Table of Content

1. Motorcycle Wheel Bearing:.....................................................................................................1

1.1. Types:................................................................................................................................1
2. Product Life Cycle:..................................................................................................................2
2.1. Mounting of a Bearing:.....................................................................................................3
2.2. Lubrication:.......................................................................................................................3
2.3. Bearing Alignment:...........................................................................................................4
2.4. Re-Lubrication:.................................................................................................................4
2.5. Basic Condition Monitoring:............................................................................................4
2.6. Dismounting:.....................................................................................................................5
3. Manufacturing of Bearing:.......................................................................................................5
8. Bearing Capacity:.....................................................................................................................6
9. Identification and analysis of intelligent (AI) manufacturing uses/trends:..............................7
1. Motorcycle Wheel Bearing:
In bikes, a large range of bearings are used. The exact figures differ according to the type and
other structural considerations, but between 20 and 30 rolling stock is combined into a single
motorcycle. The bearings are used as rotating elements, which enable the operation of the vehicle
including the motor, transmission and wheels. They contribute to the friction reduction and
ensure a consistent transfer of motive power to the wheels[1].

Figure 1: Motor Cycle Wheel Bearings

The required functions of motorcycle bearings include promoting a smooth ride and maintaining
reliability because of low friction and vibration. These factors impact fuel consumption and
safety, which are directly linked to our lives. Hence, the basic requirement of any manufacturing
industry is to develop such a bearing that provides all these facilities[1].
Since motorcycle engine and transmission bearings are used in dusty environments. Because of
this, they are exposed to heavy shock loadings and high-speed rotation. As a result, the
characteristics like high rigidity and excellent anti-dust characteristics are there basic
requirement. For a large range of road conditions and riding needs, wheel bearings are required,
but endurance in the face of water and mud is also a prerequisite. In order to satisfy these
specifications, manufacturers give the optimal mix of material and heat treatment technology for
outstanding longevity, the highest high rigidity internal bearing configuration and excellent
sealing performance[1].
1.1. Types:
Two basic (but distinct) classes are classified into bearings: plain bearings and rolling element
bearings.
Plain bearings are the first category. In most 4-stroke multi-cylinder engines, these bearings vary
from pivot points on control levers and basic bushings found on older machines to advanced
hydrodynamic bearings used. On some kind of "boundary" pad, usually a hydraulic oil cushion,
but often on PTFE/Teflon inserts, like those on the swing arm bearings on late model H-Ds, all
plain bearings from high to low must protect their shafts. Swing arm bearings (to keep this out of
the way) are not prone to heavy radial pressures, do not spin, and in turn only rotate more than
25–30 degrees. Counterintuitively, in these large spheres, the curvature is primarily there to
manage any misalignments along the travels of the pivot shaft through swing arm and tranny
cases. Otherwise, a few bronze bushings will do just as well when you get down to it, and did for
decades[2].
The second category i.e. roller bearings uses Sophisticated internal and external metal races with
either balls or rollers in between. Most rolling-element bearings (but not all) also have "cages" of
different types and materials to hold the rolling elements in place and reduce friction, and more.
Using two major distinctions: ball and roller, they are further defined. Ball bearings between the
inner and outer races have different sizes and numbers of balls, while roller bearings have
cylindrical or conical shaped rollers to provide the rolling action between the inner and outer
races. Roller bearings are more load-capable and deflect less, although they have more friction
than a ball coating of the equivalent size[2]. Both styles suffer from little to certain scuffing
frictions—roller/ball to cages due to inaccuracies of manufacture—whatever the scale, plus the
unavoidable change throughout the form and unforeseen side loads.

2. Product Life Cycle:

There is a pre-calculated service lifetime of every bearing. Study, however, has shown that not
every bearing accomplishes it for different purposes. Over the life cycle of the bearing, important
periods may be identified that have a significant effect on a bearing duty lifespan. Mounting and
lubrication, positioning, republication, simple condition checking and dismounting are these
steps. To ensure the full service life of the bearing, the phases in the bearing life cycle are highly
significant. You will greatly improve the service life of your bearing and maximize plant quality
and performance by applying the proper maintenance procedures and using the right instruments.
The below figure represents various phases during the lifecycle of a bearing[3].
 Figure 2: Different Stages during the lifecycle of bearings
1.2. Mounting of a Bearing:
The installation of the bearing uses many instruments such as induction heaters or hydraulic
equipment to fully install the bearing on its revolving shaft. Via an induction coil that transfers
heat as the electromagnetic field moves through the bearing, induction heaters create
electromagnetic fields. Hydraulic systems are special devices that uniformly install or dismount
the bearing from the shaft using hydraulic power[4].
It is very necessary to correctly install the bearings in order to fulfill their specified service life.
If the bearing is not correctly mounted using the right system and equipment, it can decrease the
service life of the bearing. For accurate and effective bearing mounting, individual applications
can involve mechanical, heat or hydraulic mounting techniques. Choosing the proper mounting
procedure for a particular case will help prolong the service life of the bearing and mitigate costs
arising from premature loss of the bearing, as well as future damage to the application[4]. The
below figure shows the right way for mounting of bearing.

Figure 3: Basic Mounting Condition of a bearing

1.3. Lubrication:
Bearing greases, manual/automatic lubricators and lubrication accessories lubricate the bearings.
Right lubrication of bearings is an important factor for fulfilling the service life of bearings.
Before commissioning the bearing, it is necessary to choose the required grease/oil for
lubrication of the bearing and to add the correct quantity. The bearings need frequent re-
lubrication during operation[4].
The lubrication of a bearing can be achieved both by manual as well as by automatic techniques.
It is normal practice to use manual re-lubrication methods; continuous re-lubrication, however,
provides many benefits. Through using automated lubricators, which have a more reliable,
accurate and contamination-free supply of grease, continuous re-lubrication may be achieved[4].
The below figure shows that how lubrication is done.

Figure 4: Lubrication of a bearing

1.4. Bearing Alignment:
The application i.e. wheel, bike or a car should be aligned after the bearing has been placed in an
application, such as a motor attached to a pump. It is possible to coordinate bearings in many
directions, but usually the practice is to align the primover shaft with the pump shaft (motor or
turbine). The misalignment can cause the bearing to experience additional load, friction and
vibration if the application is not correctly aligned. Improper alignment of the bearing will speed
up fatigue and reduce the service life of the bearing. Moreover, increased vibration and friction
will greatly increase the consumption of energy and the probability of early failure[4]. The below
figure shows the right way of bearing alignment.

Figure 5: Alignment of a Bearing

1.5. Re-Lubrication:
Tis step during life cycle of a bearing includes greasing the bearing, i.e. mechanical and manual
lubricators as well as lubrication of the accessories. To maximize its performance, the bearing
requires proper re-lubrication practices while working. It is necessary to choose the required
bearing grease for the application and to add the correct quantities at the correct intervals to
ensure the full service life of the bearing. In addition, the re-lubrication process used will lead
significantly to improving the service life of the bearings. Continuous lubrication utilizing single
or multiple-point automated lubricators gives a more reliable, accurate and contamination-free
supply of grease than manual re-lubrication processes[3].

1.6. Basic Condition Monitoring:

It is necessary to periodically inspect the state of the bearing during service by conducting simple
condition monitoring measurements. The managers, when they know the factory very well, are
the right individuals equipped for simple inspection operations. Minor variations in noises and
movements will also be sensed by them. When an operator reports irregular operating conditions
or noises that are abnormal. After using certain simple condition management software to
diagnose the root cause, you then have to look at the reported problem. These routine checks
allow possible problems to be detected and help to avoid unwanted system stoppages. As a
result, maintenance of the system may be scheduled in line with the production schedule,
increasing the plant's competitiveness and performance[4].

Figure 6: Basic condition monitoring of a bearing

1.7. Dismounting:
Mechanical and hydraulic pullers, induction heaters and hydraulic equipment are included in the
dismounting stage of a bearing. The bearing will hit the end of its service life at some time, and
will have to be replaced. While the bearing will not be needed again, it is highly necessary to
properly dismount the bearing such that the new bearing's service life is not affected. Second, the
use of suitable equipment for dismantling procedures can help avoid damage to other parts of the
unit, such as the shaft and housing, which are frequently reused. Secondly, inaccurate ways of
dismounting can be risky for the user[3].

Figure 7: Dismounting of a bearing

3. Manufacturing of Bearing:
The stamping, shaping, molding as well as machining processes used in manufacturing
processes. The components are weighed, modified and assembled for finished bearing until the
bearing components are fabricated. Assembly systems are a big part of matching[5].
The method used to create the inner and outer rings of a ball bearing is exactly the same.
1. The rings begin as a pipe. Automatic machines such as screw machines use cutting
equipment to cut the ring in the fundamental form, leaving additional machining content.
4. Bearing number and detail for the producer are stamped on the outer ring faces.
5. Hardening is the next step in the ring development process. The rings are heated for 15-20
minutes to 1565 degrees F, tamped in oil for 15-20 minutes to 375 degrees F, and then
tempered for 2 hours to 340 degrees F.
6. The next measures in both the inner and the outer ring are the grinding of the finished
measurements by advanced grinding machines.
 Face grinding to ensure right width of the bearing
 Molding for external rings and freezing for internal rings
 Grinding of the competition for the best radius, race and geometry
7. The last stage is the production process to finish and geometry the races properly.
For certain bearings, more steps may be needed. For example, corner touch covers may involve
additional facial grinding such that the inner and outer rings are of the same width when the
coating is loaded. Even if the inner and outer rings start to have the same thickness, several
considerations will misalign them after the bearing has been mounted and filled, such as race size
variances, race position, geometry of races, and ball diameter[5].
The manufacturing of the balls is done in the same way:
1. Balls start with the correct amount of material needed in the final ball as a wire or a rod slug.
8. Then the slugs take a cold heading to form an almost net spherical form.
9. The balls are then filed or dropped so that bursts and burrs are eliminated
10. Soft molding is used to make uniformly wide spheres.
11. Balls are hardened in the same procedure as for bearing rings
12. The hardened balls are completed to fulfill the finished dimensional and roundness
requirements
13. The balls are then lapped in order to meet final tolerances and surface finishing
specifications.

2. Bearing Capacity:
The ability to support a frame, vehicle or other entity in the lunar surface is related to the ability
to maintain a structure is called bearing capacity. The highest potential fee, assisted without loss,
is the ultimate load power (e.g., by overturning of a building). A load cannot be surpassed
without triggering too many settlements for a particular structural or organizational application.
Usually, the permissible load is much smaller than the ultimate load power. The lunar soil's
ultimate bearing ability is based on soil density, shear strength and base size[6]. The equation
formed by Durgunoglu and Mitchell

For lunar soils with qULT as the ultimate ability to wear, μ is lunar soil density, gm is moon
gravitational acceleration, B is soil cohesion, Nc and Nμq bearing capacities variables based on
the soil frost angle μ, and μc and μq are shapes factors. μq is the most important of all. In situ
bulk density and shear weights, the ultimate bearing potential for a number of footing forms are
determined by this equation. In general, the lunar surface is able to accommodate multiple
structures in most locations with ample ultimate ability. The safety factor against break-in or
reversal was very high for lunar module footpads[6].

3. Identification and analysis of intelligent (AI) manufacturing uses/trends:

Manufacturing has undergone some amazing shifts in the last two or more decades, from mass
manufacturing to scalable and lean production to agile production theory. The transition is
influenced directly by the price, cost, distribution performance, preference of client, etc.
requirements of the goods that could be due to unpredictable shifts in the dynamic business
climate, market globalization, a range of client requirements, customer-designed products, and
shorted product life cycle. These aspects have a direct effect on all production activities such as
purchasing, design, preparation, production, floor management, distribution, execution,
maintenance and marketing and so on. Manufacturers need to work hard to achieve the foreign
demand with increasing dynamism and customer-driven capacities not just for good quality,
efficiency and low cost but also the capacity to respond rapidly and efficiently. In the automotive
sector in the 1990s, this pattern became more widespread. The agility they have described is their
capacity to succeed in a dynamic world with constant and unexpected changes to adapt rapidly to
fast evolving, fragmented and globalizing markets, powered by high-quality, high-performance,
low-cost customer services demands. Manufacturing agility is achieved by the convergence into
one inherently coordinated independent structure of all available tools, technologies, people and
organization that achieve fast product production cycles and rapidly adapt to sudden market
opportunity[7].
Agile output usually has the following characteristics:
1. It means taking off the mass manufacturing mold and making items that are much more
personalized, depending on where and where the consumer wants them.
4. It means trying to conserve width rather than size, without the high expense that is usually
associated with the customization of the product.
5. Increased customer preference and planned customer preferences are central to the agile
development process.
6. Instead of just the workshop or the floor, it needs an all-encompassing vision.3
7. Agile development often incorporates principles such as the accelerated creation of a virtual
corporation or business on the basis of multi-company products, meaning that new products
can be quickly taken on to the market.
8. It needs a more open and rich knowledge exchange, without any regional or interpretative
constraints, through product production cycles and virtual businesses.
Present methods for choosing and constructing diaries can be categorized loosely as manual and
assisted by computer. The manual process usually uses catalogs and production manuals from
manufacturers. In algorithm schemes or expert systems, computer-aided approaches are typically
applied. These systems provide automated programming processes or skills based on rules. The
paradigm is to replace humans with intelligent networks with support for architecture. Some
efficient implementations have been carried out, but the systems are still inconvenient. The most
serious weakness of programs is that they are unable to benefit from operational experience and
the complexity of constructing an inference chain in which the multidisciplinary needs of an
engineering application are deferred to. These systems are typically machine-based and cannot
be accessed through networks remotely[7].
AI and Internet device architecture for journal bearing design are seen in the diagram. The
system is an open system available globally through the Internet. The structure is built on agile
theory of development. This method allows a customer (or designer) to define applications and
then responds fast and offers an optimized solution for collection and design[7].

Figure 8: The architecture of an Al-Internet based system for bearing design

A designer or user can, for example, access the intelligent selection module, join the application
needs interactively, react to the search engine module and provide an adequate setting for the
type and configuration of the bearing. Figure shows the search engine diagram built using hybrid
neural combined (ANN) and FLS techniques[7]. 
 Figure 9: The structure of a neural-fuzzy based selection engine for journal bearings
The certainty or unkindness inputs from the designer, such as load, speed and running
temperature etc. (FLS). The 0 and 1 output is directly used as an ANN input. The performance of
ANN is based on the measurement results for each type of log bearings[7].
The electronic catalog and other components are further developed and tested. For the broad
publicity and usability of bearings, an Internet-based bearing catalog is very important. The
intelligent collection and supporting design framework for journal bearings is further developed
and introduced on Internet. It not only seeks to provide extensive construction assistance for the
rolling stock, but also to ensure responsiveness and usability in terms of design and production
agility. Integration of the system with the virtual production system and activate the system, as
requested as part of a virtual business[7]. For the introduction of concept and development
agility, AI-Internet-based methodology is supported with special attention to journal design and
application. Primary production and discovery outcomes demonstrate the approach to delivering
fast, customer-specific design expertise and solutions. The scope of implementation of AI based
system for the manufacturing of bearing of two-wheel (i.e. motorcycles) vehicle is quite wide.

References:
1. https://www.nsk.com. Motor Cycle Wheel Bearings. 2021 [cited 2021 1/27/2021]; Available
from: https://www.nsk.com/industries/motorcycles.html.
2. Thunderpress. 2021 [cited 2021 1/26/2021]; Available from:
https://thunderpress.net/editorial/columnists/motorhead-memo-bearing-
basics/2015/04/11.htm.
3. Store, R.D. Bearing Life Cycle. 2021 [cited 2021 1/27/2021]; Available from:
https://www.reliabilitydirectstore.com/v/vspfiles/RDIStorePDF/Knowledge%20Base/Bearing
%20Life%20Cycle.pdf.
4. Enggcyclopedia. Bearing Life Cycle. 2021 [cited 2021 1/26/2021]; Available from:
https://www.enggcyclopedia.com/2012/02/bearing-lubrication-lifecycle-maintenance/.
5. https://insights.globalspec.com. Bearing Manufacturing Methods. 2021 [cited 2021 1/26/2021];
Available from: https://insights.globalspec.com/article/4523/how-ball-bearings-are-
manufactured#:~:text=Manufacturing%20processes%20include%20stamping%20and
%20forming%2C%20molding%2C%20forging%20and%20machining.&text=Once%20the
%20bearing%20components%20are,part%20of%20the%20assembly%20process.
6. Rajapakse, R.A., Geotechnical engineering calculations and rules of thumb. 2015: Butterworth-
Heinemann.
7. Cheng, K., D. Harrison, and P.J.J.o.M.P.T. Pan, Implementation of agile manufacturing—an AI
and Internet based approach. 1998. 76(1-3): p. 96-101.