GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY, JAMMU

Minor submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the

degree of BE on topic
DESIGN OF AN ARDUINO-BASED HOME FIRE ALARM
SYSTEM WITH GSM MODULE
Submitted to:-
Mr. Rajiv Kumar Bali (Head of Department)
Submitted by:-
HARSHITA RAINA 201/17
SONAM VERMA 107/17
AANISH SHARMA 111/17
ABHISHEK CHIB 116/17
VINAY HANS 16/17
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Minor report “DESIGN OF AN ARDUINO-BASED
HOME FIRE ALARM SYSTEM WITH GSM MODULE” has been
successfully submitted by Harshita Raina 201/17, Sonam Verma 107/17,
Aanish Sharma 111/17, Abhishek Chib 116/17 and Vinay Hans 16/17 for
the partial fulfillment of the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical
from University of Jammu

Submitted to
Department of Electrical Engg.

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT PROJECT GUIDE

Mr. Rajiv Kumar Bali Mr. Karan Gupta

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

GOVT COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECHNOLOGY, JAMMU
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Keeping up with tradition of torch bearer of the nation, we would like to highly acknowledge

and pay respect to one and all associated with this project report at different stages. we owe

our sincere gratitude and humbleness to respected head of the department ,the professors and

associates of Department of E.E for being the guiding light and whose pursuits and

confidence in us were an instant booster during this endeavour. They also helped us in

understanding basic aspects of project. Our parents and family also deserve a special mention

here for believing in us and supporting us. We are also thankful to our friends who helped us

in understanding the basic concepts regarding the project topic

 CONTENTS

Page No

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER 2 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE 3

2.1 EXISTING SYSTEM 3

2.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM 3

CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM DESIGN 5

3.1 SYSTEM DESIGN 5

3.2 COMPONENTS 5

CHAPTER 4 WORKING 19

CHAPTER 5 WORKING ENVIRONMENT OF ARDUINO 23

5.1 ARDUINO DEVELOPMENT 23

5.1.1 Hardware 23

5.2 ARDUINOIDE 24

CHAPTER 6 SPECIFICATIONS 26

6.1 HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS 26

6.1.1 ARDUINO UNO 26

6.1.2 ATMEGA8 28

6.1.3 SENSORS 29

6.1.4 GSM MODULE 31

6.1.5 BUZZER ALARM 32

6.1.6 Connecting Wires 33

6.2 SOFTWARE SPECIFICATIONS 33

6.2.1 ARDUINO (IDE) 1.8.8 33

6.2.2 TURBO C++ 36

 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig No Fig Name Page No

Fig 1.1 Model of fire alarm system 2

Fig 2.1 Fire alarm system 4

Fig 4.1 Arduino IDE platform 24

Fig 6.1. Arduino UNO 26

Fig 6.2 ATmega8 Block Diagram 28

Fig 6.3 ATmega8 Pin diagram and description 29

Fig 6.4 DHT11 Temperature sensor 30

Fig 6.5 DHT11 Temperature sensor 30

Fig 6.6 Smoke Sensors 31

Fig 6.7 GSM module 32

Fig 6.8 Buzzer alarm 32

Fig 6.9 Connecting wires 33

Fig 6.10 Arduino and connecting cable 33

Fig 6.11 Opening a sketch 35

Fig 6.12 Installation of board drivers 35

Fig 6.13 Selection of board drivers 36

Fig 6.14 Uploading program 36

 Home Fire Extinguishing System

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Fire alarm system provides an early warning of fire so that people can be evacuated and
immediate action can be taken to stop or eliminate of the fire effect as soon as possible so that
properties and lives will not be at stake. As human technology advances, the concerns of fire
safety have rapidly increased as well. Fire hazards have become one of the prime
consequences of advanced technology and have claimed lots of lives, as well as destroying
countless properties and equipment in the household setting and the industrial environment.
Most systems make use of Fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP) fitted with a Digital Alarm
Communicator Transmitter (DACT), which sends information to the central station.
However, only some panels are fitted with this DACT, others need an external DACT unit for
transmission. This brings about obsolescence due to the requirement of additional hardware
and interfacing. The current fire alarm systems also do not have a means of communicating to
the outside world. The sensors and detectors are designed to report only to the FACP. This
suggests that individuals outside cannot know the situation inside a building in case of fire.
The fire fighter cannot determine the extent to which the fire has dynamically spread within
the building, from outside it. A home owner who travelled, cannot know the status of his
burning house from his location. Shows in their study, that major loss of lives and properties
could occur before a fire hazard can be detected and tackled. Some remote monitoring
systems can be designed by using Wireless sensor networks, Ethernet and other digital
technologies, but they are faced with the issues of being too complex, expensive and having
some levels of redundancy, as well as low compactness, all this brought to the development
of an SMS based fire alarm and detection system that utilizes an SMS system that is conFigd
to report to specified number of occupants and a nearest Fire Services Department. It is a
cost-effective fire alarm system which performs reliably to ensure safety from fire, and can
be easily installed in homes, industries, offices, restaurants etc. Larger scale industrial or
residential area can be monitored through the proposed system installing multiple modules,
each for one floor or unit. The aim of this project is to provide a reliable and swift responsive
fire alarm system through the use of SMS.Amongst the occurred disasters happened in the
resident area, fires have been known as the dangerous tragedy that could cause destruction,

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property and life losses. In many disasters, fires have become recurrent, destructive and most
influential disasters if compared to others hazards. With the rapid development of urban
construction, the occurrence probability of the great fire and other special disaster also
increased year by year. Fires in the early detection and early warning are two important ways
to extinguish the fire promptly and avoid great casualties and property loss. Therefore, the
requirement of placing intelligent fire alarm system is important within buildings especially
in the buildings where contain many people inside or valuable belongings.For this project, the
development of home fire alert is built based on Arduino board as the main controller board
that interacts with GSM module which works in the communication part. The interaction is
for the user to know the current situation in the house. This system works totally on wireless
network communication as GSM module is performed by sending an SMS to the user. The
microcontroller inside the Arduino board is used as the mastermind of the circuit where it
controls the circuit flows and execute all the decision as well. The GSM Module is
responsible for the communication part of the circuit. It takes information from the Arduino
on where to send information and what information needs to be sent. It uses a GSM SIM card
for communication purposes. It is basically just a modem which uses serial communication to
interface with and needs Hayes compatible AT commands for communicating with the
Arduino. The alert message and the phone number of the recipient are given by the user
through the project codes. As soon as fire is detected (temperature will hit certain temperature
limit) an SMS will be sent to the recipient’s phone number from the SIM card inserted into
the module for giving information to the user upon fire detection in the house.

Fig 1.1 Model of fire alarm system

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CHAPTER 2

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

2.1 EXISTING SYSTEM

Kwon, O.H., Cho, S.M. and Hwang, S.M “Design and Implementation of Fire Detection
System”, In this work a review of existing fire detector types has been carried out along with
the development of a low cost, portable, and reliable microcontroller based automated fire
alarm system for remotely alerting any fire incidents in household or industrial premises. The
aim of the system designed is to alert the distant property-owner efficiently and quickly by
sending short message (SMS) via GSM network. A Linear integrated temperature sensor
detects temperature beyond preset value whereas semiconductor type sensor detects presence
of smoke or gas from fire hazards. The sensor units are connected via common data line to
ATMega8L AVRmicrocontroller. A SIM300CZ GSM kit based network module, capable of
operating in standard GSM bands, has been used to send alert messages. The system is
implemented on printed circuit board (PCB) and tested under different experimental
conditions to evaluate its performances Oh-Hyun Kwon , Sung-Min Cho ,Sun Myung
Hwang” Design and Implementation of Fire Detection System”, Most of the fire detection are
performed by sensor-based systems which have perceived the temperature and smoke by
themselves and utilized in various type of industry after combining with the fuzzy theory.
Generally this kind of methodology is useful for many spots of fire occurrences. However, it
could not satisfy the requirement of accuracy and reliability on some environment. For
example, large spaced factories, common area of electric power facility, communication
facility are vulnerable to the sensing accuracy and too expensive to cover the entire place.
Thus, fire might spread widely over the spots and hard to extinguish even though those
sensors detect the fire. For the more it could be worse in the area that causes high
temperature, humidity, dust, vibrations. In this study, we tried to improve the problems by
using camera image processing instead of sensors. We designed the prototype system

2.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM

In this system the fire is detected with the help of DHT11 FIRE DETECTION sensor. Sensor
sends a signal to microcontroller. In the next step microcontroller sends an active signal to
other externally connected devices. The efficiency and memory of the microcontroller can be
increased if microcontroller is used in place of 16f877A. Multiple SMS can be send by
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changing programming GSM module and VOICE alert . To change the SIM card we have to
make changes in program. With the help of the fire sensor unit input is given to the pic
microcontroller. Once the input is given to the microcontroller it under goes the various
safety actions for that pic microcontroller is programmed in such a way to undergo process.
once the input is given the microcontroller unit gives the output to the GSM module. GSM
module sends the information to the mobile phone in the form of sms to the customer and
mean while alerts the entire industry through buzzer alarm. Buzzer alarm will alert the people
in the surroundings. The following block diagram shows the proposed system:

Fig 2.1 Fire alarm system

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CHAPTER 3

SYSTEM DESIGN

3.1 SYSTEM DESIGN

For communication purpose Bluetooth technology can also be used in the transmitter section.
Bluetooth is a wireless networking standard that is aimed at remote control and sensor
applications which is suitable for operation in harsh radio environments and in isolated
locations. But, the main disadvantages of Bluetooth is short range, low complexity, and low
data speed. Therefore, GSM is more advantages over Bluetooth for communication. Hence
author use GSM modem. A GSM modem is a specialized type wireless modem that works
with a GSM wireless network. It accepts a SIM card, and operates over a subscription to a
mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. A GSM modem can be an external device or a PC
Card / PCMCIA Card. An external GSM modem is connected to a computer through a serial
cable or a USB cable. When a GSM modem is connected to a computer, this allows the
computer to communicate over the mobile network. While these GSM modems are most
frequently used to provide mobile internet connectivity, many of them can also be used for
sending and receiving SMS and MMS message. GSM Modem sends and receives data
through radio waves. In this project GSM SIM900A modem is used to send the messages. It
consists of a GSM/GPRS modem with standard communication interfaces like RS-232
(Serial Port) so that it can be easily connected to the other devices. The power supply circuit
is also built in the module that can be turn ON by using a suitable adaptor.

3.2 Components

TRANSFORMER

A transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one electrical
circuit to another, or multiple circuits. A varying current in any one coil of the transformer
produces a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, which induces a varying
electromotive force across any other coils wound around the same core. Electrical energy can
be transferred between separate coils without a metallic (conductive) connection between the
two circuits.

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TRANSFORMER

DIODE

A diode is a device which allows current flow through only one direction. That is the current
should always flow from the Anode to cathode. The cathode terminal can be identified by
using a grey bar as shown in the picture above.

For 1N4007 Diode, the maximum current carrying capacity is 1A it withstands peaks up to
30A. Hence, we can use this in circuits that are designed for less than 1A. The reverse
current is 5uA which is negligible. The power dissipation of this diode is 3W.

 Average forward current is 1A

 Non-repetitive Peak current is 30A
 Reverse current is 5uA.
 Peak repetitive Reverse voltage is 1000V
 Power dissipation 3W
 Available in DO-41 Package

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Pin Configuration:

Pin No. Pin Name Description

1 Anode Current always Enters through Anode

2 Cathode
Current always Exits through Cathode

3 7805 vr

Voltage regulators are very common in electronic circuits. They provide a constant output
voltage for a varied input voltage. In our case the 7805 IC is an iconic regulator IC that finds
its application in most of the projects. The name 7805 signifies two meaning, “78” means that
it is a positive voltage regulator and “05” means that it provides 5V as output. So, our 7805
will provide a +5V output voltage.

The output current of this IC can go up to 1.5A. But the IC suffers from heavy heat loss
hence a Heat sink is recommended for projects that consume more current. For example, if
the input voltage is 12V and you are consuming 1A, then (12-5) * 1 = 7W. This 7 Watts will
be dissipated as heat.

7805 as +5V Voltage Regulator

This is a typical application circuit of the 7805 IC. We just need two capacitors of vale 33uf
and 0.1uf to get this IC working.

The input capacitor 0.33uF is a ceramic capacitor that deals with input inductance problem
and the output capacitor 0.1uF is also a ceramic capacitor that adds to the stability of the

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circuit. These capacitors should be placed close to the terminals for them to work effectively.
Also, they should be of ceramic type, since ceramic capacitors are faster than electrolytic.

7805 Regulator Features

 5V Positive Voltage Regulator

 Minimum Input Voltage is 7V
 Maximum Input Voltage is 25V
 Operating current (IQ) is 5mA
 Internal Thermal Overload and Short circuit current limiting protection is available.
 Junction Temperature maximum 125 degree Celsius

Pin Configuration

Pin Number Pin Name Description

1 Input (V+) Unregulated Input Voltage

2 Ground (Gnd) Connected to Ground

3 Output (Vo)
Outputs Regulated +5V

4 BC547 transistor
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Pin
Number Pin Name Description

1 Collector Current flows in through collector

2 Base Controls the biasing of transistor

3 Emitter
Current Drains out through emitter

 Bi-Polar NPN Transistor

 DC Current Gain (hFE) is 800 maximum
 Continuous Collector current (IC) is 100mA
 Emitter Base Voltage (VBE) is 6V
 Base Current (IB) is 5mA maximum
 Available in To-92 Package

Brief Description on BC547

BC547 is a NPN transistor hence the collector and emitter will be left open (Reverse biased)
when the base pin is held at ground and will be closed (Forward biased) when a signal is
provided to base pin. BC547 has a gain value of 110 to 800, this value determines the
amplification capacity of the transistor. The maximum amount of current that could flow

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through the Collector pin is 100mA, hence we cannot connect loads that consume more than
100mA using this transistor. To bias a transistor, we have to supply current to base pin, this
current (IB) should be limited to 5mA.

When this transistor is fully biased then it can allow a maximum of 100mA to flow across the
collector and emitter. This stage is called Saturation Region and the typical voltage allowed
across the Collector-Emitter (V-CE) or Base-Emitter (VBE) could be 200 and 900 mV
respectively. When base current is removed the transistor becomes fully off, this stage is
called as the Cut-off Region and the Base Emitter voltage could be around 660 mV.

RESISTOR

Specifications
Resistance (Ohms) 1K
Power (Watts) 0.25W, 1/4W
Tolerance ±5%
Packaging Bulk
Composition Carbon Film
Temperature Coefficient 350ppm/°C
Capacitor

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The capacitor is a component which has the ability or “capacity” to store energy in the form
of an electrical charge producing a potential difference (Static Voltage) across its plates,
much like a small rechargeable battery.

There are many different kinds of capacitors available from very small capacitor beads used
in resonance circuits to large power factor correction capacitors, but they all do the same
thing, they store charge.

In its basic form, a capacitor consists of two or more parallel conductive (metal) plates which
are not connected or touching each other, but are electrically separated either by air or by
some form of a good insulating material such as waxed paper, mica, ceramic, plastic or some
form of a liquid gel as used in electrolytic capacitors. The insulating layer between a
capacitors plates is commonly called the Dielectric.

Introduction to capacitors

A Typical Capacitor

Due to this insulating layer, DC current can not flow through the capacitor as it blocks it
allowing instead a voltage to be present across the plates in the form of an electrical charge.

The conductive metal plates of a capacitor can be either square, circular or rectangular, or
they can be of a cylindrical or spherical shape with the general shape, size and construction of
a parallel plate capacitor depending on its application and voltage rating.

When used in a direct current or DC circuit, a capacitor charges up to its supply voltage but
blocks the flow of current through it because the dielectric of a capacitor is non-conductive
and basically an insulator. However, when a capacitor is connected to an alternating current
or AC circuit, the flow of the current appears to pass straight through the capacitor with little
or no resistance.

IR sensor

An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some aspects of the
surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion.
These types of sensors measure only infrared radiation, rather than emitting it that is called
a passive IR sensor. Usually, in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of
thermal radiation.

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Infrared Sensor

These types of radiations are invisible to our eyes, which can be detected by an infrared
sensor. The emitter is simply an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the detector is simply an
IR photodiode that is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength as that emitted by the IR
LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode, the resistances and the output voltages will
change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received.

Working Principle

The working principle of an infrared sensor is similar to the object detection sensor. This
sensor includes an IR LED & an IR Photodiode, so by combining these two can be formed as
a photo-coupler otherwise optocoupler. The physics laws used in this sensor are planks
radiation, Stephan Boltzmann & weins displacement.

IR LED is one kind of transmitter that emits IR radiations. This LED looks similar to a
standard LED and the radiation which is generated by this is not visible to the human eye.
Infrared receivers mainly detect the radiation using an infrared transmitter. These infrared
receivers are available in photodiodes form. IR Photodiodes are dissimilar as compared with
usual photodiodes because they detect simply IR radiation. Different kinds of infrared
receivers mainly exist depending on the voltage, wavelength, package, etc.

Once it is used as the combination of an IR transmitter & receiver, then the receiver’s
wavelength must equal the transmitter. Here, the transmitter is IR LED whereas the receiver
is IR photodiode. The infrared photodiode is responsive to the infrared light that is generated
through an infrared LED. The resistance of photo-diode & the change in output voltage is in
proportion to the infrared light obtained. This is the IR sensor’s fundamental working
principle.

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Once the infrared transmitter generates emission, then it arrives at the object & some of the
emission will reflect back toward the infrared receiver. The sensor output can be decided by
the IR receiver depending on the intensity of the response.

Pump

DC pump

Description:

This is Micro Submersible Water Pump DC 3V-5V, can be easily integrate to your water
system project. The water pump works using water suction method which drain the water
through its inlet and released it through the outlet. You can use the water pump as exhaust
system for your aqurium and controlled water flow fountain.

Specification:

• Input Voltage: DC 3V-5V

• Flow Rate: 1.2-1.6 L/min

• Operation Temperature: 80 Deg.C

• Operating Current: 0.1-0.2A

• Suction Distance: 0.8 meter (Max)

• Outside diameter of water outlet: 7.5mm

• Inside diameter of water outlet: 5.0 mm

• Diameter of water Inlet : 5.0 mm

• Wire Length: 200 mm

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• Size: 45 x 30 x 25 mm

• Weight: 30g

Heat sensor

Bimetallic Thermometer

Definition: The bimetallic thermometer uses the bimetallic strip which converts the
temperature into the mechanical displacement. The working of the bimetallic strip depends
on the thermal expansion property of the metal. The thermal expansion is the tendency of
metal in which the volume of metal changes with the variation in temperature.

Every metal has a different temperature coefficient. The temperature coefficient shows the
relation between the change in the physical dimension of metal and the temperature that
causes it. The expansion or contraction of metal depends on the temperature coefficient, i.e.,
at the same temperature the metals have different changes in the physical dimension.

Working Principle of Bimetallic Thermometer

The working principle of bimetallic thermometer depends on the two fundamental properties
of the metal.

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1. The metal has the property of thermal expansion, i.e., the metal expand and contract
concerning the temperature.

2. The temperature coefficient of all the metal is not same. The expansion or contraction of
metals is different at the same temperature.

Constructions of Bimetallic Thermometer

The bimetallic strip is constructed by bonding together the two thin strips of different metals.
The metals are joined together at one end with the help of the welding. The bonding is kept in
such a way that there is no relative motion between the two metals. The physical dimension
of the metals varies with the variation in temperature.

Since the bimetallic strip of the thermometer is constructed with different metals. Thereby,
the length of metals changes at different rates. When the temperature increases, the strip
bends towards the metal which has a low-temperature coefficient. And when the temperature
decreases, the strip bends towards the metal which has a high-temperature coefficient.

The Fig below shows the bimetallic strip in the form of the straight cantilever beam. The strip
fixed at one end and deflects at the other end.

Relay

What is a Relay?

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically

operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays.
Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with
complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several
circuits must be controlled by one signal.

A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a soft iron core, an
iron yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature,
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and one or more sets of contacts (there are two in the relay pictured). The armature is hinged
to the yoke and mechanically linked to one or more sets of moving contacts. It is held in
place by a spring so that when the relay is de-energized there is an air gap in the magnetic
circuit. In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay pictured is closed, and
the other set is open. Other relays may have more or fewer sets of contacts depending on their
function. The relay in the picture also has a wire connecting the armature to the yoke. This
ensures continuity of the circuit between the moving contacts on the armature, and the circuit
track on the printed circuit board (PCB) via the yoke, which is soldered to the PCB. SPST –

Single Pole Single Throw. These have two terminals which can be connected or
disconnected. Including two for the coil, such a relay has four terminals in total. It is
ambiguous whether the pole is normally open or normally closed. The terminology "SPNO"
and "SPNC" is sometimes used to resolve the ambiguity.

MULTI STRANDED WIRES

Multi-Stranded Wiring:

This type of wiring has a higher cost due to the need for more rounds of extrusion and
stranding.

Multi-strand wiring is more flexible and less susceptible to cracking and metal fatigue than
single stranded conductors. This makes it the preferable solution for wiring that will need to
maneuver and bend without experiencing metal fatigue.

The increased surface area of multi-stranded conductors decreases the amount of resistance
that currents or signal passing through the wire will encounter.

Multi-stranded wiring can create challenges when soldering connectors or terminals as it can
be difficult to ensure that all of the small strands have been soldered properly. If this type of

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wire is soldered, it is good practice to tin the wire first. This type of wiring is better suited for
use with an application that requires a crimp connector. The small, flexible strands of wire
typically crimp easily and mold to the crimp connector very well.

DESIGN

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Veroboard is a brand of stripboard, a pre-formed circuit board material of copper strips on an
insulating bonded paper board used to make electronic circuits, where some of the electrical
connections are formed by strips of copper on the underside of the board. Veroboard is a
printed circuit board that’s designed with rows of copper tracks with holes drilled in then for
electronic components to be soldered to construct electronic circuits. It is characterized by a
0.1 inch regular grid of holes, with wide parallel strips of copper cladding running in one
direction all the way across one side of the board. In using the board, breaks are made in the
tracks, usually around holes, to divide the strips into multiple electrical nodes. The 0.1 inch
(2.54 mm) spacing allows sockets for ICs. The components are usually placed on the plain
side of the board, with their leads protruding through the holes. The leads are then soldered to
the copper tracks on the other side of the board to make the desired connections, and any
excess wire is cut off. The continuous tracks may be easily and neatly cut as desired to form
breaks between conductors using a 5 mm twist drill, a hand cutter made for the purpose, or a
knife.

VEROBOARD ADVANTAGES

• They cost significantly less than PCB’s.

• It is easier to modify a circuit on Veroboard rather than a PCB.

• Veroboard is easily available. PCB’s are impossible or at best hard to obtain for older
projects

• Making your own PCB can prove to be difficult. You’ll need some extra kit and chemicals
and then there’s the drilling to contend with!

VEROBOARD DISADVANTAGES

• a veroboard layout makes a circuit more unreliable.

• Building errors are more likely using veroboard.

• veroboards make construction a lot slower and time-consuming.

• Circuit layouts are very large.

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CHAPTER 4

WORKING

After the triggering of relay the circuit get the power supply through 12v DC source. When
the power is on, the circuit is operated in the a-stable mode. As the voltage is applied to the
timer, the capacitor starts charging through the resistors R1 and R2.When it reaches 2/3 of
VCC, it is detected by the sixth pin and seventh pin is connected to the ground. Thus
capacitor starts discharging, through the RV1 resistor. When voltage of 1/3 VCC is detected
it again starts charging, thus this process continuously produces the pulse of certain
frequency. This is applied to the second timer through its control pin. Thus the frequency of
the second timer is modulated and is applied to the speaker through a capacitor. The external
RC circuit decides the time delay with which the waveform should be produced. Hence one
can hear the sound like fire brigade.

HOW IT WORKS: FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEMS

Nov 20, 2019 | Sprinkler Systems

Sprinkler systems are an important part of protection from fires. A fire sprinkler system can
prevent property damage and reduce the risk of injury to workers, customers, or tenants. But
how exactly does a fire sprinkler system work? Understanding how a fire sprinkler system
works can help you determine the right kind of system for your property.

DETECTION

There is a common misconception that sprinklers are triggered by smoke. Fire sprinkler
systems have strategically placed sprinkler heads with glass bulbs containing a glycerin-
based liquid. Sprinkler systems detect a fire through rising temperatures. As the temperature
at the sprinkler head rises to between 135 to 165 degrees Fahrenheit, the liquid inside the
glass bulb expands and breaks the glass, thus activating the sprinkler head. There are various
colors of liquid in these glass components, each indicating a different threshold of heat
required to break the glass.

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ACTIVATION

Depending on the type of sprinkler system, the method of sprinkler activation can vary. Once
the glass bulb breaks, the sprinkler head releases water. However, the way water is stored and
is delivered through pipes depends on the type of fire sprinkler system. Wet pipe systems
store water in the pipes and release it immediately when the trigger breaks. Dry pipe systems
store water behind a valve that needs to be released before the water can flow through the
pipes and out of the sprinkler head. A pre-action sprinkler is like a dry pipe system except for
the valve is controlled by an electronic device. The only exception is the deluge sprinkler
system that is not activated by heat at all. Instead, a fire alarm releases the water and a valve
must be manually closed to stop the flow of water.

PRESSURIZED SPRINKLING

Wet pipe, dry pipe, and pre-action sprinklers all use pressurized air. In wet pipe sprinklers,
pressure in the pipes ensures the water is delivered quickly. In dry pipe and pre-action
sprinkler systems, pressurized air is used to fill the pipes instead of water filling the pipes.
Once the air is released, due to a fire being detected, the water then flows through the pipes.

POST FIRE

It is a myth that once a fire is detected all fire sprinklers go off. fire sprinkler system detects
rising temperatures at each individual sprinkler head and goes off only when the fire reaches
that sprinkler. If you require a sprinkler system where all the sprinkler heads go off at the
same time, then you need a deluge sprinkler system. Deluge sprinkler systems release water
from every sprinkler head once a fire alarm goes off and are used in facilities with flammable
or combustible liquids where the threat of fire is extremely high. Keystone Fire Protection
Co. offers a foam sprinkler system for these high-risk environments which smothers, cools,
and extinguishes fires. Other fire sprinkler systems have minimal clean-up and cause little
damage due to the localized response such as the Hi-Fog Water Mist system offered by
Keystone Fire Protection Co.

FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM MAINTENANCE, TESTING, AND INSPECTION

Fire sprinkler systems should be inspected and tested according to NFPA 25. Weekly or
monthly, gauges should be inspected. Quarterly, alarm devices and control valves should be
inspected. Bracings, pipes, fittings, and signings should be inspected annually. Every five
years, an internal inspection is required. Tests of mechanical devices should happen
quarterly. Switch type devices should be tested every six months. Every year, full testing and
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tagging should include water flow, fire pump, antifreeze concentration, and alarm tests. Not
only will Keystone Fire Protection Co. install the correct sprinkler system for your property,
but we will also perform regular inspections, testing, and maintenance as needed. In order for
you to be fully protected, your fire sprinkler system must be working properly. Keystone fire
sprinkler system technicians are experts in good standing with the American Fire Sprinkler
Association and provide quarterly or yearly inspections at frequencies that comply with
NFPA standards. These inspections are reported to you and the Authority Having
Jurisdiction, and they are available at all times on each customer’s Keystone Client Connect
web portal account. Highly trained staff are also able to diagnose and repair problems with
your fire sprinkler system. These qualified individuals check your fire sprinkler system
without disrupting you or your business. Contact Keystone Fire Protection Co. today for a
quote or with questions related to fire sprinkler system inspections, testing, or maintenance.

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CHAPTER 5

WORKING ENVIRONMENT OF ARDUINO

5.1 ARDUINO DEVELOPMENT

Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company, project and user community that
designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building
digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control both physically and digitally.
Its products are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU
General Public License(GPL), permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software
distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled form or
as do-it-yourself (DIY) kits.

Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are
equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to
various expansion boards or breadboards (shields) and other circuits. The boards feature
serial communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models,
which are also used for loading programs from personal computers. The microcontrollers are
typically programmed using a dialect of features from the programming
languages C and C++. In addition to using traditional compiler tool chains, the Arduino
project provides an integrated development environment (IDE) based on
the Processing language project.

5.1.1 Hardware

Arduino is open-source hardware. The hardware reference designs are distributed under
a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available on the Arduino
website. Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are also available.

Although the hardware and software designs are freely available under copyleft licenses, the
developers have requested the name Arduino to be exclusive to the official product and not
be used for derived works without permission. The official policy document on use of the
Arduino name emphasizes that the project is open to incorporating work by others into the
official product. Several Arduino-compatible products commercially released have avoided
the project name by using various names ending in -duino.

Most Arduino boards consist of an Atmel 8-bit AVR

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microcontroller (ATmega8, ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280, ATmega2560) with
varying amounts of flash memory, pins, and features. The 32-bit Arduino Due, based on the
Atmel SAM3X8E was introduced
oduced in 2012. The boards use single or double-row
double pins or
female headers that facilitate connections for programming and incorporation into other
circuits. These may connect with add-on
add modules termed shields.. Multiple and possibly
stacked shields may be individually addressable via an I²C serial bus. Most boards include a 5
V linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator or ceramic resonator. Some designs, such
as the LilyPad, run at 8 MHz and dispense with the onboard voltage regulator due to specifi
specific
form-factor restrictions.

5.2 ARDUINOIDE

Fig 4.1 Arduino IDE platform

The Arduino project provides the Arduino integrated development environment (IDE), which
is a cross-platform
platform application written in the programming language Java. It originated from
the IDE for the languages Processing and Wiring. It is designed to introduce programming to
artists and other newcomers
omers unfamiliar with software development. It includes a code editor
with features such assyntax highlighting, brace matching, and automatic indentation, and
provides simple one-click
click mechanism to compile and load programs to an Arduino board. A
program written
ritten with the IDE for Arduino is called a "sketch". The Arduino IDE supports the
languages C and C++ using special rules to organize code.

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) - contains a

text editor for writing
g code , a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for

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common functions and a series of menus. It connects to the Arduino and Genuino hardware
to upload programs and communicate with them.

 File
 Edit
 Tools
 Help
 Sketchbook
 Tabs, Multiple Files, and Compilation
 Uploading
 Libraries
 Third-Party Hardware
 Serial Monitor
 Preferences
 Language Support

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CHAPTER 6

SPECIFICATIONS

6.1 HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS

The hardware specifications required to develop a fire alarm system with SMS alert are given
as follows:

 Arduino UNO
 ATmega8
 Sensors
 GSM Module
 Buzzer alarm
 Connecting wires

Now let us discuss these hardware specifications one by one

6.1.1 ARDUINO UNO

Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronics projects. Arduino consists
of both a physical programmable circuit board (often referred to as a microcontroller) and a
piece of software, or IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that runs on your computer,
used to write and upload computer code to the physical board.

Fig 6.1. Arduino UNO

The Arduino platform has become quite popular with people just starting out with electronics,
and for good reason. Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, the Arduino does

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not need a separate piece of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load new code onto
the board – you can simply use a USB cable. Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified
version of C++, making it easier to learn to program. Finally, Arduino provides a standard
form factor that breaks out the functions of the micro-controller into a more accessible
package.

There are many other microcontrollers and microcontroller platforms available for physical
computing. Parallax Basic Stamp, Netmedia's BX-24, Phidgets, MIT's Handyboard, and
many others offer similar functionality. All of these tools take the messy details of
microcontroller programming and wrap it up in an easy-to-use package. Arduino also
simplifies the process of working with microcontrollers, but it offers some advantage for
teachers, students, and interested amateurs over other systems:

 Inexpensive :- Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other

microcontroller platforms. The least expensive version of the Arduino module can be
assembled by hand, and even the pre-assembled Arduino modules cost less than $50

 Cross-platform :- The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and
Linux operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.

 Simple, clear programming environment :- The Arduino Software (IDE) is easy-to-use for
beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage of as well. For
teachers, it's conveniently based on the Processing programming environment, so students
learning to program in that environment will be familiar with how the Arduino IDE
works.

 Open source and extensible software :- The Arduino software is published as open source
tools, available for extension by experienced programmers. The language can be
expanded through C++ libraries, and people wanting to understand the technical details
can make the leap from Arduino to the AVR C programming language on which it's
based. Similarly, you can add AVR-C code directly into your Arduino programs if you
want to.

 Open source and extensible hardware :- The plans of the Arduino boards are published
under a Creative Commons license, so experienced circuit designers can make their own
version of the module, extending it and improving it. Even relatively inexperienced users
can build the breadboard version of the module in order to understand how it works and
save money.
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6.1.2 ATMEGA8

AVR is a family of microcontrollers developed by Atmel beginning in 1996. These are

modified Harvard architecture 8-bit RISC single-chip microcontrollers. The Atmel AVR core
combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All the 32 registers
are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two independent
registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The resulting
architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughput up to ten times faster than
conventional CISC microcontrollers. Here we go through ATmega8 pin diagram, block
diagram, sleep mode and features. But before talking about ATmega8 pin diagram, let’s first
go through the Atmega8 block diagram.

Fig 6.2 ATmega8 Block Diagram

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The ATmega8 provides 8 Kbytes of In-System Programmable Flash with Read-While-Write
capabilities, 512 bytes of EEPROM, 1 Kbyte of SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32
general purpose working registers, three flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes,
internal and external interrupts, a serial programmable USART, a byte oriented two wire
serial interface, a 6-channel ADC (eight channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages) with 10-
bit accuracy, a programmable Watchdog Timer with Internal Oscillator, an SPI serial port,
and five software selectable power saving modes.

Fig 6.3 ATmega8 Pin diagram and description

6.1.3 SENSORS

In our proposed project we are using two different types of sensors :

 DHT 11 Temperature sensor

 Smoke sensor

DHT11 Temperature sensor

The DHT11 is a commonly used Temperature and humidity sensor. The sensor comes with a
dedicated NTC to measure temperature and an 8-bit microcontroller to output the values of
temperature and humidity as serial data. The sensor is also factory calibrated and hence easy
to interface with other microcontrollers.The sensor can measure temperature from 0°C to
50°C and humidity from 20% to 90% with an accuracy of ±1°C and ±1%. So if you are

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looking to measure in this range then this sensor might be the right choice for you.
The DHT11 Sensor is factory calibrated and outputs serial data and hence it is highly easy to
set it up. The connection diagram for this sensor is shown below

Fig 6.4 DHT11 Temperature sensor

As you can see the data pin is connected to an I/O pin of the MCU and a 5K pull-up resistor
is used. This data pin outputs the value of both temperature and humidity as serial data. If you
are trying to interface DHT11 with Arduino then there are ready-made libraries for it which
will give you a quick start

If you are trying to interface it with some other MCU then the datasheet given below will
come in handy. The output given out by the data pin will be in the order of 8bit humidity
integer data + 8bit the Humidity decimal data +8 bit temperature integer data + 8bit fractional
temperature data +8 bit parity bit. To request the DHT11 module to send these data the I/O
pin has to be momentarily made low and then held high to make it more accurate.

Some applications of DHT 11 Sensor are :

 Measure temperature and humidity

 Local Weather station
 Automatic climate control.
 Environment monitoring

Pin No Function Name

1 Supply voltage; 5V (+35V to -2V) Vcc
2 Output voltage (+6V to -1V) Output
3 Ground (0V) Ground
Fig 6.5 DHT11 Temperature sensor

6.1.3.2 SMOKE SENSOR

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A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Commercial
security devices issue a signal to a fire alarm control panel as part of a fire alarm system,
while household smoke detectors, also known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local
audible or visual alarm from the detector itself.

Smoke detectors are housed in plastic enclosures, typically shaped like a disk about 150
millimetres (6 in) in diameter and 25 millimetres (1 in) thick, but shape and size vary. Smoke
can be detected either optically (photoelectric) or by physical process (ionization); detectors
may use either, or both, methods. Sensitive alarms can be used to detect, and thus deter,
smoking in areas where it is banned. Smoke detectors in large commercial, industrial, and
residential buildings are usually powered by a central fire alarm system, which is powered by
the building power with a battery backup. Domestic smoke detectors range from individual
battery-powered units, to several interlinked mains-powered units with battery backup; with
these interlinked units, if any unit detects smoke, all trigger even if household power has
gone out.

Fig 6.6 Smoke sensor

6.1.4 GSM MODULE

GSM/GPRS module is used to establish communication between a computer and a GSM-

GPRS system. Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) is an architecture used for
mobile communication in most of the countries. Global Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is an
extension of GSM that enables higher data transmission rate. GSM/GPRS module consists of
a GSM/GPRS modem assembled together with power supply circuit and communication
interfaces (like RS-232, USB, etc) for computer. GSM/GPRS MODEM is a class of wireless
MODEM devices that are designed for communication of a computer with the GSM and
GPRS network. It requires a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card just like mobile phones
to activate communication with the network. Also they have IMEI (International Mobile

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Equipment Identity) number similar to mobile phones for their identification. A GSM/GPRS
MODEM can perform the following operations:

1. Receive, send or delete SMS messages in a SIM.

2. Read, add, search phonebook entries of the SIM.

3. Make, Receive, or reject a voice call.

The MODEM needs AT commands, for interacting with processor or controller, which are
communicated through serial communication. These commands are sent by the
controller/processor. The MODEM sends back a result after it receives a command. Different
AT commands supported by the MODEM can be sent by the processor/controller/computer
to interact with the GSM and GPRS cellular network.

Fig 6.7 GSM module

6.1.5 BUZZER ALARM

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, which may be mechanical,

electromechanical, or piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers and beepers
include alarm devices, timers, and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or
keystroke.

Fig 6.8 Buzzer alarm

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6.1.6 Connecting Wires

Connecting wires allows an electrical current to travel from one point on a circuit to another
because electricity needs a medium through which it can move. Most of the connecting wires
are made up of copper or aluminum. Copper is cheap and good conductivity. Instead of the
copper, we can also use silver which has high conductivitybut it is too costly to use.

Fig 6.9 Connecting wires

6.2 SOFTWARE SPECIFICATIONS

6.2.1 ARDUINO (IDE) 1.8.8

If you want to program your Arduino/Genuino Uno while offline you need to install
the Arduino Desktop IDE. The Uno is programmed using the Arduino Software (IDE), our
Integrated Development Environment common to all the boards. Before you can move on,
you must have installed the Arduino Software (IDE) on your PC, as explained below:

 Connect your Uno board with an A B USB cable; sometimes this cable is called a USB
printer cable

Fig 6.10 Arduino and connecting cable

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The USB connection with the PC is necessary to program the board and not just to power it
up. The Uno automatically draw power from either the USB or an external power supply.
Connect the board to your computer using the USB cable. The green power LED
(labelled PWR) should go on.

 Install the board drivers

If you used the Installer, Windows - from XP up to 10 - will install drivers automatically as
soon as you connect your board.

If you downloaded and expanded the Zip package or, for some reason, the board wasn't
properly recognized, please follow the procedure below.

o Click on the Start Menu, and open up the Control Panel.

o While in the Control Panel, navigate to System and Security. Next, click on System. Once
the System window is up, open the Device Manager.

o Look under Ports (COM & LPT). You should see an open port named "Arduino UNO
(COMxx)". If there is no COM & LPT section, look under "Other Devices" for
"Unknown Device".

o Right click on the "Arduino UNO (COmxx)" port and choose the "Update Driver
Software" option.

o Next, choose the "Browse my computer for Driver software" option.

o Finally, navigate to and select the driver file named "arduino.inf", located in the
"Drivers" folder of the Arduino Software download (not the "FTDI USB Drivers" sub-
directory). If you are using an old version of the IDE (1.0.3 or older), choose the Uno
driver file named "Arduino UNO.inf"

o Windows will finish up the driver installation from there.

 Open your first sketch

Open the LED blink example sketch: File > Examples >01.Basics > Blink.

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Fig 6.11 Opening a sketch

 Select your board type and port

You'll need to select the entry in the Tools > Board menu that corresponds to your Arduino or
Genuino board.

Fig 6.12 Installation of board drivers

Select the serial device of the board from the Tools | Serial Port menu. This is likely to
be COM3 or higher (COM1 and COM2 are usually reserved for hardware serial ports). To
find out, you can disconnect your board and re-open the menu; the entry that disappears
should be the Arduino or Genuino board. Reconnect the board and select that serial port.

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Fig 6.13 Selection of board drivers

 Upload the program

Now, simply click the "Upload" button in the environment. Wait a few seconds - you should
see the RX and TX leds on the board flashing. If the upload is successful, the message "Done
uploading." will appear in the status bar.

Fig 6.14 Uploading program

A few seconds after the upload finishes, you should see the pin 13 (L) LED on the board start
to blink (in orange). If it does, congratulations! You've gotten Arduino or Genuino up-and-
running.

6.2.2 TURBO C++

Turbo C is a discontinued Integrated Development Environment and compiler for the C

programming language from Borland. First introduced in 1987, it was noted for its integrated
development environment, small size, fast compile speed, comprehensive manuals and low
price.

In our proposed system we need turbo c to write the code in c language and upload it to the
arduino controller.
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The first release of Turbo C++ was made available during the MS-DOS era on personal
computers. Version 1.0, running on MS-DOS, was released in May 1990. An OS/2 version
was produced as well. Version 1.01 was released on February 28, 1991, running on MS-DOS.
The latter was able to generate both COM and EXE programs and was shipped with
Borland's Turbo Assembler compiler for Intel x86 processors. The initial version of the
Turbo C++ compiler was based on a front end developed by TauMetric (TauMetric was later
acquired by Sun Microsystems and their front end was incorporated in Sun C++ 4.0, which
shipped in 1994). This compiler supported the AT&T 2.0 release of C++.

Turbo C++ 3.0 was released in 1991 (shipping on November 20), and came in amidst
expectations of the coming release of Turbo C++ for Microsoft Windows. Initially released
as an MS-DOS compiler, 3.0 supported C++ templates, Borland's inline assembler, and
generation of MS-DOS mode executables for both 8086 real mode and 286 protected
mode(as well as the Intel 80186.) 3.0 implemented AT&T C++ 2.1, the most recent at the
time. The separate Turbo Assembler product was no longer included, but the inline-assembler
could stand in as a reduced functionality version.

Soon after the release of Windows 3.0, Borland updated Turbo C++ to support Windows
application development. The Turbo C++ 3.0 for Windows product was quickly followed
by Turbo C++ 3.1 (and then Turbo C++ 4.5). It's possible that the jump from version 1.x to
version 3.x was in part an attempt to link Turbo C++ release numbers with Microsoft
Windows versions; however, it seems more likely that this jump was simply to synchronize
Turbo C and Turbo C++, since Turbo C 2.0 (1989) and Turbo C++ 1.0 (1990) had come out
roughly at the same time, and the next generation 3.0 was a merger of both the C and C++
compiler.

Starting with version 3.0, Borland segmented their C++ compiler into two distinct product-
lines: "Turbo C++" and "Borland C++". Turbo C++ was marketed toward the hobbyist and
entry-level compiler market, while Borland C++ targeted the professional application
development market. Borland C++ included additional tools, compiler code-optimization,
and documentation to address the needs of commercial developers. Turbo C++ 3.0 could be
upgraded with separate add-ons, such as Turbo Assembler and Turbo Vision 1.0.

Version 4.0 was released in November 1993 and was notable (among other things) for its
robust support of templates. In particular, Borland C++ 4 was instrumental in the
development of the Standard Template Library, expression templates, and the first advanced

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applications of template metaprogramming. With the success of the Pascal-evolved
product Delphi, Borland ceased work on their Borland C++ suite and concentrated
on C++Builder for Windows. C++Builder shared Delphi's front-end application framework,
but retained the Borland C++ back-end compiler. Active development on Borland C++/Turbo
C++ was suspended until 2006 (see below.)

Version 4.5 was announced on March 20, 1995. New features include multimedia QuickTour,
five new games (Turbo Meteors (an Asteroids-like game), Turbo Blocks, Turbo Cribbage,
Turbo 21, Turbo Mah Jongg) with corresponding source codes. It includes ObjectWindows
Library (OWL) 2.5, AppExpert, ClassExpert, Object Components Framework.

Borland Japan Turbo C++

Version 4.0J supports DOS for PC-9801 and PC/AT (DOS/V). It includes Turbo
Debugger 4.0. IDE uses XMS memory. Project manager supports linking OBJ/LIB libraries,
integration with Turbo Assembler 4.0J external assembler.

Version 5.0J was announced on 1996-07-23. Based on Borland C++ 5.0J, this version
includes IDE supporting Windows 95 and NT 3.51, and can compile 16-bit software. It
includes ObjectWindows Library 5.0, Borland Database Engine, Visual Database Tools.

Borland Turbo C++ Suite

This version includes Borland C++Builder 1.0, Turbo C++ 4.5 for Windows 3.1, Turbo C++
3.0 for DOS. Later release replaces C++Builder 1.0 with Borland C++BuilderX Personal
Edition.

Turbo C++ 2006

It is a single language version of Borland Developer Studio 2006 for C++ language,
originally announced in 2006-08-06, and was released later on 2006-09-05 the same year
with Turbo Explorer and Turbo Professional editions.The Explorer edition was free to
download and distribute while the Professional edition was a commercial product.

In October 2009 Embarcadero Technologies discontinued support of all Turbo C++ 2006
editions. As such, the Explorer edition is no longer available for download and the
Professional edition is no longer available for purchase from Embarcadero Technologies.
Turbo C++ 2006 was succeeded by C++Builder 2007 before Embarcadero's acquisition
of Codegear and dropping support, and official Turbo C++ 2006 page was later redirect
visitor to C++Builder 2010.

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