a cell phone!
He told me that in those days, people (2. speak) to people on a phone that was fixed to the
wall of the house. People (3. use) their phones to take digital images.
They (4. take) photos with a camera that needed a special roll of film. They
(5. print) the photos on a special kind of paper and put them in a photo album.
Moreover, people (6. find) information in books, and they (7. use) actual
paper maps to get to places! They also (8. read) paper
newspapers which a paper boy (9. deliver) to their
house. My grandfather said it was just like getting a printed Internet on
their doorstep every morning!
These days it is much quicker to find information and stay in touch, but
life before the Internet sure sounds amazing!
B. Work with a partner. Talk about what your grandparents used to and
didn’t used to do.
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There is/There are
Singular nouns Plural nouns
There is a phone message for you. There are lots of unanswered emails in my inbox.
Plurals
Regular nouns
For most regular nouns we add -s to form the plural. If the noun ends in -s, -ch, -sh, -o, or -x, we add -es. For
regular nouns that end in -y, we usually drop the ‘y’ and add -ies for the plural. For regular nouns that end in -f or
-fe, we change the ending to -ves.
letter—letters inbox—inboxes city—cities leaf—leaves
card—cards business—businesses company—companies wife—wives
email—emails watch—watches story—stories life—lives
Note: If the noun has a vowel before the final -y then we add an -s: boy—boys; day—days; donkey—donkeys, etc.
Irregular nouns
man—men child—children foot—feet deer—deer
woman—women tooth—teeth mouse—mice fish—fish
Definite Article: The
Use the definite article the before singular and plural nouns when we know what or who we are referring to.
The children at the local school got some new computers.
Use the definite article the for objects that are one of a kind: the Internet, the sun, the Masmak Fortress,
the Holy Qur’an.
C. Look at the picture. Write

sentences to describe
the different ways people
communicate. Compare
with a partner.
There is a man writing
an email on a computer,
D. With a partner, talk about

how you stay in touch
with family and friends. Is
this the same or different
to when you were
younger? Why?
17
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12 Project www.ien.edu.sa
1. Design a greeting card for Saudi Arabia

National Day.
2. Think about events and emotions on that
day and complete the chart with your
notes.
Occasion
My notes Saudi Arabia National Day
Actions on that
day (verbs)
Naming words
on that day
(nouns)
Describing
words for that
day (adjectives)
Emotion words
on that day
3. Write 2 to 3 sentences/messages about Saudi Arabia National Day using some of the ideas/words
you listed above.
4. Design your card. Search and find suitable photos/pictures or draw your own.
Make sure that your photo/drawing is related to your sentences.
5. Choose the sentence or sentences that you are going to include and write them on your card.
6. Decide who you are going to send your card to.
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13 Self Reflection
Things that I liked about Unit 1: Things that I didn’t like very much:
Things that I found easy in Unit 1: Things that I found difficult in Unit 1:
I can do this I can do this I need to study/

Unit 1 Checklist very well. quite well. practice more.
discuss email and letter format and etiquette
make and accept an apology
wish someone success
make arrangements, accept and refuse invitations

use the construction preposition + gerund
use although, even though, and in spite of
use as soon as and when;
use so…(that)
use used to and would
use there is/are + singular and plural nouns
use the definite article: the
If you’re still not sure about something

My five favorite new words from Unit 1: from Unit 1:
• read through the unit again

• listen to the audio material
• study the grammar and functions
from the unit again
• ask your teacher for help
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2 Wishful Thinking
www.ien.edu.sa

Read the texts below. Find the sentences that say exactly what each person wishes for.
WHAT PEOPLE ARE SAYING

Wishes vary from person to person. Find out how some of our
readers answered the following questions.
Q: If you could only take one thing with you to a desert island, what would
you take?
A: I would take my cell phone. I’d be able to keep in touch with my family and friends
around the world, and I wouldn’t get lonely.
Saeed, 23
Q: If you could be a historical figure, who would you be?
A: I’d like to be Omar bin Abdul Aziz, a Muslim Caliph. I would create
one of the greatest empires with no poverty the world has ever known.
Ahmed, 17
Q: If you had a close encounter with an extraterrestrial, what question would

you ask?
A: I’d ask if I could travel with the ET. I would like to find out about life in
the universe.
Bob, 16
Q: If you could choose a place to live, which city or country would
you choose?
A: If I could choose a place to live, I’d go to Hawaii. The weather’s
great the whole year round, and the surfing is fabulous.
Steve, 15
Q: If you could change your looks, what changes would you make?
A: Actually, I’m quite happy the way I am. I wouldn’t make any changes.
Q: If you could travel through time, would you go to the Hameed, 20

past or to the future?
A: I would go to the future to see what new technologies
people will be using.
Leonard, 19
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The MosT CoMMon Wish
“I wish I could win a big prize.”
The King Faisal International Prize is awarded to individuals, whose achievements
benefit mankind across the globe. Shaikh Sulaiman Al-Rajhi, a world leading
philanthropist, was awarded the 2012 Prize for Service to Islam, while Prof. Adnan
Bin Muhammad Al-Wazzan won the Prize for Islamic Studies.
Prof. Richard Berkowitz and James Bruce
Bussel won the Prize for Medicine. The
cash prize of SAR 750,000 ($200,000) was
split between them. Prof. Ali Hilmi Ahmad
Moussa and Dr. Nabil Ali Muhammad,
from Egypt, shared the Arabic Language
and Literature Prize and Prof. Alexander
Varshavsky won the Science Prize.
Laureates also receive a gold medallion,
and a handwritten certificate.
Quick Check e
Q 2 Pair Work
A. Vocabulary. Match to form new words or expressions. A. Give your answers to the questions
in the article.
1. desert ___ a. round
2. keep ___ b. the prize If I could take only one thing
3. close ___ c. in touch with me to a desert island, I’d take
4. whole year ___ d. island my smartphone.
5. split ___ e. encounter
B. Find sentences that are wishes in
the texts you read. Make questions
1. ____ Saeed would take his cell phone to a for those wishes. In pairs, ask and
desert island. answer the questions. See the
2. ____ Steve would like to be a Roman emperor. example below.
3. ____ Bob would ask an extraterrestrial about life
Do you wish you had a lot
on other planets.
of money?
4. ____ If Ahmed could live in any place in the world,
Yes, I do. Then I would be able
he’d live in Hawaii.
to travel.
5. ____ If Hameed could, he would change the way
he looks. C. List some common wishes, and
6. ____ Leonard would like to find out about compare your list with a partner.
future technologies.
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2 Wishful Thinking
Conditional Sentences with If-Clause: Imaginary Situations

Use conditional sentences to talk about imaginary or hypothetical situations in the present.
Use the simple past in the if-clause. Would is often used in the main clause.
If I found a million dollars, I would keep it. I wouldn’t take it to the police.
The contraction of would is ’d and is used with all subjects: I’d, you’d, he’d, she’d, we’d, they’d.
They’d be happy if they had time to take a vacation.
Conditional Sentences with Might and Could

Might can replace would in conditional sentences to express possibility.
If I had extra money, I might take a vacation to Hawaii.
Could can be used in the if-clause. It means “if someone were able to.”
If I could travel anywhere, I’d go to Tahiti.
Could can also be used in the main clause. It means “would be able to.”
If we had more time, we could play another game of tennis.
Verb: Wish
Use wish for things you want to happen but probably won’t.
wish
in the present I don’t have much time. I wish I had more time.
I have to study today. I wish I didn’t have to study today.
I’m not rich. I wish I was/were rich.
I can’t go to the mall. I wish I could go to the mall.
in the future He won’t lend me his car. I wish he would lend me his car.
Note: Was is usually used in informal spoken English with I.

I wish I was a millionaire.
Read each example in the grammar section. Find sentences in the texts you read on the previous pages that are
similar and underline them.
A. Match the sentence parts.

1. If I were a very rich person, ___ a. I’d tell him to cut taxes.
2. If I saw someone who was stealing in a store, ___ b. I might live with my aunt.
3. If I had more experience, ___ c. I’d travel to New Zealand.
4. If I could say something to the president, ___ d. I wouldn’t have to work.
5. If I had to leave my home, ___ e. I’d apply for the job.
6. If I could choose any destination, ___ f. I’d call the police.
B. Work with a partner. Make sentences that start with the if-clauses in exercise A
and end with your own ideas.
22
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C. Discuss the following situations in a group. What would you do?
1. Someone took your shopping cart by mistake in
the supermarket.
2. You’re in a hotel and you see a famous writer.
3. You lent a friend some money, but the person didn’t return it.
4. You lent a friend a dress or a suit for a special occasion.
When he/she returned it, it had a big stain on it.
5. You saw someone cheating on a test.
D. Problem Solving
Work in groups. Pretend your city has the following problems,
and you are the government official in charge of solving them.
What would you do?
If I were mayor, I would build a rail system to connect
various parts of the city.
poor public transportation crime poor health services few sport facilities
no recycling facilities traffic poor telephone service few libraries
old schools pollution too much garbage expensive housing
E. Use the verb wish to complete the sentences. In some cases, more than one verb form can be correct.
Your best friend is a wonderful person, but he/she talks too much.
I wish that my best friend didn’t talk so much/wouldn’t talk so much .
1. Your friend eats too much junk food and you think it’s unhealthy.
I wish my friend .
2. A friend asked you to go surfing, but you don’t know how to surf.
I wish I .
3. Your parents won’t let you go out tomorrow night.
I wish my parents .
4. It’s raining again.
I wish it .
5. You want to buy someone a present, but you don’t have enough money.
I wish I .
6. You have to wear a uniform to school, and you don’t want to.
I wish we .
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2 Wishful Thinking
4 Language in Context
www.ien.edu.sa
1. A rich businessman offers to pay for three things you

want because you received the highest grades in the
school district. What would you ask for?
2. Compare your wants with members of the class and
select the funniest one.
5 Listening
A. Listen to the conversation and make notes in the chart below.
Wish Why?
Gina
Lyn
Sahar
B. Listen again. Try to figure out the reasons for the people’s wishes, and complete the second
column of the chart. Share your ideas in small groups. Then report in class.
6 Pronunciation
A. Listen. Note how would + you and could + you are reduced in questions. Then practice.
What would you do? What could you do?
Where would you go? Where could you go?
B. Read the people’s wants and wishes again. Underline the would you and could you word
groups. Practice reading the sentences aloud.
7 About You
In pairs, ask the questions and have your friend answer. Then switch roles.
1. Do you ever wish you were someone else? 4. If you lived away from your country, what would you
Who? Why? miss the most?
2. If your house were on fire, what would be the first 5. Have you ever had a wish come true? (Or, do
thing you’d try to save? you know anyone who has?) What was the wish?
3. If you lived on a desert island, what would you miss 6. What advice would you give someone in order
most from civilization? to become rich?
24
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8 Conversation
Underline the would you and could you word groups. In pairs, read
the conversation aloud making sure to reduce the pronunciation of
would you and could you.
Yousef: Some people are really interested in participating in a TV

game show. I read about this guy who won a million-dollar
prize on a TV game show.
Michael: Well, I read about a family that won 100 million dollars as a
prize. Now to me, that would be a real problem. I wouldn’t
know what to do with so much money.
Yousef: You wouldn’t know what to do with so much money?
You have to be crazy to say that. If I won that kind of
cash, I’d know exactly what to do. I have it all planned out.
Michael: What would you do then?
Yousef: I’d divide the amount into three. I’d give one third to
my family. Another third I’d spend on traveling to
places I’ve always dreamed of visiting; I’d buy a house
for myself, and a new car, and I’d have a ball.
Michael: And what would you do with the rest?
Your Ending
What do you think Yousef’s answer would be?
1 I’d probably give it to charity.
2 I’d invest the money in the stock market and try and make more money.
3 I’d give it to you, of course.
4 Your idea: ___________
Real Talk
this guy = informal way to say “this person”
to me = in my opinion
You wouldn’t know… ? = echo question, to confirm what was said (here, to show disbelief)
have a ball = have a good time

1. Who won some money? How did the people win it? Role-play the conversation with a partner.
2. What would Michael do with 100 million dollars? Use your endings. Use the answers in About
3. What two things would Yousef do with the Conversation for ideas.
100 million dollars?
25
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2 Wishful Thinking
Before Reading
Winning money as a prize could bring the winner problems. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons.
Make a list of problems you think might be mentioned in the article below. Then scan the article and
see if it mentions the same problems.
MONEY: A Blessing or a Problem?

There’s a great deal of truth in the saying “A fool nuisance. Michael has been in constant trouble with
and his money are soon parted.” For some people, the law, and has paid thousands of dollars in fines for
winning millions is the answer to their problems, vandalism. Reports say that he is nearly broke.
but the reality is more like a nightmare for others. But not everyone is like Michael and Bud. Bob
The money can strain relationships with family, Bradley, an 83-year-old great-grandfather, won $6.17
friends, and neighbors, and can even eventually end million in May 2006. Besides giving a huge amount to
in bankruptcy. It’s often very hard for a winner to children’s charities, Mr. Bradley has spent his fortune
handle the pressure and all those millions. helping to make the dreams of his family and friends
Most prize winners are not used to having money come true. He has rejected flashy cars, expensive
and making financial decisions. They are vulnerable vacations, and a move to a luxury mansion in favor
and become easy prey to people who want to take of handing out his jackpot to others. He said: “I
advantage of them. Winners may lose large sums on haven’t kept any money for myself. I can just give my
investments they know nothing about, or they might family all they ever wanted. I’ve had my life more or
go in with a partner who may not know how to run a less, so this win is for their benefit.”
business. So if you ever win a big prize, seek an advisory team
William “Bud” Post won $16.2 million. “I wish it never to help you make important financial decisions—and
happened. It was totally a nightmare,” says Post. a good psychiatrist to help you keep your sanity.
He tried to help his family, but things didn’t work
out. A brother was arrested for trying to kill him,
hoping to inherit part of the money. Post went into a
car business and a restaurant with his children, but
the two ventures were failures. He eventually went
broke, and now he lives on $450 a month and food
stamps.
For many people, sudden money can cause more than
financial disaster. The most notorious case of poor
use of prize money in recent times is that of Michael
Carroll, who won £9.7 million ($17.1 million) at the
age of 20. Michael spent almost his entire fortune in
18 months on four homes, a holiday villa in Spain,
two convertible BMWs and two Mercedes Benz
cars, several quad bikes, and a stake in a football
team. Sometimes money can make people insane,
but that isn’t the case with Michael Carroll. He was
a nuisance before, and decided to continue being a
26
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After Reading
A. Underline words and expressions in the reading that refer to money.
B. In your own words, write how the different prize winners handled their fortunes.
1. Bud Post
2. Michael Carroll
3. Bob Bradley
C. Make a list of the most common problems experienced by the prize winners.
Compare your answers with a partner.
Discussion
1 Read the article again and make notes about how each person spent and lost his money.
2 Work in pairs/groups. Think about how you might have helped them protect their money. Make notes in
the chart.
3 Discuss your ideas in class. Decide on the best idea.
4 Do you think Bob Bradley used his money well? Why? Why not?
Prize winner How he lost his prize money How you would help him protect his money
Bud Post
Michael Carroll
Bob Bradley
27
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2 Wishful Thinking ‫رابط الدر�س الرقمي‬
A. 1. Have you ever watched a quiz show on television? What did

you think of it?
2. Would you ever participate in a quiz show? Why? Why not?
3. Read the answers given by the winner of a popular quiz show,
Top Quiz, and match them with the right questions. Write the
number of the question in the blank. Listen and check.
Interviewer: Congratulations! You’re the big winner.

If you could pick one thing
Simon: Thank you, thank you. I’m very excited.
from Top Quiz to take
Interviewer: ___
away as special, besides 1
Simon: You know, I’ve been too busy to think about it. So I guess, no,
your million dollars, what
it hasn’t. But I’m sure it will.
would it be?
Interviewer: ___
Simon: I’m only a guy who was on a quiz show. No more, no less. I don’t feel How does it feel to be
like a celebrity. I’m just a regular person. a celebrity? 2
Interviewer: ___
Simon: Well, my friends and family kept pushing me to join. I wasn’t so sure. I mean,
any
I didn’t think I was all that good at anything. But in the end, I thought, why Did you have 3
nts
rough mome
not? What have I got to lose?
ow?
Interviewer: ___ during the sh
Simon: Yes, you could say I was. But I didn’t watch it all the time. If I had anything
better to do and had to be away, I was away. I guess I’m a big fan now! Has it sunk in yet?
Interviewer: ___
4
Simon: I don’t think anything can prepare you for something like this. I was in a
cide 5
bit of a shock at first but it didn’t take that long to get used to things. It felt How did you de
really good. to sign up?
Interviewer: ___
Simon: Yes, I did actually. If you remember, there was this young man, Weber, who How did it feel to
was a real whiz kid. I thought that was it, for a moment. I didn’t think I could be on the show?
make it. But as it turned out he’s got a way to go. He’s quite young. But … I Was it what you 6
wouldn’t want to compete with him in ten years’ time.
had expected?
Interviewer: ___
Simon: The whole experience. It was something I’ll remember for the rest of my life.
Even if I hadn’t won, I would still feel that way, because it’s all so unique, fan of
working with all these wonderful people, knowing that thousands of viewers Were you a 7
fore
watch you on every show. the show be
Interviewer: ___ you joined?
Simon: Right now, I need some time to settle down and think. I know one thing,
for sure, though; I will not be watching any shows for a while. I’d like to go What are
your plans for
somewhere and rest and then probably decide if I’m going to go back to the 8
future?
college or start my own business.
Interviewer: Any last words?
Simon: I would like to thank everybody for giving me this opportunity—my family,
my friends, the people on the show …
4. How would you feel if you won in a quiz show? Why?

5. Would you want the reporter to ask you different questions? Which ones?
6. Role-play the interview in pairs. Give your own answers.
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B. Write a description of a day in your life as a famous quiz show winner.
Imagine your new celebrity lifestyle and answer the questions:
1. Where do you live? What do you wear? 5. Has your success changed your life for the
2. What do you do? Where do you go? How do better or the worse?
you get there? 6. Make notes in the chart.
3. Who are your friends? Are they new friends or 7. Use your notes to write your description.
old friends? 8. Exchange and read each other’s descriptions
4. What is your relationship like with your family? in class.
Description of your Positive and negative aspects

celebrity lifestyle of your celebrity lifestyle
the place where

you live
your possessions e.g.,
house, clothes, car,
etc
your daily routine
your relationships
with family and
friends
Show Winner
A Day in My Life As a Quiz driver to come and collect me
sunglasses, I call my
Wearing the latest designer p Quiz.’ …
my huge ho use wh ere I have lived since winning ‘To ms. The only
from
e is bea uti ful . It ha s seven bedrooms and three bathroo g at the
My hous
t the re are alw ay s tabloi d newspaper reporters waitin
disadvantage is tha
end of the driveway … wn tow n in my luxurious car, I make my wa
y to a
I ask my driver to tak e me do
ends …
5-star restaurant to meet fri
Writing Corner
When you write a description of a person or someone’s lifestyle:
• Use a lot of descriptive vocabulary to get your reader interested in the person and their lifestyle. Paint
a picture with words to illustrate what kind of person you are describing, such as: huge, luxurious and
so on.
• Use present tenses to describe the person, their friends and family and their activities.
• Use paragraphs to describe different aspects of someone’s lifestyle. You could organize your
description into different parts of the day, the places the person visits, their feelings throughout the
day and how they change and so on.
• Mention the negative aspects of the person’s lifestyle as well as the positive aspects.
• Conclude your description by summing up how the person generally feels about their life.
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2 Wishful Thinking
Count/Noncount Nouns
Count nouns name things that you can count: one Saudi riyal, two Saudi riyals, etc. They have singular and
plural forms.
Singular Count Nouns Plural Count Nouns
a coin two coins
a wish three wishes
a prize four prizes
Noncount nouns name things that you can’t count: money, news, information, advice, rice, tea. They don’t use
a/an. They don’t have plural forms.
Expressions of Quantity: Some, Any, No

Use some in affirmative statements. Use any in negative statements and in questions.
Use some/any with noncount nouns and with plural nouns.
Questions (?) Affirmative (+) Negative (–)
Is there any pollution? There is some pollution. There isn’t any pollution.
Are there any sport facilities? There are some sport facilities. There aren’t any sport facilities.
Use no with noncount and plural nouns in affirmative sentences to give a negative meaning.
There is no crime. = There isn’t any crime.
There are no recycling facilities. = There aren’t any recycling facilities.
A. Read the description of a city and circle the quantifiers a/an, some, any and no.
My family moved to this city when I was 10 years old. However, I

don’t like living here and I wish we would move. There is too
much traffic and air pollution. There is a lot of garbage
on the streets. There are no recycling facilities and
there isn’t anywhere to play sport either. I suppose
there is some good public transportation but there isn’t a
subway system. There are some good schools but they
are very old. There are no libraries and there isn’t even
a book store downtown. There is a big supermarket
near my house but my mother complains that it is very
expensive. The roads are not very good and there is
nowhere to ride my bike. I wish we hadn’t moved here.
I wish I lived somewhere else!
B. With a partner talk about what is good and bad about

your city. Use there is/are and quantifiers.
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Words Connected with Money, Shopping Habits and Prices
Some words that we commonly use when we talk about shopping habits and prices are:
Item Material Size Price

sweater wool
$30
pants 50% cotton and
SAR 209
thobe 50% polyester small
SAR 150
sandals cotton medium
$125
bracelet leather large
SAR 720
dress gold
a 20% discount
shoes silver
Can I help you, sir? Yes, please. I’m looking for a thobe.
What size are you? I’d like to try on a medium.
Are these pants cotton? They are made from wool.
Excuse me, how much is this sweater? It’s $95, sir.
How much are these leather sandals? We have a 15% discount on those.
They are SAR 110.
Can I see the gold bracelet? Yes, of course. Here you are.
How would you like to pay? I’d rather pay in cash / by credit card
C. Read the conversation in a shop. Complete with a bold vocabulary word from the chart above.
Shop assistant: Can I (1.) you, sir?
Man: Yes, please. I’m (2.) for a sweater for my nephew.
Shop assistant: What (3.) is he?
Man: He’s a (4.) .
Shop assistant: Ok. We have a blue one and a red one in that size.
Man: How (5.) are they?
Shop assistant: The blue sweater is made from 100% (6.) and it is SAR 130. The red
one is made from wool and cotton. We have a 20% (7.) on the red one.
It’s now (8.) 85.
Man: Great. My nephew prefers red, so I’ll take the red
one.
Shop assistant: Would you like to pay in (9.)
or by (10.) , sir?
Man: I’d like to pay in cash, please.
D. Read the situation below and write the conversation. Work with
a partner. Then role-play the conversation for the class.
Sabah is attending a wedding on the weekend. She wants to buy
a new outfit. Complete the conversation with ideas of your own.
Shop assistant: Can I help you, madam?
Sabah: Yes, please. I’m looking for …
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2 Wishful Thinking
1. Work in pairs/groups. Research three TV programs that give participants

and contestants large prizes. Find information on the Internet,
in newspapers, books, or ask people. Find out about:
• prizes
• the objective of the game
• the rules of the game
• winners
• losers
2. Make notes in the chart. Use your notes to make a PowerPoint or poster presentation in class.
Object of the game

What does
TV Program Largest Prize Who won it? a contestant How does a How does a
have to do contestant contestant
during the win? lose?
game?
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13 Self Reflection

make wishes and talk about imaginary situations
talk about probability and improbability
talk about predicaments
give advice to solve problems

use conditional sentences with an if -clause
in imaginary situations
use conditional sentences with might and could
use the verb wish

use count and noncount nouns
express quantity using: some, any, no
talk about money, shopping habits and prices


from the unit again
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www.ien.edu.sa

Read the consumer complaints. Find one sentence in each picture that is a complaint and underline it.
Consumer Complaints The engine makes

a strange noise.
Housing Car Repairs It was in for repairs
We’ll
just last week.
Don’t worry. We’ll have it
The walls are filthy. They get it done. checked.
need to be repainted.
This computer
crashed.
Do you have a
warranty?
Yes, I have a
three-year warranty.
I’ll have a technician
look at it.
Clothing Products
This sleeve
is torn.
I’ll have it sewn.
I’d rather have

a new jacket or
a refund.
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Consumer Awareness
What to Be Aware Of Car Repairs
Housing
cracked windshield flat tire dead battery
leaky pipe dripping faucet
worn tire dent in the body

loose broken
floorboards windowpane
broken doorknob
Electronic Products
stain Clothing air conditioner—
doesn’t get cold
hole
missing button
torn TV—lines on screen

scratched DVD
cell phone—no signal
Quick Check e
Q 2 Pair Work
A. Vocabulary. Write down what you think is the
Role-play the problems
worst problem for each category on these pages.
presented on these pages.
Compare your ideas with a partner.
What’s wrong?
B. Comprehension. Answer the questions about There’s a broken windowpane.
the complaints on page 34. I’ll have it fixed right away.
1. What’s wrong with the apartment? What seems to be the problem?
2. What does the mechanic say he’s going to do? The air conditioning isn’t cooling.
3. What’s wrong with the jacket? The thermostat needs to be fixed.
4. What’s wrong with the computer?
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Need to Be (Done)
The windows need to be cleaned. (= Someone needs to clean the windows.)
The car seats need to be fixed. (= Someone needs to fix the car seats.)
Have/Get Something (Done)

Use have or get, with the past participle, when someone else does the service for you.
The rooms need to be decorated. We’re having/getting the rooms decorated.
The roof needs to be repaired. We’re going to have/get the roof repaired.
The house needed to be painted. We had/got the house painted.
Past Participles as Adjectives

break–broken The windows were broken. I fixed the broken windows.
crack–cracked The vase was cracked. I threw away the cracked vase.
damage–damaged The car was damaged. The mechanic fixed the damaged car.
tear–torn The shirt was torn. The tailor sewed the torn sleeve.
A. Say what is wrong with the following items. Then say how the things should be fixed.
Use the words in the box to help you.
dry-clean repair replace sew sharpen

The jacket is stained. It needs to be dry-cleaned.
1 2 3
4 5 6 7
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B. This apartment has a lot of problems. Complete the chart. 1 2
1. Make a list of the problems.
2. Say how you’re going to solve them.
Problem Solution
1. Living room:
The windowpane in the living room I’m going to have it
is broken. It needs to be fixed. fixed.
3
2. Kitchen:
3. Bedroom:
4. Bathroom:
4 5
5. Dining room:
C. Tell your classmates what you had done in the apartment in

exercise B. Add your own ideas.
We had the apartment redecorated.
D. Complete the conversation. Use the correct form of the verbs in

parentheses. Then practice the conversation with a partner.
Khaled: I ________ (1. have) this car for six months, and
it gives me all kinds of problems.
Joe: What is it this time?
Khaled: It ________ (2. not start) in the mornings.
Joe: Maybe it’s because of the cold, or the battery
________ (3. might/be) low.
It probably needs ________ (4. recharge).
Khaled: It isn’t that. I just ________ (5. have/put in)
a new battery________, and it still won’t start.
I think the starter needs ________ (6. repair).
Joe: Is there anything else wrong with the car?
Khaled: Yes, the exhaust pipe ________ (7. fall) off, and
the radiator is leaking.
They both need ________ (8. fix).
Joe: Is your car under warranty?
Khaled: Yes, it is.
Joe: Then you shouldn’t worry. We’ll ________
everything ________ (9. have/fix) for you.
Khaled: That’s what you ________ (10. say) the
last time.
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4 Language in Context www.ien.edu.sa
The following silly instructions appeared on product labels. Explain the instructions in your own words.
Why are they silly? (You might need to correct the English.)
You shouldn’t use a hair dryer in the bath or in bed.
2
On a hair dryer On an iron
Do not use while sleeping. Do not iron clothes on body.
Do not use in water. 3
1 On a dessert
On a bottle of milk Do not turn container upside
After opening, keep upright. down when opening.
6
4 On a frozen dinner
On a hotel shower cap We suggest you
5 cook before serving. 7
Use on one’s head. On a baby stroller
On a meat grinder
Do not use for any Put on brakes on slope.
other purpose. It might roll down quickly.
5 Listening
Listen to the guest’s complaints. Complete the chart with his problems.
Problems
1.
2.
3.
4.

A. Listen. Note the stress on the first noun In pairs, ask the questions and have your friend answer.
in the compound nouns. Then practice. Then switch roles.
windshield hair dryer 1. Have you ever bought a damaged or defective
meat grinder floorboard product? What did you do about it?
shower cap windowpane 2. Have you ever returned something to a store?
B. Find more words on the previous pages What was the reaction of the person you talked to?
that are made up of two nouns. Practice 3. Are there organizations that help consumers
reading them aloud by stressing the first when they have problems? What do you know about
part of the first noun. them?
4. What are the most common consumer complaints
you know of?
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8 Conversation
Salesperson: Can I help you, ma’am?
Customer: Yes, please, if you could. I’d like to return a
pair of jeans that my son bought—they’re
wide-cut with faded colors.
Salesperson: It sounds like one of Milo’s creations. He
designs loose-fitting clothing, and faded
clothes are in style this season. Your son
didn’t like them?
Customer: No, it’s not that. It’s the fabric. It’s really
flimsy, and…
Salesperson: Well, lightweight fabrics are the latest trend.
Customer: You don’t seem to understand.
Salesperson: Of course, ma’am, I’ll try to help. Can you give
me the jeans?
Customer: You see, they’re torn at the knees, and in
several other places, and the material is
falling apart. I noticed it when I was putting
them in the washer.
Real Talk
Yes, please, if you could. = polite way to respond to an offer
It sounds like = It seems to be
Your Ending
What do you think was the salesperson’s response?
1 Those tears are part of the design.
2 Would you like another pair?
3 Would you like a credit to buy something in another department?
4 Your idea: ___________

In pairs, ask and answer the questions. You are a customer. You want to complain about an
Then switch roles. item you bought. Make a list in your notebook of three
1. Was the salesperson helpful? things the salesperson says and three things you say. In
2. What is Milo’s latest style? pairs, role-play the conversation between you and the
3. What was the problem with the jeans salesperson.
according to the mother?
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Before Reading
1. Have you ever heard of Murphy’s Law? Find out if any of your classmates know about it.
2. Read the article and underline all the sentences that talk about something that went wrong.
3. Write a sentence to state what the writer is trying to say.
M U R PH Y ’ S L AW
You invite your friends over to watch an NBA basketball playoff game on TV. There are plenty of
sodas in the refrigerator, the popcorn is popping, and you are all set to watch the big game. You
turn on the TV set, and all you get are fuzzy images on the screen. Is this plain bad luck or is it
Murphy’s Law at work? Murphy’s Law states: If anything can go wrong, it might go wrong!
Similar situations occur all the time. When you’re in a hurry to open the door and you try several
keys on the key ring, the last remaining key is usually the one that works. When you get in a
line at the supermarket, you find you’ve chosen the slowest one, and it just doesn’t move. Is this
bad luck or coincidence? According to British physicist Robert Matthews, it’s neither one nor
the other. He explains that our selective memories tend to remember the bad episodes more
readily than the things that usually work out. Also, the law of probability is more against us than
in our favor in many situations. For example, in the supermarket with five cashiers, the chances of
getting the fastest lane are 20 percent, and 80 percent for a slower lane.
Matthews became a popular scientist when he proved that a piece of
toast doesn’t necessarily fall on the floor on the buttered side. BBC
Television gathered 300 people to throw pieces of buttered toast up in
the air and observe on which side they fell. Half fell on the buttered side,
and half didn’t.
Now here’s a tricky question for Matthews.
It’s a known fact that cats always fall on
their four legs. What happens if you tie
a piece of buttered toast on a cat’s back
and drop them from a balcony? Will the
cat land on all fours, or will the toast land
on the buttered side? I sincerely hope the
BBC doesn’t try this experiment.
Just remember that you cannot blame Murphy’s Law for everything that
goes wrong. If the hot water runs out while you’re having a shower, it’s
probably because the hot water heater needs to be fixed. If your car
breaks down on the way to a job interview, it’s probably because you
didn’t have the vehicle serviced or repaired. And if you lose all your files
on the computer, it’s not bad luck— it’s your fault for not doing a backup of
your files.
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Captain
E d w a r d A . M u r p h y
in the
Edwards Air Force Base
ptain Edwa rd A. Mu rph y, Jr., was an engineer at re the he artbe at and
Ca
wa s wo rking on a machine to measu
United States. In 1949, he nt as the result
so me thing wa s ma lfunctioning in the equipme
breathing of pilots. Bu t is any way to
me d the lab tec hnician and said, “If there
of human error. Murph y bla shing down.
e pe rso n’s fail ure ca n bring a whole project cra
do it wrong, he will.” On lly happen.
t so me fail ure or some thing negative will typica
tha
And Murphy’s view was ures of everyday things.
e be ca me po pu lar in all areas to explain the fail
Murphy’s phras
After Reading
Answer the questions about the reading.
1. What does the example of the NBA game illustrate?
2. What does Murphy’s Law state?
3. According to Robert Matthews, how does the law of
probability work against us in the supermarket line?
4. Why did Matthews do the buttered bread experiment?
What did it show?
Discussion
1. Give examples of Murphy’s Law using your experiences.
2. Do you believe in Murphy’s Law? Why, or why not?
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A. 1. Have you ever bought a product that turned out to be faulty or a lot
less than you expected? Did you take it back? Why? Why not?
2. Some people complain in writing to make sure that their complaints
go on record. Read the complaint letter on the next page and answer
the questions.
• What was the problem with the item that the writer had bought?
• What was the first thing he did? What was he advised to do?
• What did he expect the store to do? Why?
• How do you think he feels about the whole incident? How
do you know?
3. Now read the letter again. Circle the paragraph(s) that do the
following:
Paragraph or paragraphs
Set(s) the scene: 1 2 3 4 5
Express(es) personal feeling/opinion: 1 2 3 4 5
Give(s) an account of the events: 1 2 3 4 5
Provide(s) a conclusion: 1 2 3 4 5
Please note that some of the paragraphs can serve more than one purpose.
B. 1. Think about a faulty product. It can be a clothing item, an electronic gadget, an appliance, etc.
2. Think about what can go wrong with it. Make notes in the chart.
3. Use your notes to write a letter of complaint to the Customer Service Department of the company
or the store where you bought it.
The item/product you are complaining about: _______________________________

What you would ask/
What the instructions/ What is happening
expect the company that
salesperson promise instead
sold you the item to do
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Interelectronica
Customer Service Department
345 Jackson Road,
Baltimore, MD 23770
Date: _______________________
Dear Sir,
1 I purchased a set of earphones at your store three days ago. According

to your promotional material, any item that is faulty and is returned
within 24 hours, is fully refunded and a discount voucher is offered for
future purchases, as a courtesy to the customer.
2 I attempted to use my earphones the day I purchased them and found

out that one of the cables had not been connected. I therefore, called
your Customer Service Department and was advised to return the
earphones as soon as possible.
3 I drove to your place of business immediately and tried to do as advised.

Unfortunately, however, I was told by the assistant that the earphones
could only be returned if the packaging was intact.
4 Allow me to wonder how one is supposed to find out if an item is faulty

or not, if it is kept in its packaging. And if that is the case, it would seem
fair to include it in your promotional material in large block letters,
instead of conveying the wrong message and misleading people.
5 I regret to inform you that following this incident, I will refrain from using
your retail outlet in future and will have to report you to Consumer
Protection.
Yours sincerely,
A displeased former customer
Writing Corner
When you write an email/letter of complaint:
• Set the scene, in other words, provide background information.
• Give a clear account of expectations and actual events.
• Present the problem clearly and confidently.
• Conclude on a firm but polite note.
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Present Perfect Simple Tense

Use the present perfect to talk about recently completed actions.
Question Short Answer (+) Short Answer (–)
Has he taken out the garbage? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
Have they taken the car to the garage? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t.
Note: Use been to talk about someone who has gone somewhere and he or she has returned.
Use gone to talk about someone who has left to go somewhere and he or she is still there.
Present Perfect with Already, Yet, Just

You can use the present perfect to talk about events that happened before now.
It is possible that the event happened earlier than expected.
Questions Affirmative (+) Negative (–)
Have you done the dishes yet? Yes, I’ve already done them. No, I haven’t done them yet.
Have you already washed the clothes? Yes, I’ve just washed them. No, I haven’t washed them yet.
Verb + Gerund
Use the gerund form (which ends in -ing) after the following verbs:
avoid enjoy give up imagine mind stop
can’t stand finish hate keep miss suggest
He can’t stand waiting in line. I don’t enjoy sitting in the sun.
We miss being with our friends. They stop playing tennis in the winter.
A. Work with a partner. Ask and answer about the pictures.

A: Have you done the dishes yet?
B: Yes, I’ve already done them.
B. Make sentences with the words. Use gerunds.

dessert / eat / after meals / can’t resist / I I can’t resist eating dessert after meals.
1. she / clean / can’t stand / the house
2. live / our grandparents / enjoy / in the country
3. the children / hate / their ice cream / share
4. eat / Mom’s food / we / miss
5. my sister / my toothpaste / use / stop / have to
6. the workers / paint / the house / finished
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Object Pronouns
Singular Plural
Subject Object Subject Object
Pronouns Pronouns Pronouns Pronouns
I me He knows me. we us They know us.
you you I know you. you you They know you.
he him I know him. they them We know them.
she her I know her.
Need/Want/Like + Infinitive
Use the full infinitive (which is to + the base form of the verb) after the
following verbs: need, want, like.
She needs to buy some snacks.
He doesn’t want to do the dishes.
I like to help my mother.
Imperatives and Two-Word Verbs

Two-word verbs are common in English. They have a verb + particle. Object pronouns always come
between the verb and the particle.
Turn off your cell phone. Turn the phone off. Turn it off.
Clean up the mess. Clean the mess up. Clean it up.
Put away your clothes. Put your clothes away. Put them away.
C. Complete the sentences. Use the correct object pronoun: me, you, him, her, it, us, or them. The object
pronouns can be used once, more than once or not at all.
We need to invite our friends. I can ask them .
1. He doesn’t like the shoes we bought for him. He’s going to return
to the store.
2. Sandra is never on time. She’s going to tell to be more punctual.
3. This computer keeps crashing. I’m going to return and
ask for a refund.
4. Excuse me, we can’t find what we are looking for. Could you help ?
5. The car windscreen is cracked. Please can you fix ?
D. Rewrite each sentence with a two-word verb in two ways.

Please turn on the TV. Please turn the TV on. Please turn it on.
1. Put away those toys.
2. Clean up this mess.
3. Turn on the cooker.
4. Please turn off the light.
5. Please pick up your jacket.
6. Turn down the radio.
7. Turn up the news.
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1. Think about the complaints that your family has made

about different products at home.
2. Interview some of the members of your family to find
out more.
3. Make notes in the chart.
4. Make a large poster of 3 to 5 products. You can cut out
photos of products if you like, or draw them. Remember
to include a short description or product specifications.
5. Write the complaint about the product in quotes under
the picture.
6. Write your advice about how to deal with the problem.
Person and Product The problem/complaint Your advice
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13 Self Reflection

talk about problems and things that need to be

done
ask to have something done
talk about common consumer complaints
use needs to be (done) and use have/get

something done
use past participles as adjectives
use: already, yet, just
form constructions with verb + gerund; verb + infinitive
know about subject and object pronouns
form imperatives and two-word verbs


from the unit again
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EXPANSION Units 1-3
1 Language Review
A. Complete the sentences with the following words: although, as soon as, in spite of, so, when.
1. Do you know _________ Mr. Johnson will be back?
2. The plane arrived on time _________ the bad weather.
3. _________ the guests complained to the manager, the hotel didn’t fix the dripping faucet.
4. They couldn’t repair my laptop, _________ they gave me my money back.
5. I’ll tell you about the results of the exam _________ I know them.
B. Write sentences with I wish.

I have to go to work on Sunday. I wish I didn’t have to to go to work on Sunday.
1. My family isn’t rich.
2. My friend gossips a lot.
3. Ahmed can’t come to the game.
4. I’m not very tall.
5. I don’t speak German.
C. Complete the sentences. Use need + to be or need to have it/them

and a word from the box in the correct form.
check clean refill fix recharge repaint sew sharpen
The car bumper is all bent. It needsto be fixed.

My jeans are torn. I need to have them sewn.
1. This kitchen knife doesn’t cut well.

We .
2. The walls are filthy.
They .
3. These cushions are too flat.
You .
4. I think the battery is dead.
I .
5. The engine is making a funny noise.
It .
6. Some of the paint is coming off the walls.
We .
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D. Complete the conditional sentences using your own information.
1. If I had the time, .

2. If I lived in .
3. If I could change something about myself, .
4. If I could be someone else, .
5. If I could travel anywhere, .
E. Complete the interview with a sports star. Use the correct

form of the word in parentheses.
Reporter: I heard you’ve just been ________ (1. sell)
to Barcelona for $50 million. I was wondering
how much of that money actually goes into your
pocket.
Player: I wish it ________ (2. be) that amount. In fact,
it isn’t half of that. I get only ten percent if I’m
lucky. My agent and the club get the rest.
Reporter: How much do you get from ________ (3. play)?
Player: About six million a year.
Reporter: Plus all the money you make from advertising.
Some people think you football players are overpaid.
Player: I disagree. We might ________ (4. make) a lot of money, but our careers are very short.
By the time we ________ (5. be) 30, we’re burned out. We have ________ (6. crack) ribs,
________ (7. tear) ligaments, and ________ (8. break) bones. Very few players continue
after that.
Reporter: If you could, would you?
Player: No, I wouldn’t. I’m thinking of ________ (9. retire) at 28.
Reporter: And are you looking forward to ________ (10. play) in Spain?
Player: Yes, I’m used to ________ (11. work) for different clubs and ________ (12. live) in
different places.
F. Complete the sentences using a preposition and a gerund form.

I regret the trouble I caused you. I apologize for causing you trouble.
1. I’m sorry I arrived late. Please excuse me .
2. I can’t wait to go on vacation. I’m looking forward .
3. I don’t want to wait for them any longer. I’m tired .
4. You must let me buy you lunch. I insist .
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EXPANSION Units 1-3
2 Reading
Before Reading
Read the three articles and underline the details that tell you about the history of each game.
PLAY BALL!
FOOTBALL
Forms of football have been played for thousands of years by various civilizations. As far back as 2500 b.c.e.,
the Chinese played a form of the game and called it Tsu Chu. The natives of the Pacific Islands played the
game using their hands and feet, and they used coconuts and animal bladders as balls. The Inuits of northern
Canada played football on ice and used balls filled with
caribou hair and grass. Other Native Americans played
on fields that had enough space for 1,000 players to be
playing at the same time, and matches usually lasted for
more than one day. The games were so rough that the
players often got broken bones. In Mexico and Central
America, people invented the rubber ball and played in
courts 40 to 50 feet (12 to 15 meters) long surrounded by
walls several feet high. In the middle of each wall, there
was a stone with a hole in the middle or a wooden ring,
and the idea was for players to hit the hard rubber ball
through the hole or ring.
But it was not until 1863 in England that the first set of rules was put together to make football the
game it is today. Football was spread throughout the world by British sailors and settlers, and all
major innovations in the game such as leagues, professionalism, and international matches originated in
England.
BASKETBALL
In 1891, Dr. James A. Naismith, a physical education teacher at a school in Springfield, Massachusetts, in
the United States, was asked to create a game that could be played indoors during the harsh winters. So
Naismith put up two peach baskets on opposite walls of the gymnasium and got his class of 18 students
to play a game of “basketball.” The team that dropped the ball into the basket more times won. At first, a
football was used, but in 1894, it was decided that the ball should be 32 inches (81 centimeters) around and
weigh 17.6 ounces (500 grams). In spite of all the changes that have taken place since then in the game of
basketball, the size of the ball has remained the same, but the weight has increased to 21 ounces (600 grams).
The baskets used in early games had the bottoms in them, and
after each goal, someone had to climb a ladder in order to get
the ball out and put it back into play. In 1906, open baskets
were introduced, which allowed the ball to pass through,
and as a result, the pace of the game became faster. In the
beginning, no backboards were used either. Therefore, fans
sitting behind the basket would push away the ball when the
opponent was going to score. Also in the early days, each
team was made up of nine players. It wasn’t until 1897 that the
five-player team became official.
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VOLLEYBALL
Volleyball was officially included in the Olympic Games in 1964. It
began as an indoor sport, created by William G. Morgan, a physical
education director, in 1895. The game borrowed characteristics
from tennis and handball and was originally designed for older
players.
Volleyball is played on a court, divided by a net. The game begins
with a team player serving the ball; tossing it in the air and hitting
it with his hand or arm, over the net and into the other team’s
court. The receiving team must prevent the ball from falling on
the ground. Each team is allowed to touch the ball 3 times before
hitting it back, over the net. Individual players may only touch
the ball once. Each turn after serving is called a “rally.”
Each team tries to ground the ball on the opponent’s court and win the rally. If a team commits a fault it loses. Common
faults include a double hit by the same player, grounding the ball outside the opponent’s court, missing the net or
touching it during the game; a net foul, and a foot fault, when the foot of the player who is serving crosses over the
boundary line or the court.
Players have to observe a considerable number of rules and develop techniques such as spiking and blocking that
require mastery of the vertical jump so players can hit the ball when it’s above the top of the net.
After Reading
Answer true or false.
1. ____ Although football had been played for hundreds of years, the set of rules for the current game
was only established in 1863.
2. ____ If the Native Americans had played on regular-size football fields, there wouldn’t have been
enough space for all the players.
3. ____ In Central America, the idea was for players to hit the ring with the ball.
4. ____ Before basketball, people weren’t used to playing sports games indoors during the hard
winters in the United States.
5. ____ In the early days of basketball, the game ended as soon as one of the players managed to
drop the ball into one of the baskets.
6. ____ Each team tries to win the rally by grounding the ball on each other's court.
Discussion
1. What is your favorite sport? Describe how it is played.
2. Are you a fan of any particular team? What do you do when your team wins?
3. Who is the most popular sports star in your country? What do you think about sports celebrities
being looked upon as role models?
4. Nowadays sports like football and basketball are big business and generate billions of dollars
all over the world. What do you think about sports as a business?
5. What would you do if you were a famous sports star and earned a lot of money? How would you behave?
6. The passion for sports can sometimes result in violence. What can be done to prevent that?
3 Writing
Choose one of the discussion questions above and write your answer.
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$
EXPANSION Units 1-3
4 Chant Along
If I Were a Millionaire
$
n dollars,
If I had a millio
illionaire.
I would be a m ds
a lot on diamon
I would spend .
kle everywhere
That would spar ents,
friends all pres
I would buy my
em to a trip,
I would treat th
elf a mansion,
I would buy mys
brand-new car.
I would drive a
n seas?
il w ith m e if I sailed the seve
Would you sa
a trip to Mars?
u co m e w ith me if I took
Would yo I had?
u st an d by m e if I lost all that
And would yo good and bad?
u st ill be m y friend through
Would yo
t have a house.
´Cause I wouldn’
no Cadillacs.
There would be s.
no trips to Mar
There would be ies.
a and choc cook
There’d be pizz
I had,
If I lost all that nd?
be my good frie
Would you still
and for worse,
And for better
a wish to send?
Would you like
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$
Vocabulary
A. Find words in the chant that mean:
1. a very wealthy person ___________________
2. stones used in jewelry ___________________
3. a large impressive house ___________________
4. a famous car brand ___________________
B. Find five words and/or phrases in the chant that indicate a rich lifestyle.
1. ____________________
2. ____________________
3. ____________________
4. ____________________
5. ____________________
C. Find an expression in the chant that means:

Howard Hughes
through good and bad _______________________________
Comprehension
1. Where would the person live if he were a millionaire?
2. Where would he sail?
3. What would he and his friend eat if they were poor?
4. What does he want to know from his friend?
Discussion
Do you know anyone who had a fortune
and lost it all? What happened?
5 Project
1. Research a very famous person.
2. Complete the organizer with details about the person in note-form.
3. Use your notes/organizer to present your findings to the class.
A Famous Person
Name
Why this person is famous
Where this person lives
What this person does
Important events in his/her life
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4 I Wonder What Happened
www.ien.edu.sa
1 Listen and Discuss 2

1. Look at the pictures and write words for some of the things
and actions you see in each picture.
2. Match the sentences below with the pictures.
1
5 6
a. ___ There must have been a hurricane or a tornado.

7
b. ___ It can’t be a real locomotive. It must be an advertisement.
c. ___ He might have teased the bull.
d. ___ The driver must have lost control of the truck.
e. ___ It might be a new design of sunglasses.
f. ___ It must be the crater of a volcano, or maybe a meteorite
could have fallen.
g. ___ It could be something from another planet.
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Weekly edition
the daily Readi
Meteorite Hits Ho
ng JouRnal
sect ion a
New Orleans,
Louisiana USA
use through the Fa
ussets’
roof and the h
When Ray and ouse’s two
Judy floors, and it h
Fausset arrived ad ended up
home in the crawl sp
on the afterno ace under
on of the house, leav
September 23, ing debris
2003, and fragments
they discovered along its
to path. A total m
their amazemen ass of 42.5
t that a pounds (19.3 k
meteorite had ilograms)
crashed from the meteo
through their ri te
two-story was recovered
house. Neighb from
ors said that the Fausset house
they had heard . The
a terrific three largest fr
noise, and two agments
people had weighed 6.5 pound
actually seen s (2.9
the fireball kilograms), 2.9
when the meteo p o u nds
r hit. The (1.3 kilograms)
meteorite had , and 2.2
penetrated pounds (1 kilo
gram).
Quick Check e
Q
A. Vocabulary. Underline the expressions in the sentences
on page 54 that suggest ideas about what probably
2
happened or what something probably is.
B. Comprehension. Answer true or false. Pair Work
1. ___ When the Faussets got home, their roof had Ask and answer about the photos.
been smashed.
2. ___ The crash happened while they were asleep. What might have happened?
3. ___ The Faussets’ neighbors said they hadn’t The driver might have hit a car
heard anything. on the road.
4. ___ The meteorite had left a lot of destruction in
its path. What do you think it is?
5. ___ The largest fragment wasn’t as heavy as a It can’t be a house. It must be an
tennis ball. observatory.
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Past Perfect Tense

Use the past perfect tense (had + past participle) to indicate an action that happened before
another action in the past.
When we arrived at the airport, our flight had already left.
They couldn’t get in the house because they had forgotten the key.
Questions (?) Short Answers (+) Short Answers (–)
I I I
you you you
Had he/she been there before? Yes, he/she had. No, he/she hadn’t.
we we we
they they they
Note: The contraction ‘d for had—I’d (I + had), you’d (you + had), and so on—can be used with
the past perfect.
Can’t, Could, Couldn’t, Must, May, or Might

Use can’t, must, may, or might to make suppositions, to speculate about something, and to
draw conclusions.
Use must to say we are sure of something.
Use can’t or couldn’t to say that we think something is impossible.
Use may, might, or could to say that something is possible.
Present Past
It can’t be a balloon. Balloons aren’t It couldn’t have been a balloon. Balloons aren’t
shaped like that. It might be a glider. shaped like that. It might have been a glider.
But gliders don’t fly vertically. But gliders don’t fly vertically.
It must be a helicopter. It must have been a helicopter.
A. Complete the sentences using the verbs in parentheses. Use the simple past and the past perfect forms.
1. I ____________ (feel) much better after I ____________ (see) the results of my test.
2. It had been raining, but by the time we ____________ (arrive), the rain ____________ (stop).
3. Dinosaurs ____________ (be) extinct for millions of years before the first humans
____________ (appear).
4. I ____________ (never, travel) outside my country until I ____________ (go) to Disney World
last summer.
5. We wanted to get a picture of the meteorite, but when we ____________ (arrive), the police
____________ (already, take) it away.
6. No, Your Honor, I ____________ (never, see) that man before the night he ____________ (break into)
my apartment.
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B. Complete the sentences using can’t, must, or might.
1. You haven’t eaten all day. You ____________ be starving.
2. Pat’s joking. She ____________ be serious.
3. Ahmed has been studying all afternoon. He ____________
be tired by now.
4. I’m not sure of the way there. Let’s ask my father.
He ____________ drive us there.
5. I can’t find my keys anywhere. I ____________ have lost them.
6. Who’s at the door? It ____________ be Mariam. She is abroad
with her parents.
C. Look at the pictures, and explain what you think must have
happened, might have happened, and could have happened.
He must have slept late.

He might have forgotten to set his alarm clock.
He could have stayed up late last night.
1 2
3 4
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Look at the picture and imagine what had happened before Mr. and Mrs. Jones got home.
The children had cooked dinner.
5 Listening
A. Listen to the two strange events, and complete the chart. Write the strange events in the What
Happened? column.
What happened? Speculation/Possibility
Erika’s house
Fred and Mildred’s ranch
B. Write your own idea about why it happened in the Speculation/Possibility column.
Compare ideas with other students.
6 Pronunciation
Listen. Note the er ending in the following words. Then practice.
crater driver recover water discover
7 About You
1. Have you ever seen a meteorite?
2. Have you ever heard or read about unusual incidents that were hard to explain?
3. Have you ever seen a puzzling sight like those on page 54? Talk about your experience.
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8 Conversation
Find and underline examples of er at the end of words
and practice reading the conversation in pairs.
Samir: Excuse me. What’s going on?

Greg: When I got to the park, a crowd had
already gathered around that weird thing
over there.
Samir: Gee! I wonder what it is.
Greg: Beats me! It must have fallen from the sky.
Do you have any idea what it might be?
Samir: Whatever it is, it’s man-made. It looks like
part of a satellite to me.
Greg: Or it might be the remains of a weather
balloon.
Samir: No, it can’t be. I’ve seen weather
balloons before, and that’s not the type of
equipment they have.
Greg: You see those lights flashing? And there’s
a humming sound coming from it. It must
be a communications satellite.
Samir: Or maybe one of those UFOs.
You never know.
Real Talk Your Ending

Excuse me. = a way to start a conversation with a stranger
Gee! = an exclamation to express surprise What does Greg say?
Beats me! = I have no idea! 1 Yeah. We’d better call the police.
You never know. = Anything is possible. 2 It might be a time bomb. Let’s get out of here.
3 I’m going to stick around to see what happens.
About the Conversation 4 Your idea: ___________
1. What had happened before Greg got to the park?
2. What does Samir think the object could be?
3. What does Greg think it might be? *
UFO = Unidentified Flying Object
Your Turn
A. Role-play the conversation with a partner. Speculate about the object found in the park.
B. Imagine you are a reporter. Give a report about what happened at the park.
*FYI: For Your Information

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Before Reading
1. Think about the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 2030.
How do you think education, healthcare, employment,
culture and business will change?
2. Read the text and highlight the information about:
• education, healthcare, and culture
• business and employment
Compare with your ideas.
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is blessed with a great continue to ensure that all pilgrims are well looked
amount of natural resources and amazing opportunities after when they visit.
for economic growth and development. However, the
The Economy
Kingdom’s most valuable asset is its Islamic, family-
oriented society. The Kingdom’s economy will grow and expand
into new sectors. A dynamic business environment
The People
with upgraded services and facilities will offer
The Kingdom’s 2030 Vision will provide the support opportunities for investment and attract large and
and opportunities that this society needs in order to small businesses from different countries.
develop its potential. The members of the Kingdom’s
The Kingdom’s geographical position will help make
society will enjoy a secure and happy life in a secure
it an international trade and transportation center
and sustainable environment. They will have social
that connects Europe, Africa, and Asia.
support, health care and high quality education. They
will be able to raise their children according to Islamic Telecommunications and information technology
values and help develop their talents and abilities. will be updated and made available in urban and
rural areas. This will provide additional access to
Culture and entertainment projects will contribute
information and employment opportunities for
to the quality of life and celebrate the nation’s faith,
citizens who live in remote areas.
national identity, culture and heritage. Libraries,
galleries, and museums will be established in different Government services will be streamlined to support
areas. Higher education will address real needs and the establishment and operation of new enterprises
provide the knowledge and training that people need in different sectors. The renewed and streamlined
for employment and professional development. business environment will increase opportunities for
citizens and attract investors from all over the world.
The Kingdom is honored to welcome and serve an
increasing number of pilgrims and visitors, from across * Adapted from the text of the Vision Programs at
the globe, every year. The expansion of the Two Holy https://vision2030.gov.sa/en and from the text
Mosques and the upgrading of services and facilities that was drafted by the Council of Economic and
had helped to cater for 15 million visitors from its Development Affairs as instructed by the Custodian
development until 2020. These improvements will of the Two Holy Mosques, King Salman.
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After Reading
A. Match the words with the meanings.
1. ___ asset a. of or relating to the country
2. ___ sustainable b. a useful or valuable quality, skill or person
3. ___ upgraded c. replaced by newer, better procedures, equipment, etc.
4. ___ dynamic d. always active, changing, developing
5. ___ urban e. a business organization
6. ___ rural f. lasting, not destroying natural resources
7. ___ remote g. made simpler, more effective and productive
8. ___ streamlined h. far away
9. ___ enterprise i. of or relating to cities or towns
B. Complete the sentences about the reading with your own words.
1. The citizens of the Kingdom will have
2. Higher education will provide
3. In order to cater for 15 million visitors by 2020
4. Upgraded business services and facilities will
5. The Kingdom will become a trade and transportation center that
6. Government services will support
Discussion
1. Imagine life in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 2030.
• How old will you be?
• Will you have a family of your own? Where will you live?
• What kind of job will you have?
• What will schools be like?
2. Describe an imaginary family weekend. Think about:
• Places you can visit
• Activities
• People you can meet
• How you can get to places
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A. 1. How many remote controls do you have at home? What kind of devices are they used for?
2. Read the article and identify the different stages that remote controls went through.
Years/decade People involved Main characteristics Functions
section a
the daily Reading JouRnal

Weekly edition
st time,
ra l ra dio success. For the fir
the late 19 30 s, se ve er w atched
th in k of re mote re d re m ot e viewers no long
We te nd to manufactu re rs of fe us e they
‘n ew ’ de vi ce s. of th ei r m or e programs just beca
contro ls as controls for so m e t up to
w ha t w e no w ta ke for did not want to ge
However, exclusive models. change the channe
l. They
at work has
granted at home or lo ng le vi sio n remote co ul d also chan surf du
ne l ring
ov er a ve ry Th e fir st te
been developed 1950. commercials, or tu
rn the sound
co ntro l was developed in
time. Bones”, and
ex am pl es of It was called “Lazy sion
off.
e of th e ea rli es t ec te d to th e te levi the number
On
ro l w as de veloped was conn
less an d By the early 2000s,
remot e co nt
set by a wire . A w ire increased
Ni ko la Te sla , who re m ot e of remote controls
in 1898 by en an ultrasoun d ber of
dio-controlled th d in the along with the num
demonstrated a ra contro l w er e de ve lo pe
el ec tronic devi ce s. Consumers
ic du rin g re lia ble. device.
boat to the publ mid-50s but neither
was
ne ed ed a remote for each
bi tio n at
an electrical exhi sion This led to the deve
lopment
ua re Ga rd en . In M or e sophisticated televi
Madiso n Sq ced e controls
do To rres Qu ev edo re m ot e co ntrols were introdu of universal remot
1903, Leon ar fferent
le ki no at th e in th e la te 70 s, but they had a th at can be used with di
presented the Te ntrolling
of Sc ience. lim ite d number of functio
ns, devices. Imagine co
Paris Ac ad em y e: next you with the
a ro bo t that so m et imes as few as thre everything around
It cons ist ed of
itted channel, previous channel, an
d on one single
m an ds tra ns m touch of a button
executed co m onderful
ne tic w av es an d vo lu m e/of f. Re mote controls, re m ote control! Is it w
by electromag nctions,
a pion ee r in th e field of w ith a wider range of fu or scary?
was ch ed in th e
remote control. Th
e first were finally laun
immediate
remote-controlled
mod el 80s and became an
32 and by
airplane flew in 19
3. Did you find any new information in the article? What did you learn?
4. Read the article again and decide what the focus/topic of each paragraph is.
Work in pairs and compare your answers. Then report in class.
5. Read the last lines of the article. What do you think? Is it wonderful or scary? Why?
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B. 1. Look at the picture of the Kon-Tiki. Does it
remind you of a contemporary sailboat that
you have seen in a picture or in real life?
2. Find out about the Kon-Tiki or choose
another vessel, well-known voyage or
expedition. Use the Internet,
or search for information in your school
library to find out as much information on
your chosen subject as
you can.
3. Make notes in the chart.
4. Use your notes to write a short description
of your vessel, voyage expedition.
A model of the Kon-Tiki, the boat used by

Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl to prove that
pre-Inca people could have sailed from South
America to the islands in the Pacific.
I am researching…
What is it?
Why is it special?
Who was involved in it?
What is the vessel

made of?
Where did the voyage
or expedition take
place?
Was it successful?
Copy the chart in your notebook. Allow plenty of space for your notes.
Writing Corner
When you write a description of an event:
• Research/Collect all the information you need
• Make clear, organized notes that can be read at a glance
• Organize your information in paragraphs, bullet points, charts, etc.
• Use past tenses and passive forms to relate history
• Include your own and/or others’ views on the event
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Independent Clauses with And, But, Or, So, and Yet

An independent clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence.
A meteorite crashed through their two-story house.
Two or more independent clauses can be combined with coordinating conjunction words, such as: and, but, or,
so, and yet. When a sentence includes two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction, use a
comma before the coordinating conjunction.
Neighbors said they hear a terrific noise, yet no-one reported it to the police.
Mr. and Mrs. Fausset’s house was destroyed, so they moved.
The Past with Dependent Time Clauses

We can talk about a past event using a time clause with when, as soon as, before, after, while, until, and since.
When the time clause comes before the main clause, use a comma between the two clauses.
When they arrived home, they discovered to their amazement that a meteorite had crashed through the roof.
Expressing Enthusiasm with Intensifiers and Adjectives

Gradable Adjectives Non-Gradable Adjectives
scary terrifying
very good absolutely amazing
really interesting really fascinating
quite small quite tiny
big massive
Note: We can use really with both kinds of adjectives. It means a lot. But when we use quite before a gradable
adjective it means a little. When we use quite before a non-gradable adjective, it means completely.
A. Complete the witness report with the correct form of the verb in the past. Compare with a partner.
Witness Report
While I was walking (1. walk) to work, I (2. hear) a lot of people shouting and then I
heard a very loud crash. Before I heard the crash, I (3. see) lights above me and I
(4. hear) a humming sound. When I (5. arrive) at the park, a really
large crowd already (6. gather) around something which
(7. fell) out of the sky. People (8. be) quite terrified because they
never (9. see) anything like that before. Some people
(10. call) the police and some other people (11. run) away. Before
I saw that the object was man-made, I (12. think) the object was a UFO. When I saw
that the object was made from metal, I (13. realize) that it (14. be)
probably part of a weather balloon or a satellite.
B. Write an account of an event you have witnessed. Use time clauses, conjunctions, adjectives
and intensifiers. Then tell your story to the class.
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Conditional Sentences with Present and Future Forms
Use conditional sentences with if to talk about real causes and results. In these cases you can also use
when in place of if.
Present Facts
Use the simple present tense in both clauses.
When a meteoroid enters the earth’s atmosphere, chemical interactions
and gasses cause it to heat up and form a fireball.
Future Facts
Use the simple present in the if-clause and the future with will in the result clause.
If you don’t leave now, you will be late.
May/Might
Use may/might in the result clause to suggest something is possible, but
not certain.
If you see a meteorite falling through the sky, it may be a stony meteorite
or it might be an iron meteorite. The third type of meteorite is a
stony-iron meteorite, but these are very rare.
Express Necessity and Lack of Necessity:

You need to video or photograph the object, if you have a camera phone.
What should I do if I see
something strange in the You have to call an expert to get their opinion.
sky? You don’t need to (needn’t) worry. Strange things fall out of the sky on a
regular basis all around the world!
C. Complete the sentences. Use the simple present tense and will, may or might in the second clause.
1. When you (heat) water to 100 degrees Celsius, it (boil).
2. If they (climb) up to 4,000 meters, they (need) oxygen.
3. If you (see) a “falling star,” it (be) a meteorite.
4. If we (get) this HD television, we (see) the game better.
5. When you (mix) flour and water, you (end up) with batter.
D. Read a college professor’s notes on what to do

if you find a meteorite. Write his advice in full What should you
do if
sentences using modals to express necessity photograph the ro you find a meteorite?
or lack of necessity. ck
describe the exac
t lo
If you think you have found a meteorite, measure the rock cation
if
you must photograph it. report the find to possible
th
don’t panic — it’s e Meteoritical Institute
very common for
from outer space rocks to fall
onto Earth
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1. Work in groups. Research and find information about meteorites that landed on Earth. Use the Internet, your
school library, or other sources.
2. Choose one of the meteorite incidents and complete the chart with the information in note-form. Select
pictures/photos.
3. Use your notes and pictures/photos to prepare a poster presentation.
4. Design and make your poster. Then share the information and stages of the presentation.
5. Present your poster in class.
The meteorite we are going to talk about

Where we found the answers
Questions we need to Answers we found to the
(website URL, book name and
find answers to questions
page number, etc.)
When did it happen?
Where did it happen?
How big was it?
What was damaged or

destroyed?
Were any people hurt? If
yes, how many?
What did some people
say?
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13 Self Reflection

talk about events that happened in the past
before others
speculate about facts and events
use the past perfect tense in the affirmative and
negative and in questions and short answers
use can’t, could, couldn’t, must, may, or might
Independent clauses with: and, but, so and yet
The past with dependent time clauses
Conditional sentences with present and future
forms
Expressing enthusiasm with intensifiers and adjectives
Express necessity and lack of necessity


from the unit again
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5 If It Hadn’t Happened
www.ien.edu.sa

1. Look at the pictures and write as many words as you can think of for each.
2. Read each paragraph and underline the words that name something in the
picture.
Looking Back
Inventions and Discoveries That Changed History
We often wonder if things might or could have been different.
Would the world be a better place? What are the advantages or
disadvantages of different inventions? Electricity
If electricity hadn’t been
discovered, people would
probably still be using candles
or gaslights. Thomas Edison
developed the first incandescent
electric light bulb in 1879.
The Wheel
If the Sumerians hadn’t invented
the wheel in 5000 b.c.e., they
couldn’t have moved heavy
loads. Six thousand years later,
the Mayans and Incans in the
Americas used the round shape in
their architecture, but they had no Oil Penicillin
wheels. If people hadn’t discovered a If Dr. Alexander Fleming hadn’t
lot of sources of oil, cars that discovered penicillin in 1928,
run on gasoline wouldn’t have millions of people would have
become so common. The first died from infections. However,
commercial oil well drilled the widespread use of penicillin
in North America was in Oil as an antibiotic did not begin
Springs, Ontario, Canada in until the 1940s, during World
1858. War II.
Airplanes
If the Wright brothers hadn’t
invented the first successful Computers
airplane, people might still be If we didn’t have computers, a
traveling long distances on ships, lot of work would still be done
and there wouldn’t be as much with paper and pencil, and
contact among people on different people in their homes wouldn’t
continents. The Wright brothers be able to be in contact with the
first flew in an engine-propelled entire world. The first PC was
plane in 1903. introduced by IBM in 1981.
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Life’s Regrets
At one time or another, we all look back and wish we
had done things differently in our lives. The following
are some typical situations. Mark the ones you’ve said I wish I’d been a better student.
I should have listened to my
or done. Discuss with a partner. mother and gone to college.
1. If I’d studied harder, I would have passed I could have had an office job.
that test.
2. I should have said what I thought about her
hairstyle, but I didn’t want to hurt her feelings.
3. I should have bought that thing last year; now
prices have gone up.
4. If I had been more careful, I would have avoided
the accident.
5. I should have told the security guard that I saw
someone breaking the lock.
6. If I’d known the trip was going to take so long,
I would have taken another route.
7. Other after-thoughts?
Quick Check e
Q 2 Pair Work
A. Vocabulary. Match to form new words
and expressions. A. Ask and answer.
What is your biggest regret?
1. oil ___ a. guard
I should have been a more
2. heavy ___ b. style
serious student.
3. hair ___ c. load
4. electric ___ d. bulb What would have happened if
5. security ___ e. well the Sumerians hadn’t invented
the wheel?
They wouldn’t have been able
1. ____ The Sumerians couldn’t have carried heavy to move heavy loads.
loads without the wheel.
2. ____ If it weren’t for Fleming, many people would What would you have done if
have died from infections. you’d seen the thief?
3. ____ If it hadn’t been for candles, there wouldn’t I would have called the police
be any electricity. immediately.
4. ____ People would still be traveling on ships if it B. If you could go back and do things
weren’t for airplanes. over, what mistakes would you try
5. ____ The man who is unloading the truck should to avoid? Write down a list and
have studied harder. compare with a partner.
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Should Have + Past Participle

Use should have + past participle to talk about regrets. Use this form to talk about things you wish
you had done or hadn’t done.
I should have said I was sorry. (… but I didn’t say I was sorry)
I shouldn’t have done that. (… but I did that)
Conditional Sentences: Hypothetical Situations in the Past

Use if + past perfect + would have + past participle to talk about things that didn’t happen in the past and
had a result in the past or to talk about things you would have done differently.
If I hadn’t found my book, I would have been in trouble. (I found my book, so I wasn’t in trouble.)
If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam. (I didn’t study hard, so I didn’t pass the exam.)
Use if + past perfect + would + (not) base verb/be + -ing to talk about things that didn’t happen in the past
and have a result in the present.
If I hadn’t learned English, I wouldn’t understand you. (I learned English, so I understand you.)
If we had won, we would be celebrating. (We didn’t win, so we aren’t celebrating.)
Note: I’d = I + had or I + would
If I’d (= I had) been more careful, I’d (= I would) have avoided the accident.
If with Could and Might

Use if and could/might + past perfect to talk about possibilities and missed opportunities.
If I had gotten a job last summer, I could have saved more money.
If she had left work earlier, she might have avoided traffic.
A. Read the situations, and make sentences using should have/shouldn’t have.
1. Jan lent April some money, but she never paid her back.
2. Brad forgot his key, so he broke the window to get into the house.
3. Rita didn’t feel well, but she didn’t want to go to the doctor.
4. Emilio was upset because they didn’t ask him to go out with them.
5. We went to Gino’s Restaurant, but the food wasn’t good.
6. Mr. Johnson missed a really important meeting last night.
3
1 2 4
6
B. Now tell the class what you would have done in the situations in exercise A.
If I’d been April’s friend, I would have asked her for my money.
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C. Match the two parts of the sentences.
1. If I had known it was going to rain, ___ a. I would have told them not to buy that TV set.
2. If they had asked me for advice, ___ b. they wouldn’t be in so much trouble now.
3. If I had had enough money, ___ c. their team wouldn’t have won the game.
4. If you had been home, ___ d. I would be taking it again.
5. If they had told the truth, ___ e. I would have taken an umbrella.
6. If I hadn’t passed the test, ___ f. I would have visited you.
7. If the referee hadn’t made a bad call, ___ g. I would have bought a plane ticket.
D. Now use the first part of the sentences in exercise C and add your own endings.
Compare your answers with a partner.
E. Work with a partner. What would, could, or might you have said or done in the
following situations? Compare your ideas with other pairs.
2
1
3
1. It was late at night when Ken remembered he hadn’t taken the garbage out. He was already in his
pajamas, but he wasn’t going to get dressed again just for that. So he went outside quickly, threw the
bags into the trash can, and rushed back to the house. When he got to the front door, he realized he had
locked himself out. He was busy trying to break into the house when a police officer saw him.
2. You saw an old friend at the airport that you hadn’t seen in years. You went up to him or her, greeted the
person, and started talking about old times. Suddenly you realized that you had made a mistake.
3. Salim borrowed his friend’s car and dented it. Ηe returned it, but he didn’t say anything about it. The
following day, when they went out, his friend noticed the dent and thought that someone in the parking
lot had bumped into his car.
4. It was a special occasion, and you wanted to celebrate. You invited a friend to go out to a fancy
restaurant. The meal was wonderful, and you enjoyed the evening. When the waiter brought the check,
you realized you had forgotten your wallet at home.
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The following talks about a message that was found in a bottle. Imagine you found the message.
Discuss with a partner what you would have thought if you had found the bottle and what you
would have done with the money.
In 1949, Jack Wurm, an unemployed man,

was walking aimlessly on a California
beach when he came across a bottle that
had floated onto the beach. In it was
a piece of paper with this message:
“To avoid confusion, I leave my entire
estate to the lucky person who finds
this bottle and to my attorney, Barry
Cohen, share and share alike. Daisy
Alexander, June 20, 1937.” It was not
a hoax. Mr. Wurm received over
$6 million from Daisy
Alexander’s estate.
5 Listening
Listen to the people on the radio show, and complete the chart.
Name Regret Reason
J. Springfield
Saeed

A. Listen. Note the reduction of could have, should In pairs, ask the questions and have your friend
have, and would have. Then practice. answer. Then switch roles.
I could have traveled. 1. What mistakes have you made in your life?
He should have studied harder. 2. What things do you regret having done
He would have been really happy. in your life? What do you regret not
having done?
B. Find and underline examples of could have, should 3. Talk about the best or worst thing that has
have, and would have in Life’s Regrets on page 69. ever happened to you.
Practice reading the sentences aloud. 4. Have you ever been in an embarrassing
situation or a predicament? Talk about it.
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8 Conversation
Read the conversation. Find and underline
examples of could have, should have, and would
have. Practice reading the conversation in pairs.
Faisal: So do you have any regrets about

things in your life?
Ibrahim: You mean, things I should or shouldn’t
have done? Yeah. I guess there are a
few. How about you?
Faisal: I wish I had done things differently.
I missed some good opportunities
because I was too immature. I should
have listened to my parents. They
wanted me to go to college, and I
actually had the grades, but I wanted to go get a job and go out into the
world.
Ibrahim: Well, you did very well for yourself. You have your own business, and you
don’t have a boss breathing down your neck.
Faisal: But I have lots of responsibilities. I wish I’d taken a course in business
management. Now I have to employ someone to do the work I could be
doing.
Ibrahim: Well, it’s never too late. You can still go back to school. As for me, I got
my master’s degree, and I had my mind set on a career. But then I got
married and had children.
Faisal: So you had to choose between the job and family?
Ibrahim: No, I work hard and I am able to take care of my family.
Real Talk
You mean = an expression used to confirm what someone else has said
go out into the world = start to be on one’s own and independent
breathing down someone’s neck = constantly checking
As for (me) = an expression used to introduce a new subject/topic
have one’s mind set on something = be firmly decided

1. List Faisal’s regrets. Role-play with a partner. Pretend you are talking to
_____________________________________ Faisal or Ibrahim. Talk about the things you would
_____________________________________ have done differently.
_____________________________________
2. In your own words, write about Ibrahim’s life.
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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Before Reading
1. Do you ever read advice columns in newspapers and magazines?
2. What kind of help do they give?
Page 28 the daily Reading JouRnal tuesday
MARIO’S
ADVICE COLUMN
Dear Mario, him some more money I got back. He told me
I am writing to tell you a because we decided to that he never wanted to
story. It’s too late for you eat at a pizza restaurant. have anything to do with
to tell me what to do now, The total, including the me again. He said I had
but maybe you could tell DVD, came to $25 dollars. embarrassed him at the
me what I should have I don’t mind helping out a shop and that I shouldn’t
done. Your advice might have asked him for the
friend, if I can, so I didn’t
be useful to others in think much of it. money in public. He
similar situations. Last week, we were at the thought I had done it on
My best friend borrowed mall and I needed to buy purpose because I didn’t
some money from me some shoes. They were trust him.
when we were out rather expensive and I I am really devastated.
shopping at the mall, two asked him if he could give I’ve lost my best friend
weeks ago. I was happy me some of the money I over $25. What do you
to let him have it, as I had loaned him. He gave think I should have done?
had saved my allowance me a very funny look, Should I have just not
over a few weeks and threw a twenty-dollar bill said anything? Would that
had more than I needed. at me, and walked away. have been the right thing
He wanted to buy a I was really upset. So, I to do?
DVD. Then later I loaned decided to call him when –A Confused Friend
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MARIO’S
ADVICE COLUMN
Dear Mario, The man’s gold and took out a ten-dollar bill,
I’m a limo driver, and diamond pocket watch and gave it to me. I refused,
people leave all kinds of must have fallen out of but he insisted. Ten bucks!
things in my limousine— his pocket, and it slipped Can you believe it?
scarves, packages, and behind the seat.
I should have kept the
even shoes. Last Saturday So I called the hotel where watch. Since then I’ve been
night I picked up this the man was staying, thinking of what I could
wealthy man at his hotel explained what had have done with the money.
and drove him to a happened, and arranged to I could have bought my
prestigious charity awards return the watch. The man own limousine or started
ceremony. The man must was extremely grateful. my own business.
have been a millionaire, He told me that it was a
judging by the way he was valuable family heirloom, Did I do the right thing?
dressed. The next day, given to him by his
when I was cleaning the —Honest But
grandfather, and he went Wondering Why
inside of the car, I noticed on to praise my honesty.
something shining. Then he opened his wallet,
After Reading
Answer the questions about the letters.
1. What happened at the mall two weeks ago?
2. What does the letter writer wish he hadn’t
done?
3. What did the limo driver find?
4. What did he do?
5. What does the limo driver think he should
have done?
Discussion
1. What should the writer’s friend have done?
2. What should the limo passenger have done?
3. Discuss the most common problems that
people write about to advice columns or to
help sites on the Internet.
4. Discuss whether advice from advice columns
is really helpful or not.
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A. 1. Do you like sharing things with your friends? Why? Why not?
2. Read the advice column and answer the questions.
• Why was Sabah sad?
• What happened with her friend? Why?
• What is the column writer’s advice?
3. Do you agree with the column writer? Why? Why not?
4. What would you have done if your friend had wanted to
borrow something new that belonged to you?
Ask Mariam
Friendship is more important

Dear Sabah,
You say you do not like sharing your
I am sorry you feel so sad about things with people because they
falling out with your best friend. might damage them. You could have
I understand that she wanted to asked her to be careful with your
borrow your new bag before you had bag. The point is, however, to put
the chance to use it yourself. But as things into perspective. What is more
you say, she was invited to a wedding valuable to you, your friend or your
and she could not buy a new bag. new bag?
I understand that it is difficult, maybe I would call and say I am sorry. I am

even unfair, to let someone else use sure she will understand and if she
something that you have just bought has not already been to the wedding,
or been given. But surely, friendship offer her the bag. You will both be
is more important, even if it requires happier.
some sacrifices. So I am afraid I
will agree with what you think, you I hope it all works out.
should have let her borrow the bag.
She would have been happy and –Mariam
grateful to you and you would still be
on good terms with your friend.
5. Read the advice again. Notice the first part of each paragraph. Why do you think the
writer has chosen to address the issue in this manner? What is the effect? Is the letter
reprimanding or friendly? How would you feel if you were Sabah?
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B. 1. Choose one of the letters in the unit to write an answer to.
2. Read the letter again and make notes in the organizer. Include
notes with our own advice.
3. Be the advice column writer and write the answer.
4. Exchange letters in class.
Letter from:
What happened 1 What happened 2 What happened 3 What happened 4
Your advice Your advice Your advice Your advice
Writing Corner
When you write a letter of advice:
• Get all the facts and refer to them/summarize them in your letter
• Think about different viewpoints/sides
• Do not be judgmental or patronizing
• Be understanding but do not lie
• Suggest rather than tell people what to do
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Present Perfect Tense versus Simple Past

Use the present perfect to talk about an action that happened in the past when the exact time isn’t
known or important. Use the past tense when the exact time is given.
A: Have they discovered life on another planet yet? A: When did IBM introduce the first PC?
B: Yes, they have. B: It was introduced in 1981.
Time Expressions: Ago, For and Since

Use the simple past tense when the exact time is given: yesterday, two days ago, last week/month/year. Use the
present perfect simple tense with for to indicate the duration of the action: for two months, for a year, for a long time.
Use the present perfect simple with since to indicate when the action began: since yesterday, since last June.
Simple Past Present Perfect
In 1908, a small asteroid exploded over Siberia. He has worked as a scientist for many years.
We moved to Muscat three years ago. We have lived in Muscat since May.
She didn’t call her mother last night. We haven’t used our car for a long time.
A. Work with a partner. Write sentences about the inventions.
Invention Date Invention Date

credit card 1951 electric lightbulb 1879
canned food the early 1800s film making 1895
wristwatch 1910 paper clip the 1890s
radio 1901 airplane 1903
toothpaste 1841 ballpoint pen 1888
People have had credit cards since 1951 / for about 70 years. (have)
1. (eat) 6. (watch)
2. (wear) 7. (use)
3. (listen) 8. (travel)
4. (use) 9. (use)
5. (have)
B. Have you used any of the inventions in exercise A? How long have you used them? Ask and answer
questions with a partner. Add other inventions.
A: Have you ever been on a plane?
B: Yes, I have. I traveled by plane when I went on vacation last summer.
A: Do you have a credit card?
B: Yes, I’ve had a credit card for two years. OR I’ve had one since I was 18.
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Expressing Ability, Permission and Requests
Ability
Use can to express ability in the present.
Can the robot do my homework for me? No, it can’t. You can do it yourself!
Use could to express ability in the past.
Could people travel long distances before the airplane was invented? Yes, they could. They traveled by ship.
Permission Could you fill in
Use may and can to express permission. this form?
May I leave early today? Yes, you may. / No, you may not.
Can I have another soda? Yes, you can. / No, you can’t.
Requests
Use can and could to make polite requests. Could is more formal.
Could you fill in this form, please? Yes, of course.
Can you help me? Sure. / Not now. I’m busy.
Could you open the window? Certainly. / Sorry, I can’t.
If with Past Perfect and Would Be Able/Would Have Been Able

Use if + past perfect and be able to talk about ability and missed opportunities.
If I had studied computer science, I would be able to invent a cutting-edge robot. (present ability)
If Dr. Fleming had discovered penicillin sooner, doctors would have been able to save more lives during
World War I. (past ability)
C. Complete the sentences with can, could and may and the verb in parentheses.
1. Ahmed, ______ you ______ (help) me with this box, please?
2. Excuse me, may I open the window? Yes, you ______ .
3. We ____________ (not/meet) tomorrow afternoon. I’m going to the dentist.
4. Mr. Sawyer ____________ (not/see) you now. I’m afraid he’s very busy.
5. ______ you ______ (swim) when you were a child? No, I couldn’t.
6. Imad ____________ (stay) very long. His friends are waiting for him.
D. Work with a partner. Talk about some past inventions and speculate what
we would not be able to do now or in the past if things had been different.
Use if + past perfect + be able.
If Alexander Bell had never invented the telephone, we would not be able to...
If the wheel had not been invented, we wouldn’t have been able to...
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1. Do a class survey.
2. Find out what the most common regrets are.
Ask your classmates and make notes in the
chart.
3. Repeat the survey with people outside class.
Ask questions and make notes in the chart.
4. Compare the results of the two surveys.
Survey question:
Do you have any regrets? What do you regret most?
What do you wish you had or had not done?
Students inside the classroom People outside the classroom
Name of the student What they regret Name of the person What they regret
The most common regret in class is:
The most common regret outside of class is:
The most common regret is:
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13 Self Reflection

talk about discoveries and inventions and how
things would have been different without them
talk about missed opportunities and regrets
use should have + past participle

use conditional sentences for hypothetical
situations in the past
use if with could and might
use the present perfect and past simple with: ago, for,
since
use if + past perfect + be able to
express ability, permission and requests


from the unit again
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6 What They Said
And now we would like to bring
you the news of the day.
www.ien.edu.sa

Read what each person said and how it is reported.
Examine the differences.
I will build a sports complex, and

I will not raise taxes.
The candidate for mayor said he would build a

sports complex, and he would not raise taxes.
The on-the-scene reporter said that the

powerful storm the night before had
knocked down many trees, and some
areas of the city were still without power.
The powerful storm last night knocked down many trees,

and some areas of the city are still without power.
According to recent studies, pomegranate juice is

healthy because it lowers blood pressure, and pumpkin
seeds seem to improve memory.
The doctor said that, according to recent studies,

pomegranate juice was healthy because it
lowered blood pressure, and pumpkin seeds
seemed to improve memory.
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Professor Marvin, does intelligent life
exist elsewhere in the universe?
The interviewer asked the professor if intelligent life

existed elsewhere in the universe. The professor
answered that there wasn’t intelligent life elsewhere in
the universe. He said that the positive proof was that no
other life form had bothered to make contact with us.
Mr. Hollyfield, can you tell us

about the results of the exam?
They scanned my head

and found nothing.
No, there isn’t intelligent life

elsewhere in the universe. The positive
proof is that no other life form has
bothered to make contact with us.
The interviewer asked Mr. Hollyfield, the

famous TV presenter, if he could tell us
about the results of his exam. He replied
that the doctors had scanned his head and
had found nothing.
Quick Check e
Q 2 Pair Work
A. Vocabulary. Match the words and the meanings. Find sentences that are reported in
the texts you read. Make questions for
1. ____ proof a. make the effort
those reports and ask them to your
2. ____ candidate b. get an image with a computer
friend. See the example below.
3. ____ scan c. evidence
4. ____ bother d. person trying to be elected What did the reporter ask
the professor?
He asked him if there was
1. ____ The candidate said that he wouldn’t raise taxes. intelligent life elsewhere in
2. ____ The doctor said that pumpkin seeds helped the universe.
fight cancer.
3. ____ The professor said that there was no life on other
planets because no one had contacted us.
4. ____ Mr. Hollyfield told the interviewer that the doctors
hadn’t found anything wrong with him.
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6 What They Said
Reported Speech
Direct Speech Reported Speech
Simple Present Simple Past
“I have a brother and a sister.” He said (that) he had a brother and a sister.
“I don’t like mangoes.” She said (that) she didn’t like mangoes.
Present Progressive Past Progressive
“I’m talking to Mary.” She said she was talking to Mary.
Simple Past Past Perfect
“I learned English in Canada.” He said he had learned English in Canada.
Present Perfect Past Perfect
“I haven’t seen the film yet.” She said she hadn’t seen the film yet.
Modals
“I’ll see you later.” She said she would see them later.
“I can’t come to the meeting.” He said he couldn’t come to the meeting.
“I have to/must go to the doctor.” She said she had to go to the doctor.
“We may be late.” I said that we might be late.
Note: The word that may be omitted after said.
Reported Questions
How old are you? He asked how old I was.
Where were you last night? She wanted to know where we had been the night before.
Note: If there is no question word (how, where, when, etc.), if is used.
Are you a student? He asked if Tom was a student.
Did you enjoy the dinner party? She asked if they had enjoyed the dinner party.
Word Changes in Reported Speech

In reported speech, some words may be different from those in the original sentence.
“I did my homework already.” Todd said that he had done his homework already.
“The plane is arriving now.” Mary said that the plane was arriving then/at that time.
Note: The following time expressions change in reported speech.
now at that time tomorrow the day after/the next day
today (on) that day yesterday the day before
Reporting Verbs
A variety of verbs with different shades of meaning can be used in place of say.
“Yes, it’s a good idea.” My friend agreed it was a good idea.
“Of course, I did my homework.” Tom assured the teacher that he had done his homework.
An indirect object is always used after tell.
He told me that he had studied English in the States.
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A. These messages were left on the family’s answering machine. You have reached
Report what the people said. 789-555-6543. Please leave
Ahmed asked Adel if he was going to the gym that day. a message after the beep.
1. Hello, Asma. I may work late tonight.

I have to finish a report.
2. Majid, this is Fahad. The game starts at eight. Adel, it’s Ahmed.
I’ll pick you up at seven. Are you going to
3. Yahya, this is Ali. What is the math the gym today?
assignment for tomorrow?
4. Noura, this is Maha. We had a wonderful
time in Abu Dhabi with our family.
I’m going to come by your house
sometime to show you the video.
5. Adel, it’s Hussain. Is the game still on
for tonight?
B. Hameed took a message for his brother

Abdullah.
1. Complete what he wrote down,
using the correct form of the verbs.
2. Then write the possible telephone
conversation between Hameed and
Abdullah’s friend, Saeed.
Hi Bro,
That friend of yours, Saeed, (1. call) this morning. He asked where you
(2. be) and why you (3. not call) him last night. He said he
(4. leave) a message on your cell phone yesterday afternoon.
I (5. tell) him it (6. not be) any of my business what you did.
I think he felt bad. He apologized, and I told him it (7. be) OK. Anyway, he
asked me to tell you that he (8. have) a surprise for you and that he
(9. will come) to our house at five o’clock tonight. He also said you should
wear something warm because he (10. will take) you to a mountainous place.
He said that he (1 1. cannot call) you during the day because he
had to work.
Your brother,
Hameed
C. Look at the examples on page 84 again. Read and mark how each pair of sentences is different.
1. Which words change in the second sentences?
2. What is different in the meaning of the second sentences?
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6 What They Said
Read what each person said and how it was reported. Write some sentences about global
issues and have a partner report them to the class.
Al Gore, on global warming —Al Gore said that there were many who still did
“There are many who still do not believe not believe that global warming was a problem.
that global warming is a problem at all. He continued by saying that it was no wonder:
And it’s no wonder: because they are the because they were the targets of a massive and
targets of a massive and well-organized well-organized campaign of disinformation.
campaign of disinformation lavishly
funded by polluters…”
Japanese Fishing Industry

to the media
“We’re fishing whales for research purposes.”
— The Japanese Fishing Industry

assured the media that
they were f ishing whales for
research purposes.
5 Listening 6 Pronunciation
The presidential candidate made three A. Listen. Note the difference in the pronunciation of that.
mistakes during his speech. What did he Then practice.
say that was wrong? Listen and write them
down. Unstressed that Stressed that
(used as a pronoun)
1. ______________________________
______________________________ He said that he would help. He didn’t say that.
2. ______________________________
My friends said that the Why did they say that?
______________________________
football game was at ten.
3. ______________________________
______________________________ B. Find all the sentences that have the word that. Read the
sentences aloud stressing the right one.
7 About You
1. Have you ever made a mistake and said something 4. What kinds of messages do you receive or leave
you shouldn’t have said? What did you say? on friends’ answering machines or cell phones?
2. What was one of the most interesting quotes or 5. Do you and your friends gossip about other people?
sayings that you heard? 6. Have you ever had a telemarketing person call you?
3. Are there any sayings that are specific to your country What did he/she want to sell? What did he/she
or culture? Which ones do you like or think say? What did you answer?
are memorable?
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8 Conversation
Underline that in the conversation.
Practice reading the conversation with a partner.
Faisal: I really think that telemarketing shouldn’t be
allowed.
Khaled: Yes, I totally agree with you. Telemarketers
are a real nuisance.
Faisal: Yesterday a man called me up. He said he
was from the Dollar Bank, and he asked if
he could talk to me for a minute.
Khaled: What did he want?
Faisal: He said that someone had given them my name and that
he was calling to offer their services.
Khaled: What services?
Faisal: He tried to persuade me to open an account with them.
So I told him I already had an account elsewhere and that
I wasn’t interested. But he insisted and was very pushy. In
the end, I lost my patience and hung up.
Khaled: Well, I got a call from a man who said he was from a
travel agency. This man said I had won a free trip to the
Bahamas and that he was calling me to give me the good
news.
Faisal: Had you entered a contest or anything like that?
Khaled: No. It turned out that everything was for free, but I’d first have to pay a huge amount of
money to become a member of the Jet Set Club. Big hoax!
Faisal: I hate that!
Real Talk
really/totally = used to make a statement stronger
In the end = used to introduce a statement with the final event or result
or anything like that = or other similar things; used so that the speaker doesn’t have to
give a complete list or explain things in more detail
hoax = a plan that is designed to trick someone else

1. What are Faisal and Khaled complaining about? Role-play the following conversations
2. What did the man on the phone with Faisal want? with a partner:
3. What did Faisal do? 1. The one that might have taken place
4. Why did the man call Khaled? between Faisal and the man on
5. What would Khaled have to do in order to go to the phone.
the Bahamas? 2. The one between Khaled and the man
on the phone.
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6 What They Said
Do you know any famous quotes? Write them down,

and compare with a partner.
Quotes, Quotes
“My primary goal is to be an
exemplary and leading nation in all
aspects, and I will work with you in
achieving this endeavor.”
King Salman Bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud (Custodian of
the Two Holy Mosques)
“640K ought to be
enough for anybody.”
Bill Gates (Founder of
Microsoft) in 1981, talking
about computer memory “Half the world is composed of people
who have something to say and can’t and
the other half who have nothing to say
and keep on saying it.”
Robert Frost (American poet)
“It is a terrible
thing to see and
have no vision.”
Helen Keller (American
author, activist, and “Never let formal education
lecturer. She was the first get in the way of your
deaf and blind person to learning.”
graduate from college.)
Mark Twain (Writer)
“Who is wise? He that learns from

everyone. Who is powerful? He that “How could anyone govern
governs his passions. Who is rich? He a nation that has 246
that is content. Who is that? Nobody.” different kinds of cheese?”
Benjamin Franklin (American writer, politician, Charles de Gaulle (French president)
scientist, and inventor)
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An archaeologist is the best
husband a woman can have. “Wise men talk because they
The older she gets, the more have something to say; fools
interested he is in her. talk because they have to say
Agatha Christie (Writer) something.”
Plato (Greek philosopher)
“Make yourself necessary

to somebody.”
“I’m not afraid to die. I just
Ralph Waldo Emerson (American writer) don’t want to be there when
it happens.”
Woody Allen (American director)
“Everything that can be
invented has
been invented.”
Attributed to Charles H. Duell
“Those who do not
(Commissioner, U.S. Office of complain are never pitied.”
Patents), 1899 Jane Austen (Writer)
After Reading
A. Answer true or false.
1. ____ Robert Frost said half the people in the world don’t say what they want to say.
2. ____ Gates believed that more than 640K memory was unnecessary.
3. ____ Jane Austen thought that people had no sympathy for those who complain.
4. ____ Mark Twain said that people shouldn’t let formal education stop them from learning.
5. ____ De Gaulle thought that it was easy to govern France because people wanted the same thing.
6. ____ Helen Keller said that having no insight or understanding was worse than being blind.
B. Report what they said. Use your own words.

1. Emerson about people: ___________________________________________________________
2. Plato about fools: ________________________________________________________________
3. Woody Allen about death: _________________________________________________________
4. Charles Duell about inventions: _____________________________________________________
Discussion
1. Which quote or quotes do you like the best? Why?
2. Which quotes do you find humorous? Explain why.
3. What famous quotes do you know? Who said them and what do they mean?
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6 What They Said
A. 1. Look at the scene in the picture. Who do you think these people are? How are they feeling?
2. Read the text and answer the questions.
• Why did she call her brother?
• What was he doing when she called? Was he pleased?
• What was the problem? What had she already done about it?
• How did he react to the news?
She called her brother at work. She knew

he didn’t like to be interrupted but she
didn’t know what else to do. Their mother’s
everything was under control. He asked her
condition was deteriorating.
to wait for a minute while he took care of
He sounded annoyed when he answered something. She heard him speak to some
the phone; he was probably in the middle people, probably clients. She heard the
of a meeting. She apologized and stressed words “family emergency” and “health”
that she wouldn’t have called if she hadn’t and realized he was excusing himself.
thought it was urgent. His tone changed Then there was some noise of chairs
instantly. He asked her what was happening being pulled, people moving, and a door
and if everything was all right. He wanted opening and then closing. He came back
to know if the doctor had been notified and explained that he had had to interrupt
and when he would be coming to see their the meeting and reschedule it for another
mother. He sounded very stressed and day. She thanked him for having done that
worried. and before she had a chance to ask, he
She tried to reassure him by telling him interrupted and asked her to hang up so
that the nurse was at home looking after he could be on his way home as soon as
their mother and their aunt and that possible.
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3. Read the text on page 90 and make notes in the chart on what has happened. Compare with
a partner.
Who is the
patient?
Where is the
patient?
What happened
to the patient?
Who is looking
after the patient?
Who is with the

patient now?
4. Read the information on the hospital website below:
Address:
Well Hospital Well Hospital, 200 North Avenue

NY 12345
How to find us: Parking:

Head southwest on Bloom Street toward Main Ave Well Hospital has an
Turn left onto Main Ave underground ramp garage
Take the 2nd right onto Hinsdown Street adjacent to the hospital. It is
Continue on Hinsdown Street for 3.1 miles toward North Ave open 24 hours a day, 7 days
Enter the hospital grounds from North Avenue and take the a week. Rates are charged
first right for the emergency entrance on an hourly and daily basis.
Patients can be dropped off at the door Purchase an exit ticket from
the cashier before you leave.
B. Write an email to your uncle and aunt. Tell them what has happened and give them directions on how to
reach the hospital.
Writing Corner
When you write an email to report an event and give information or directions:
• check facts/content and report accurately.
• write as if you were speaking to the person, i.e. use contracted forms and informal language.
• use imperatives to give directions, for example: Take a ..., Turn ..., Go straight down ... and so on.
• open and sign off in an appropriate way: Hi/Hello/Dear ... Best/ See you soon ... and so on.
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6 What They Said
Words Connected with the Environment and Natural Disasters

Some words that we commonly use when we talk about environmental problems
and natural disasters are:
global warming flood damage
erosion earthquake threaten
air pollution tornado rescue
water pollution tsunami protect
over fishing volcanic eruption hit
deforestation forest fire research
News Reporter: Al Gore said that there were many who still did not believe that global warming was a problem.
The Japanese Fishing industry assured the media that they were fishing whales for research purposes.
The National Weather Service has reported that a tornado will hit the West Coast at 4 p.m. today.
Negative Questions
We can use negative questions to check information
or express surprise.
Isn’t there something we can do?
Aren’t you going to help?
Don’t you want to know what happened?
Haven’t you seen the news?
Didn’t you ask them about the damage?
Weren’t you there to offer support?
A. Interview your partner about a natural disaster they have read about, heard about, or witnessed. Then report
their account to the class. Use some reporting verbs and vocabulary words from above.
1. What happened?
2. When did it happen?
3. Where did it happen?
4. How many people were affected?
5. Your question:
6. Your question:
B. Write negative questions for the following situations.

You just bought a new cell phone. Your friend is still deciding about whether to buy one.
Aren’t you going to buy one too?
1. You recognize an old friend at the mall. The friend doesn’t recognize you.
2. Your friend is eating popcorn and is not offering you any.
3. You are playing a board game. You want your friend to play the game too.
4. Someone came and joined your group, greeted everyone, but forgot you.
5. Classes start at eight o’clock. It’s 8:30, and your brother is still in bed.
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Relative Adverb: Where
That’s the school where I attended as a child. That’s the place where I grew up.
Dubai is the place where I want to go on vacation. Home is where the heart is.
Indirect Questions
Use indirect questions when you ask for information. There is no inversion of the subject and verb in
indirect questions.
Direct Questions Indirect Questions
What’s the name of the street? Do you know what the name of the street is?
Where is the nearest bank? Do you know where the nearest bank is?
When does the store open? Do you know when the store opens?
Where can I get good pizza? Could you tell me where I can get good pizza?
Expressing Agreement with So, Neither, Either, Too

Use so and too when you agree with an affirmative statement.
Use neither and either when you agree with a negative statement.
Affirmative (+) Negative (+)
A: I ate at the new pizza restaurant. A: I don’t know the answer.
B: So did I. / I did too. B: Neither do I. / I don’t either.
A: I will visit my family on the weekend. A: I won’t go to school tomorrow.
B: So will I. / I will too. B: Neither will I. / I won’t either.
Expressing Disagreement
A: I didn’t like the pizza. A: I’ve been to Muscat. A: I can rollerblade. A: I am not very tall.
B: I did. B: I haven’t. B: I can’t. B: I am.
C. Work with a partner. Make indirect questions. Use Do you know…? or Could you tell me…?
What time does the bus arrive? Do you know what time the bus arrives?
1. Where is the main post office? 4. Where is the nearest pharmacy?
2. How often do the buses come? 5. When does the gas station close?
3. What time does the bank open? 6. What is the name of the highway to town?
D. Read the statements below and write your response. Compare with a partner.
I don’t like fast food. Neither do I. (OR I don’t either) I went to Dubai on vacation. So did I. (OR I did too)
I like fast food. I don’t. I don’t like vacations. I do!
1. I can swim.
2. I will play football on the weekend.
3. I have three sisters.
4. I didn’t go to school until I was six years old.
5. I won’t be able to go on vacation this year.
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6 What They Said
1. Find interesting quotations by famous people around the world in certain areas such as politics, education,
science, history, and so on.
2. Make notes in the organizer.
3. Present your findings to the class.
Category The Quote Who said it Explanation of quote
1 Science
2 History
3 Politics
4 Education
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13 Self Reflection

report what people said
discuss famous quotes
relate messages
use reporting verbs and ask reported questions
use reported speech and make word changes
form negative questions
use the relative adverb: Where
talk about the environment and natural disasters

express agreement and disagreement with: so,
neither, either, too


from the unit again
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EXPANSION Units 4-6
1 Language Review
A. Rewrite the sentences as conditionals. Follow the example.
We lost the game because we didn’t play well.
If we’d played better, we wouldn’t have lost/we would have won.
1. Khaled had a car accident because he answered his cell phone.
________________________________________________________
2. My mother didn’t know we were coming, so she didn’t make any lunch.
________________________________________________________
3. He didn’t finish his homework because he went to see the football game.
________________________________________________________
4. Ahmed didn’t greet his boss because he didn’t see him.
________________________________________________________
B. Write sentences to speculate about the situations. Use can’t, could, couldn’t, must,
may, or might in your sentences.
You see lights in the sky at night.
They might be the lights of an airplane.
1. You hear a noise in your house early in the morning.
________________________________________________________
2. Your friend passed you by and didn’t say hello.
________________________________________________________
3. Someone rings the doorbell.
________________________________________________________
4. The team looks sad as they are returning home from the baseball game.
________________________________________________________
C. Complete the story with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
Remember to use the past perfect where necessary.
W hen Detective Malcolm got to his apartment, he

(1. notice) that someone (2. leave) the
door open. He knew that he (3. lock) the door when he went out.
As he entered the living room, he (4. smell) something in the air.
Someone (5. be) there while he was out, and it (6. can’t be)
the cleaning person. It wasn’t his day. He knew at once that someone
(7. break) into his apartment. He (8. move) quietly toward the
bedroom. He (9. hear) the sound of water coming from the bathroom.
Malcolm opened the door and (10. stare) at the man who was lying
in a robe on the floor of the bathroom. Was he dead?
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D. Report what people said.
1. Qassim to Hameed: “I’ll meet you at seven tomorrow.”
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Mr. Jenkins to Mr. Taylor, an employee: “You must arrive on time.”
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Robert to his teacher: “I didn’t catch my usual bus.”
___________________________________________________________________________
4. The customer to the salesperson: “Does this jacket come in a bigger size?”
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Mr. Timms, the witness, to the judge: “I’ve never seen that man before.”
___________________________________________________________________________
6. The captain to the co-pilot: “It may be a falling star.”
___________________________________________________________________________
E. Imagine you make contact

with extraterrestrial beings. How fast can you travel?
Write down five questions
that you would ask and the I asked how fast extraterrestrial beings
ETs’ answers. Report the could travel.
questions and answers to
a partner. They said that extraterrestrial beings could
travel faster than the speed of light.
F. What should the person have done or said in the following situations?
Write your answers and compare them with a partner.
2 4
I forgot the tickets!
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EXPANSION Units 4-6
2 Reading
Before Reading
1. Read the title and write as many words as you can think of
about it.
2. Read the text and underline the main event in each
paragraph.
THE WAR OF
THE WORLDS
1 On October 30, 1938, CBS Radio interrupted a live radio
program to deliver an important announcement. It said that
astronomers had detected blue flames shooting up from the
surface of Mars. The broadcast returned to its program, but it was soon interrupted again. This time the
news said that a strange meteor had fallen on a farm near Grover’s Mill in New Jersey, and then CBS Radio
switched over to continuous live coverage of the eerie scene around the meteor crash.
2 As the event unfolded, the terrified audience discovered that the meteor was actually some kind
of spaceship. The reporter on the scene described the emergence of an alien from the spacecraft.
“Goodness, something’s wriggling out of the shadow like a gray snake,” he said, in an appropriately
dramatic tone of voice. “Now it’s another one, and another. They look like tentacles to me. There, I can see
the thing’s body. It’s as large as a bear, and it glistens like wet leather. But that face. It . . . it’s indescribable.
I can hardly force myself to keep looking at it. The eyes are black and gleam like a serpent. The mouth is
V-shaped with saliva dripping from its rimless lips that seem to quiver and pulsate . . . The thing is rising up.
The crowd falls back. They’ve seen enough. This is the most extraordinary experience. I can’t find words.
I’m pulling this microphone with me as I talk. I’ll have to stop the description until I’ve taken a new position.
Hold on, will you please, I’ll be back in a minute.”
3 The alien Martian crawled back into the crater, but re-emerged
soon afterwards in a gigantic three-legged death machine,
and quickly killed the 7,000 armed soldiers surrounding the
crater. Then it proceeded across the landscape, joined by other
Martians, blasting people and objects with heat rays, while
releasing a poisonous black gas against which gas masks proved
useless.
4 Listeners all over the United States began to panic. People filled
the roads, hid in cellars, loaded guns, and even wrapped their
heads in wet towels as protection from the Martians’ poisonous
gas. People desperately wanted to defend themselves against
aliens. Although the radio broadcast had warned listeners four
times that this was a dramatized version of H.G. Wells’s story, The
War of the Worlds, performed by Orson Welles and the Mercury
Theater, people simply ignored those announcements. However,
by the time the night was over, most people had learned that
they were actually listening to a radio play. The fact is that the
broadcast had reached approximately six million people and had
produced a huge national scare at a time of the growing tension
and anxiety leading up to World War II.
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After Reading
A. Find words in the reading that mean:
1. mysterious and frightening (paragraph 1)
2. creature from another world (paragraph 2)
3. twisting and turning your body like a snake
(paragraph 2)
4. causing an explosion (paragraph 3)
5. to talk about something dangerous that
might happen (paragraph 4)
B. Answer the questions about the reading.

1. What did the broadcast first say about the
meteor? What did the meteor turn out to be?
2. What was the alien like?
3. How did the Martians move on Earth?
4. What weapons did they use?
5. What was the listeners’ reaction?
6. What would you have done if you’d heard the news on the radio?
Discussion
Do you believe there is intelligent life in other galaxies? Write reasons for and against.
Discuss them with your classmates.
3 Project
1. Think about an interesting short story that you have read. Complete the organizer with information from the
short story.
2. Use your completed organizer to give your class a report about the story.
Title of the story: ________________________

Where and when does the story take
Who is in the story?
place?
What happened in the story?
How did the story end?
Why I liked or disliked the story.
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EXPANSION Units 4-6
4 Chant Along
Could You Help
Me Find the
Reason?
son
Could you help me see the rea
Why I work so long and hard?
Could you tell me why I do it?
Why I push myself some more?
rds?
Could you help me find the wo
nk?
Could you tell me what to thi
son
Could you help me see the rea
Why I still can’t get an A?
Chorus
If I had not tried,
I would have shown
That I didn’t care.
They would have seen
My wish was true,
My will was real,
If only I
Had tried harder.
ch better.
I should have done much, mu
spot.
Should have corrected on the
e to help me.
I should have asked someon
ne.
Should not have tried it all alo
trials.
They might have noticed all my
my plea.
They might have listened to
n
Considered all that I’d forsake
to me.
And handed that A right over
Chorus
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Vocabulary
Find words and expressions in the chant that mean:
1. to see, realize _______________________
2. immediately _______________________
3. difficulties, tests _______________________
4. request _______________________
5. to renounce or abandon _______________________
Comprehension
A. Answer true or false.
1. ____ The young man is regretful about his past actions.
2. ____ He is not sure about his choices.
3. ____ He knows what he has done wrong.
4. ____ He doesn’t think he should have asked for help.
5. ____ He is not satisfied with his performance.
6. ____ If he’d tried harder, he’d have gotten an A.
B. List three things that the young man says he should have done.
1. _______________________
2. _______________________
3. _______________________
Discussion
In a group, tell each other when it is good to forgive, to plead, and to forsake.
5 Writing
1. Think about something you did that upset a friend of yours.
2. Make notes in the organizer. Then use your notes/organizer to write a letter to your friend apologizing for
what you did.
What I should have done/

What I did to my friend My apology
What I shouldn’t have done
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Vocabulary
VOCABULARY
Nouns Verbs Two-word verb Adjectives Conjunctions
demonstration apologize (for) put (someone) up feasible although
funding contact soaked as soon as
junk mail dispatch urgent even though
spam import in spite of
supplier inconvenience Adverbs
travel arrangement wonder
currently
indifferently
EXPRESSIONS
Idioms Ending a business Real Talk

be on the road letter/email be straight
get used to Best regards let someone down
look forward to No way!
out of mind of course
out of sight
sneak out
take advantage of
2 Wishful Thinking
VOCABULARY
Nouns Verbs Adjectives
amount extraterrestrial stock market award close
benefit leader technology benefit handwritten
cash laureate universe divide historical
charity mankind wish invest lonely
desert island philanthropist split
empire prize wish
encounter quiz show
EXPRESSIONS
Idiom Real Talk
keep in touch have a ball
this guy
to me
You wouldn’t know…?
102
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VOCABULARY

button hole signal check broken filthy missing
complaint housing sleeve crash cracked flat scratched
consumer packaging stain dry-clean damaged intact sewn
dent pipe technician purchase dead leaky stained
doorknob refund warranty refrain (from –ing) dripping loose torn
engine repair windowpane repaint faded loose-fitting
fabric retail outlet repair
faucet screen sew
sharpen
EXPRESSIONS
Idiom Real Talk

Don’t worry. it sounds like
Yes, please, if you could.
EXPANSION Units 1-3

VOCABULARY

backboard league ground harsh
basket mansion originate indoors
caribou mastery score rough
civilization millionaire serve vertical
coconut opponent spread
court peach toss
fault rally treat
foul rule
innovation sailor
ladder settler
EXPRESSIONS
Idioms
for better and for worse
through good and bad
103
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Vocabulary

VOCABULARY

bull meteorite crash sophisticated
crater orbit explode weird
debris pioneer gather
device remote control lose control
fireball time bomb penetrate
fragment tornado smash
hurricane volcano stick around
locomotive tease
EXPRESSIONS
Idiom Real Talk

channel surf Beats me.
Excuse me.
Gee!
You never know.
VOCABULARY
Nouns Verbs Verb phrases to Adjectives

advantage infection drill express regret commercial
antibiotic load guess could have devastated
candle oil well might have embarrassed
course penicillin should have heavy
disadvantage regret immature
distance source incandescent
widespread
EXPRESSIONS
Idioms Real Talk

be on good terms as for (me)
fall out with (someone) breathing down someone’s neck
miss an opportunity go out into the world
have one’s mind set on something
you mean
104
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6 What They Said
VOCABULARY
Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverb

blood pressure bother annoyed elsewhere
candidate complain healthy
nuisance deteriorate powerful
politician improve pushy
power interrupt
proof knock down
pumpkin seed lower
result persuade
sports complex raise
tax reschedule
telemarketing scan
EXPRESSIONS
Real Talk
hoax
in the end
or anything like that
really
totally
EXPANSION Units 4-6

VOCABULARY
Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverb

alien landscape blast pulsate continuous desperately
anxiety panic crawl quiver eerie
astronomer plea detect re-emerge indescribable
broadcast scare force (oneself) switch (over) terrified
coverage spacecraft forsake unfold useless
crater surface glisten warn
emergence tension proceed wriggle
flame tentacle
gas mask trial
EXPRESSIONS
Idiom
on the scene
105
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Irregular Verbs
Base Form Simple Past Past Participle
be was/were been
become became become
break broke broken
buy bought bought
come came come
cut cut cut
do did done
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
get got gotten
give gave given
go went gone
have had had
hear heard heard
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
know knew known
leave left left
lend lent lent
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
pay paid paid
put put put
read read read
ride rode ridden
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
sell sold sold
send sent sent
sew sewed sewn
sing sang sung
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
steal stole stolen
swim swam swum
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
wake (up) woke (up) woken (up)
wear wore worn
win won won
write wrote written
106
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Photo Credits
iii (t) ©Tatweer Co. for Educational Services, 2 (l to r - t to b) ©Martial Red/Shutterstock, 2 (l to r - t to b) ©Jason Mintzer/Shutterstock, 2
(l to r - t to b) ©Kubeer/Shutterstock, 2 (l to r - t to b) ©Karin Hildebrand Lau/Shutterstock, 3 (tc) ©Hugo1989/Shutterstock, 4 (tr) ©Orlok/
Shutterstock, 5 (t) ©H1N1/Shutterstock, 5 (c) ©H1N1/Shutterstock, 6 (cr) ©bannosuke/Shutterstock, 6 (cl) ©Africa Studio/Shutterstock,
9 (tr) ©Roland Magnusson/Shutterstock, 9 (tl) ©Comstock Images/Alamy Images, 9 (cr) ©Digital image courtesy of the Getty’s Open
Content Program/The J. Paul Getty Museum, 10 (tl) ©Tatweer Co. for Educational Services, 10 (tr) ©FotoAndalucia/Shutterstock, 11
(t to b) ©JIANG HONGYAN/Shutterstock, 11 (t to b) ©Tatweer Co. for Educational Services, 11 (t to b) ©Tatweer Co. for Educational
Services, 11 (t to b) ©Emad Omar Farouk/Shutterstock, 12 (tl) ©Anke van Wyk/Shutterstock, 13 (tl) ©Dusan Jankovic/Shutterstock, 13 (tc)
©fotosergio/Shutterstock, 13 (tr) ©mastermind1/Shutterstock, 14 (br) ©Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock, 18 (tl) ©Aleks_Shutter/
Shutterstock, 18 (tr) ©Witt/Sipa/Shutterstock, 20 1 ©Sam Nord/Shutterstock, 20 2 ©Tatweer Co. for Educational Services, 20 3 ©Dean
Drobot/Shutterstock, 20 4 ©Sabphoto/Shutterstock, 20 5 ©Rahhal/Shutterstock, 20 6 ©Patrizia Tilly/Shutterstock, 21 (tr) FAYEZ
NURELDINE/AFP via Getty Images, 23 (tl) ©Brilliant-Tariq Al Nahdi/Shutterstock, 23 (cr) ©AHMAD FAIZAL YAHYA/Shutterstock, 24
(tr) ©Victor Jiang/Shutterstock, 25 (tr) ©Dmitry Birin/Shutterstock, 26 (br) ©Andrey_Popov/Shutterstock, 27 (tl) ©Ulises Sepúlveda
Déniz/Shutterstock, 27 (tr) ©Hetman Bohdan/Shutterstock, 28 (tr) ©SeventyFour/Shutterstock, 37 1 ©Fancy/Alamy Images, 37 2
©photopixel/Shutterstock, 37 3 ©akz/123RF, 37 4 ©Sjstudio6/Shutterstock, 37 5 ©Badger Castle/Shutterstock, 37 (br) ©Standret/
Shutterstock, 38 (tl) ©artproem/Shutterstock, 38 1 ©You Touch Pix of EuToch/Shutterstock, 38 2 ©Ljupco Smokovski/Shutterstock, 38
3 ©Elena Schweitzer/Shutterstock, 38 4 ©max blain/Shutterstock, 38 5 ©Maceofoto/Shutterstock, 38 6 ©jannoon028/Shutterstock,
38 7 ©Ahmed Aboul-Seoud/Shutterstock, 38 (cr) ©Lucky Business/Shutterstock, 41 (tr) ©Everett Historical/Shutterstock, 41 (bc)
©Andrey_Popov/Shutterstock, 42 (tr) ©Zhax/Shutterstock, 43 (br) ©zoe bg/Shutterstock, 46 (l to r - t to b) ©diy13/Shutterstock, 46
(l to r - t to b) ©Scanrail1/Shutterstock, 46 (l to r - t to b) ©Iasha/Shutterstock, 46 (l to r - t to b) ©Hurst Photo/Shutterstock, 48 (cr)
©NATA FUANGKAEW/Shutterstock, 48 (br) ©ChewHow/Shutterstock, 50 (cl) ©mooinblack/Shutterstock, 50 (br) ©Melinda Nagy/
Shutterstock, 51 (tr) ©Khaled El Fiqi/EPA/Shutterstock, 52 (t to b) ©Valeri Potapova/Shutterstock, 52 (t to b) ©Angelo Giampiccolo/
Shutterstock, 52 (t to b) ©Artashes/Shutterstock, 52 (t to b) ©ruzanna/Shutterstock, 53 (cr) ©Everett Collection/Shutterstock, 54 1
©Nido Huebl/Shutterstock, 54 2 ©Steve Jolicoeur/Shutterstock, 54 3 ©snowblurred/Shutterstock, 54 4 ©Eder/Shutterstock, 54 5
©David Burkholder/Shutterstock, 54 6 ©Nesrudheen Matathoor/Shutterstock, 54 7 ©Angelo Cordeschi/Shutterstock, 55 (tr) ©Marko
Aliaksandr/Shutterstock, 55 (cr) ©Ibe van Oort/Shutterstock, 57 (tr) ©Photoongraphy/Shutterstock, 57 (tr) ©Ahmad Ihsan/Shutterstock,
57 1 ©Lilia Beck/Shutterstock, 57 2 ©rambux/Shutterstock, 57 3 ©Duplass/Shutterstock, 57 4 ©LightPhotos/Shutterstock, 61 (bl)
©Digital Archive Japan/Alamy Images, 61 (br) ©ESB Professional/Shutterstock, 63 (tr) ©Kurkul/Shutterstock, 65 (tr) ©Triff/Shutterstock,
66 (c) ©Marko Aliaksandr/Shutterstock, 68 (tr) ©AP/Shutterstock, 68 (l to r - t to b) ©Katoosha/Shutterstock, 68 (l to r - t to b) ©Kevin
Phillips/Shutterstock, 68 (l to r - t to b) ©AP/Shutterstock, 68 (l to r - t to b) ©Everett Historical/Shutterstock, 68 (l to r - t to b) ©Tatweer
Co. for Educational Services, 73 (tr) ©Tatweer Co. for Educational Services, 74 (c) ©Syda Productions/Shutterstock, 75 (br) ©Africa
Studio/Shutterstock, 76 (tr) ©soul_studio/Shutterstock, 80 (tr) ©Antonio Guillem/Shutterstock, 85 (tr) ©Sony Ho/Shutterstock, 86 (tr)
©Esteban De Armas/Shutterstock, 87 (tl) ©fotoinfot/Shutterstock, 87 (tr) ©michaeljung/Shutterstock, 88 (t) ©Franck Robichon/EPA/
Shutterstock, 90 (cl) ©chomplearn/Shutterstock, 90 (cr) ©Alaa AbuMadi/Shutterstock, 93 (cl) ©Jukov studio/Shutterstock, 93 (c)
©Jukov studio/Shutterstock, 93 (cr) ©Jukov studio/Shutterstock, 94 (l) ©Prachaya Roekdeethaweesab/Shutterstock, 94 (c) ©TPYXA_
ILLUSTRATION/Shutterstock, 94 (r) ©Vectorfarmer/Shutterstock, 96 (br) ©Tomasz Trojanowski/Shutterstock, 98 (tr) ©patpitchaya/
Shutterstock, 98 (br) ©Iva Villi/Shutterstock, 99 (tr) ©Everett Collection/Shutterstock, 100 (tr) ©Joanna Dorota/Shutterstock, 100 (br)
©Syda Productions/Shutterstock.
Cover: (l) NASA Johnson Space Center (NASA-JSC), (r) wahba crater taif/Shutterstock.
107
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MEGAGOAL 2 Audio Track List
CDI
Track Unit Student Book Section
2 Intro 1 Listen and Discuss
3 Intro 3 Conversation
4 Intro 4 Listening
5 Intro 6 Pronunciation
6 Unit 1 1 Listen and Discuss
7 Unit 1 2 Pair Work
8 Unit 1 5 Listening
9 Unit 1 6 Pronunciation
10 Unit 1 8 Conversation
11 Unit 1 9 Reading
12 Unit 1 10 Writing
18 Unit 2 9 Reading
25 Unit 3 9 Reading
27 EXPANSION 2 Reading
28 Units 1–3 4 Chant Along
CD2
7 Unit 4 9 Reading
8 Unit 4 10 Writing
14 Unit 5 9 Reading
21 Unit 6 9 Reading
23 EXPANSION 2 Reading
24 Units 4–6 4 Chant Along
108
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C Ministry of Education, 2017
King Fahd National Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Brewater, Simon
Mega Goal 2 : á∏MôŸG - ájõ«∏‚’G á¨∏dG
ÖdÉ£dG ÜÉàc - ÊÉãdG iƒà°ùŸG - ájƒfÉãdG / Simon
Brewater,.- Riyadh, 2017
..p; ..cm
ISBN: 978-1-5268-1918-5
1-English language-Curricula I-Title

428.241 dc 1438/5492
L.D.no.1438/5492
ISBN: 978-1-5268-1918-5
MG_02_SB_COVER_2019.indd 2 20/05/2019 13:16

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
2
MegaGoal is a dynamic American English series for international communication designed for high school
students and Grades 10-12. Books 1-6 integrate the four skills, present the grammar in context, and help
students develop natural conversation. With eye-catching art and high-interest topics, MegaGoal is easy
and enjoyable to teach and to learn from.
Features
• Unit openers, enhanced by attractive and contemporary illustrations, help students make visual
connections and retain the new language.
• Units are thematic and contain high-interest topics that relate to students’ age and interests.
• A consistent unit format makes navigation clear and predictable.
• The Grammar section offers succinct explanations, followed by activities that reinforce the grammar
2
points presented.
• Interactive Conversations allow students to choose or make up their own endings.
• Vocabulary development occurs throughout and everyday expressions are explained in the Real Talk
feature.
• Sections on Pronunciation, Listening, and Writing are included in each unit.
• Readings and Projects at the end of each unit allow students to experience real world situations.
• Chants enable students to expand their language in a pleasant way.
• Learning strategies and critical thinking skills prepare students for success.
• Humor and cross-cultural information and values are present throughout the series.
KSA Edition
Name:
McGraw-Hill School:
STUDENT’S BOOK
MG_02_SB_COVER_2020.indd 1 13/5/20 6:13 PM

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Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

MG_02_SB_COVER_2020.indd 1 13/5/20 6:13 PM

1-English language-Curricula I-Title

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MANUEL DOS SANTOS

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Publisher: Jorge Rodríguez Hernández

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Scope and Sequence iv

Unit 1 You’ve Got Mail! 6

Unit 2 Wishful Thinking 20

Unit 3 Complaints, Complaints 34

EXPANSION Units 1-3 48

Unit 4 I Wonder What Happened 54

Unit 5 If It Hadn’t Happened 68

Unit 6 What They Said 82

EXPANSION Units 4-6 96

Irregular Verbs 106

Audio Track List 108

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Intro Express, confirm opinion/ give reasons, agree/

EXPANSION Units 1-3 Language Review

4 I Wonder What Talk about events that happened in the

5 If It Hadn’t Happened Talk about discoveries and inventions

6 What They Said Report what people said

EXPANSION Units 4-6 Language Review

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Listen for specific Recycle and use familiar stress,

Chant Along: If I Were a Millionaire

Chant Along: Could You Help Me Find the Reason?

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You are spending

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Bank clerk: Good morning. Can I help you?

5 About You 6 Pronunciation

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1 Listen and Discuss

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Visit you in Paris

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Some verbs are usually followed by certain prepositions.

Some adjectives are followed by certain prepositions.

Although, Even Though, In Spite Of

As Soon As, When

A. Complete the sentences with although or in spite of.

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The Telegraph SyStem

C. Match the two parts of the sentences about an outing.

D. Complete the sentences about yourself. Then compare with a partner.

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I’m used to talking in public.

I’m not used to getting up early.

6 Pronunciation 7 About You

/e/ /æ/ /ı/ 1. Are people in your country used to sending

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