Name:

Section:

Laboratory Exercise 2
DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS: TIME-DOMAIN REPRESENTATION

2.1 SIMULATION OF DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS

Project 2.1 The Moving Average System

A copy of Program P2_1 is given below:

% Program P2_1
% Simulation of an M-point Moving Average Filter
% Generate the input signal
n = 0:100;
s1 = cos(2*pi*0.05*n); % A low-frequency sinusoid
s2 = cos(2*pi*0.47*n); % A high frequency sinusoid
x = s1+s2;
% Implementation of the moving average filter
M = input('Desired length of the filter = ');
num = ones(1,M);
y = filter(num,1,x)/M;
% Display the input and output signals
clf;
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(n, s1);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Signal #1');
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(n, s2);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Signal #2');
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(n, x);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Input Signal');
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(n, y);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Signal');
axis;

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Answers:

Q2.1 The output sequence generated by running the above program for M = 2 with x[n] = s1[n]+s2[n] as
the input is shown below.

Signal #1 Signal #2
2 2

1 1
Amplitude

Amplitude
0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n
Input Signal Output Signal
2 2

1 1
Amplitude

Amplitude

0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n
The
component of the inputx[n] suppressed by the discrete-time system simulated by this program is –
s2(dữ liệu tín hiệu tần số thấp) _Dự đoán bộ lọc hạ thông,
Q2.2 Program P2_1 is modified to simulate the LTI system y[n] = 0.5(x[n]–x[n–1]) and process the
input x[n] = s1[n]+s2[n] resulting in the output sequence shown below :
% Program P2_1
% Simulation of an M-point Moving Average Filter
% Generate the input signal
n = 0:100;
s1 = cos(2*pi*0.05*n); % A low-frequency sinusoid
s2 = cos(2*pi*0.47*n); % A high frequency sinusoid
x = s1+s2;
% Implementation of the moving average filter
M = 2;
num = [1 -1];
y = filter(num,1,x)/M;
% Display the input and output signals
clf;
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(n, s1);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);

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xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Signal #1');
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(n, s2);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Signal #2');
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(n, x);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Input Signal');
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(n, y);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Signal');
axis;

Signal #1 Signal #2
2 2

1 1
Amplitude

Amplitude

0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n
Input Signal Output Signal
2 2

1 1
Amplitude

Amplitude

0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n

The effect of changing the LTI system on the input is – Dự đoán tín hiệu tần số cao đi qua_ Bộ
lọc thượng thông,
Q2.3 Program P2_1 is run for the following values of filter length M and following values of the fre quencies
of the sinusoidal signals s1[n] and s2[n]. The output generated for these different values of M and
the frequencies are shown below. From these plots we make the following observations -
% Program P2_1
% Simulation of an M-point Moving Average Filter
% Generate the input signal

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n = 0:100;
s1 = cos(2*pi*0.1*n); % A low-frequency sinusoid
s2 = cos(2*pi*0.5*n); % A high frequency sinusoid
x = s1+s2;
% Implementation of the moving average filter
M = 4;
num = ones(1,M);
y = filter(num,1,x)/M;
% Display the input and output signals
clf;
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(n, s1);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Signal #1');
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(n, s2);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Signal #2');
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(n, x);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Input Signal');
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(n, y);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Signal');
axis;

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 Signal #1 Signal #2
2 2

Amplitude 1 1

Amplitude
0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n
Input Signal Output Signal
2 2

1 1
Amplitude

Amplitude
0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n
% Program P2_1
% Simulation of an M-point Moving Average Filter
% Generate the input signal
n = 0:100;
s1 = cos(2*pi*0.5*n); % A low-frequency sinusoid
s2 = cos(2*pi*0.01*n); % A high frequency sinusoid
x = s1+s2;
% Implementation of the moving average filter
M = ;
num = ones(1,M);
y = filter(num,1,x)/M;
% Display the input and output signals
clf;
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(n, s1);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Signal #1');
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(n, s2);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Signal #2');
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(n, x);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Input Signal');
subplot(2,2,4);

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plot(n, y);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Signal');
axis;

Signal #1 Signal #2
2 2

1 1
Amplitude

Amplitude
0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n
Input Signal Output Signal
2 2

1 1
Amplitude

Amplitude

0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n
Q2.4 The required modifications to Program P2_1 by changing the input sequence to a swept-frequency
sinusoidal signal (length 101, minimum frequency 0, and a maximum frequency 0.5) as the input signal
(see Program P1_7) are listed below:
% Program P2_1
% Simulation of an M-point Moving Average Filter
% Generate the input signal
n = 0:100;
arg=a*n*n+b*n;
a=pi/200;
x=cos(arg);
b=0;
% Implementation of the moving average filter
M =2 ;
num = ones(1,M);
y = filter(num,1,x)/M;
% Display the input and output signals
clf;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(n, x);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');

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title('Signal #1');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(n, y);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Signal #2');
title('Output Signal');
axis;

The output signal generated by running this program is plotted below .

-1

-2
0 50 100

Input Signal
2

1
Amplitude

-1

-2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time index n The
results of Questions Q2.1 and Q2.2 from the response of this system to the swept-frequency signal can
be explained as follows:

Thành phần tần số thấp phía bên trái đồ thị được đi qua thành phần tần số cao của đồ thị bị chặn.

2.2 LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS

Project 2.5 Computation of Impulse Responses of LTI Systems

A copy of Program P2_5 is shown below:

% Program P2_5
% Compute the impulse response y
clf;
N = 40;
num = [2.2403 2.4908 2.2403];

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den = [1 -0.4 0.75];
y = impz(num,den,N);
% Plot the impulse response
stem(y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Impulse Response'); grid;

Answers:

Q2.19 The first 40 samples of the impulse response of the discrete-time system of Project 2.3 generated by
running Program P2_5 is given below:

Impulse Response
4

2
Amplitude

-1

-2

-3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Q2.20 The required modifications to Program P2_5 to generate the impulse response of the following causal
LTI system :

y[n] + 0.71y[n-1] – 0.46y[n-2] – 0.62y[n-3]

= 0.9x[n] – 0.45x[n-1] + 0.35x[n-2] + 0.002x[n-3]

are given below:s

% Program P2_5
% Compute the impulse response y
clf;
N = 40;

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num = [0.9 -0.45 0.35 0.02];
den = [1 0.71 -0.46 -0.62];
y = impz(num,den,N);
% Plot the impulse response
stem(y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Impulse Response'); grid;

Impulse Response
2

1.5

1
Amplitude

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

The first 45 samples of the impulse response of this discrete-time system generated by running the
modified is given below :
% Program P2_5
% Compute the impulse response y
clf;
N = 45;
num = [0.9 -0.45 0.35 0.02];
den = [1 0.71 -0.46 -0.62];
y = impz(num,den,N);
% Plot the impulse response
stem(y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Impulse Response'); grid;

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 Impulse Response
2

1.5

1
Amplitude

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Time index n
Q2.21 The MATLAB program to generate the impulse response of a causal LTI system of Q2.20 using the
filter command is indicated below:
% Program P2_5
% Compute the impulse response y
clf;
N = 40;
num = [0.9 -0.45 0.35 0.02];
den = [1 0.71 -0.46 -0.62];
x=[1 zeros(1,N-1)];
y = filter(num,den,x);
% Plot the impulse response
stem(y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Impulse Response'); grid;

The first 40 samples of the impulse response generated by this program are shown below :

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 Impulse Response
2

1.5

1
Amplitude

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n
Comparing the above response with that obtained in Question Q2.20 we conclude - hai đồ thị giống
nhau.

Q2.22 The MATLAB program to generate and plot the step response of a causal LTI system is indicated
below:
% Program P2_5
% Compute the impulse response y
clf;
N = 40;
num = [0.9 -0.45 0.35 0.02];
den = [1 0.71 -0.46 -0.62];
x=[1 ones(1,N-1)];
y = filter(num,den,x);
% Plot the impulse response
stem(y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Impulse Response'); grid;

The first 40 samples of the step response of the LTI system of Project 2.3 are shown below :

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 Impulse Response
1.6

1.4

1.2

1
Amplitude

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Project 2.7 Convolution

A copy of Program P2_7 is reproduced below :

% Program P2_7
clf;
h = [3 2 1 -2 1 0 -4 0 3]; % impulse response
x = [1 -2 3 -4 3 2 1]; % input sequence
y = conv(h,x);
n = 0:14;
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Obtained by Convolution'); grid;
x1 = [x zeros(1,8)];
y1 = filter(h,1,x1);
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,y1);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Generated by Filtering'); grid;

Answers:

Q2.28 The sequences y[n] and y1[n] generated by running Program P2_7 are shown below :

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 Output Obtained by Convolution
20

10
Amplitude
0

-10

-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time index n
Output Generated by Filtering
20

10
Amplitude

-10

-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time index n

The difference between y[n] and y1[n] is - giống nhau

x1[n] as the input, obtained by zero-padding x[n], for generating y1[n] is –

The reason for using
đệm thêm 8 số 0 để x1 có chiều dài bằng 15 => y1 có chiều dài bằng 15 thì mới bằng
y[n]

Q2.29 The modified Program P2_7 to develop the convolution of a length-15 sequence h[n] with a length-10
sequence x[n]is indicated below:
% Program P2_7
clf;
h = [3 2 1 -2 1 0 -4 0 3 2 5 5 5 5 1]; % impulse response
x = [1 -2 3 -4 3 2 1 6 8 7]; % input sequence
y = conv(h,x);
n = 0:23;
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Obtained by Convolution'); grid;
x1 = [x zeros(1,14)];
y1 = filter(h,1,x1);
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,y1);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Generated by Filtering'); grid;

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 The sequences y[n] and y1[n] generated by running modified Program P2_7 are shown below :

Output Obtained by Convolution

150

100
Amplitude

50

-50
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time index n
Output Generated by Filtering
150

100
Amplitude

50

-50
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time index n

The difference between y[n] and y1[n] is - hai đồ thị giống nhau

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