4A GRAMMAR can, could, be able to (ability and possession)
a $JSDMFUIFDPSSFDUWFSC4PNFUJNFTCPUIWFSCTBSFQPTTJCMF
Anyone for tennis?
*MPWFBMMTQPSUTBOEIBWFBMXBZTXBOUFEUP1be able to canQMBZ
UFOOJT4P
MBTUZFBS
BUUIFBHFPG
*EFDJEFEUPMFBSO*XBT
SFBMMZIBQQZXIFO*GPVOEBUFBDIFSXIPwas able to could
HJWFNFMFTTPOTBOETP*TUBSUFE6OGPSUVOBUFMZ
BGUFSUIFGJSTU
GFXMFTTPOT
*SFBMJ[FEUIBU*EOFWFS3can be able toQMBZUIJT
HBNF0OFPGUIFQSPCMFNTXBTUIBU* couldn’t wasn’t able
toNPWFGBTUFOPVHICFDBVTF*BNOPUJOHPPETIBQF5IFPUIFS
QSPCMFNJTUIBUUFOOJTJTOPUBOFBTZTQPSUUPMFBSORVJDLMZ*
IBUFEnot can not being ableto IJUUIFCBMMPWFSUIFOFU*U
XBTSFBMMZGSVTUSBUJOH%JE*MFBSOBOZUIJOH :FT
*EJEwUIBU*MM
OFWFSbe able to can QMBZUFOOJT
It’s never too late
.ZZFBSPMEHSBOEGBUIFScouldn’t / wasn’t able toFWFO
UVSOPOBDPNQVUFSVOUJMBCPVUUXPZFBSTBHP"MMUIBUDIBOHFE
XIFOIFEFDJEFEUIBUIFXBOUFEUPcan / be able toVTFUIF
*OUFSOFU
BOEIFEJEBDPVSTFBUIJTMPDBMBEVMUFEVDBUJPODFOUFS
"MUIPVHIIFSFBMMZFOKPZFEUIFDPVSTF
IF couldn’t / wasn’t
able toQVUXIBUIFMFBSOFEJOIJTDMBTTFTJOUPQSBDUJDFCFDBVTF
IFEJEOUIBWFBDPNQVUFS4P
GPSIJTCJSUIEBZ
*CPVHIUIJN
IJTPXOMBQUPQ
BOEUIBUTXIFOIFSFBMMZTUBSUFEMFBSOJOH
/PX
IF ’sable to / canVTFUIF*OUFSOFUSFBMMZXFMMBOETFOE
FNBJMT8IBUIFMPWFTNPTUJT11can / beingable to TQFBLBOE
TFFIJTHSBOEDIJMESFOPO4LZQFBUMFBTUPODFBXFFL5IFZMJWF
JO"VTUSBMJB
BOEJGIFEJEOUIBWFBDPNQVUFS
IFcouldn’t /
wouldn’t be able toLFFQJOUPVDIXJUIUIFNTPNVDI
b $
PNQMFUFUIFTFOUFODFTXJUIcancan’tPScouldcouldn’t*GBGPSNPGcancouldJTOUQPTTJCMF
DPNQMFUFUIFTFOUFODFXJUIBGPSNPGbe able to
"UUIFFOEPGUIFTJYXFFLDPVSTF
ZPVMM .JSJBNIBUFTOPU QMBZ
be able to EFTJHOZPVSPXOXFCTJUF DIFTTBTXFMMBT-VLF)FBMXBZTCFBUTIFS
.FMJTTBDBMMFENFZFTUFSEBZCFDBVTFTIF BOETIFTBSFBMMZCBEMPTFS
SFNFNCFSIPXUPHFUUP 4PNFUJNFTXIFOZPVSFPO4LZQFZPV
NZIPVTF IFBSUIFPUIFSQFSTPOWFSZ
+PTIJTOUHPJOHUP GJOJTI XFMM
UIFSFQPSUCZUIFFOEPGUIFEBZ EPXIBUZPVXBOUJTUIF
4DPUUIBTQBTTFEIJTESJWJOHUFTUTPOPXIF CFTUUIJOHBCPVUBWBDBUJPO
ESJWFIJTGBUIFSTDBS *NBGSBJE*XPOU HPBXBZ
*IBWFOU TQFBLUP)BSSZ UIJTXFFLFOE*NUPPCVTZ
GPSPWFSUISFFXFFLT)FOFWFSBOTXFSTIJT :PVTIPVME EPUIJTFYFSDJTF
QIPOF XJUIPVUBOZIFMQ*UTWFSZFBTZ
5IFUSBJOXBTMBUFTP* HFU 8F QBSLIFSFUIFSFBSFOP
UPUIFNFFUJOHPOUJNF TQBDFT
activation
c $PWFSUIFTUPSJFTJO a*OQBJST
UFMMFBDIPUIFSUIFTUPSJFTGSPNNFNPSZ
150 American English File 2nd edition Teacher’s Book 3 Photocopiable © Oxford University Press 2014
4775755_AEF2e_TB3.indb 150 1/9/14 4:13 PM
4B GRAMMAR modals of obligation: must, have to, should
a $JSDMFUIFDPSSFDUWFSC4PNFUJNFTCPUIWFSCTBSFQPTTJCMF
/P
UIBOLT*must not / :PVmust not / don’t have -JWJOHBUIPNFJTHSFBU*
shouldn’tFBUBOZNPSFDBLF toUFMMBOZPOFXIBU*KVTUUPME must not / don’t have toEP
*NPOBEJFU ZPV*UTBTFDSFU BOZUIJOHCFDBVTFNZNPN
EPFTJUBMMGPSNF
:PVmust / have toHFUBWJTB :PVshould / have toEP +FSSZdoesn’t have to /
JGZPVXBOUUPHPUP$VCB ZPVSIPNFXPSLPO4BUVSEBZ must notHFUVQFBSMZUIJT
NPSOJOH5IBUXBZZPVMMIBWF NPSOJOH)FJTOUHPJOHUP
UIFSFTUPGUIFXFFLFOEGSFF XPSL
*UT.FHTCJSUIEBZUPNPSSPX :PVmust not / don’t have *UIJOLZPVshould / mustHP
*have to / shouldSFNFNCFS toUPVDIFMFDUSJDBMUIJOHT UPCFEFBSMZUPOJHIU:PVMPPL
UPDBMMIFS XIFOZPVSIBOETBSFXFU*UT SFBMMZUJSFE
WFSZEBOHFSPVT
b $
PNQMFUFUIFTFOUFODFTXJUImust, must not, have
to, PSdon’t have to4PNFUJNFTUXPBOTXFSTBSF
QPTTJCMF
:PV have to pay GPSGPPEBOEESJOLT
TFQBSBUFMZ
2
:PV ESJWFBUNPSFUIBONQI
1
4FSWJDFJTJODMVEFETPZPV MFBWF
BUJQ
3 :PV XBJUIFSFCFGPSFTIPXJOH
ZPVSQBTTQPSU
5
:PV QBZPO4VOEBZT
4 :PV GBTUFOZPVSTFBUCFMUOPX
6
:PV MFBWFZPVSCBHT
VOBUUFOEFE
7
8 :PV MFBWFZPVSIPUFMSPPN
CFGPSFPDMPDL
activation
c $PWFSUIFTFOUFODFTJOb-PPLBUUIFQJDUVSFTBOESFNFNCFSUIFTFOUFODFT
American English File 2nd edition Teacher’s Book 3 Photocopiable © Oxford University Press 2014 151
4775755_AEF2e_TB3.indb 151 1/9/14 4:13 PM
